1908-emanuel-goldberg-farbenphotographie-und-farbendruck

Emanuel Goldberg ( he, עמנואל גולדברג; yi, עמנואל גאָלדבערג; russian: Эмануэль Гольдберг) (born: 31 August 1881; died: 13 September 1970) was an Israeli physicist and inventor. He was born in

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

and moved first to

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

and later to

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

. He described himself as "a chemist by learning, physicist by calling, and a mechanic by birth." He contributed a wide range of theoretic and practical advances relating to light and media and was the founding head of

Zeiss Ikon Carl Zeiss AG (), branded as ZEISS, is a German manufacturer of optical systems and optoelectronics, founded in Jena, Germany in 1846 by optician Carl Zeiss. Together with Ernst Abbe (joined 1866) and Otto Schott (joined 1884) he laid the ...

, the famous photographic products company in

Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth larg ...

, Germany. His inventions include

microdot A microdot is text or an image substantially reduced in size to prevent detection by unintended recipients. Microdots are normally circular and around in diameter but can be made into different shapes and sizes and made from various materials su ...

s, the Kinamo

movie camera A movie camera (also known as a film camera and cine-camera) is a type of photographic camera that rapidly takes a sequence of photographs, either on an image sensor or onto film stock, in order to produce a moving image to project onto a movie s ...

, the Contax 35 mm camera, a very early

search engine A search engine is a software system designed to carry out web searches. They search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular information specified in a textual web search query. The search results are generally presented in a ...

, and equipment for

sensitometry Sensitometry is the scientific study of light-sensitive materials, especially photographic film. The study has its origins in the work by Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield (circa 1876) with early black-and-white emulsions. They determin ...

Biography

Goldberg was born in Moscow on 31 August 1881 (19 August 1881 in the

Old Style Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 158 ...

, Julian calendar, sometimes given in error as 1 September) the son of Grigorii Ignat'evich Goldberg, a distinguished Colonel (Polkovnik) in the

Tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...

's military medical corps and his wife Olga Moiseevna Grodsenka. Earlier interested in engineering, he studied

Chemistry Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...

at the

University of Moscow M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...

and at several German universities, and remained in Germany after 1904 to avoid

antisemitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...

in Russia. In 1906 he received a Ph.D. from the

University of Leipzig Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 Decemb ...

for research at the Institute for Physical Chemistry, led by

Wilhelm Ostwald Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (; 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and German philosophy, philosopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, ...

on the kinetics of photochemical reactions. After a year as assistant to

Adolf Miethe Adolf Miethe (; 25 April 1862, Potsdam – 5 May 1927, Berlin) was a German scientist, lens designer, photochemist, photographer, author and educator. He co-invented the first practical photographic flash and made important contributions to the p ...

in the Photochemistry Laboratory at the Technical University in Charlottenburg, Berlin, he became head of the photographic department of the Royal Academy of Graphic Arts and Bookcraft, in Leipzig from 1907 to 1917. In 1917 Goldberg was recruited by the

Carl Zeiss Carl Zeiss (; 11 September 1816 – 3 December 1888) was a German scientific instrument maker, optician and businessman. In 1846 he founded his workshop, which is still in business as Carl Zeiss AG. Zeiss gathered a group of gifted practica ...

Stiftung to become a director of its photographic products subsidiary Ica (Internationale Camera Aktien Gesellschaft) in Dresden where he introduced the spring-driven Kinamo movie camera. In 1926 a "Fusion" of four leading photographic firms (Contessa, Ernemann, Ica and Goerz) formed Zeiss Ikon under Goldberg's leadership until he was kidnapped by Nazis in 1933 and fled to Paris. After four years working for Zeiss subsidiaries in France, Goldberg moved to Palestine in 1937 where he established a laboratory, later called Goldberg Instruments, which became the Electro-Optical Industries ("El-Op") in Rehovot. A photograph taken 1943 by John Phillips for

Life Magazine ''Life'' was an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 until 2000. During its golden age from 1936 to 1972, ''Life'' was a wide-ranging weekly general-interest ma ...

shows Goldberg in his workshop in Palestine. He retired in 1960 but continued his research and died in

Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the G ...

on 13 September 1970.

Early inventions

Goldberg patented improved methods for

electroplating Electroplating, also known as electrochemical deposition or electrodeposition, is a process for producing a metal coating on a solid substrate through the reduction of cations of that metal by means of a direct electric current. The part to be ...

zinc on iron in 1902 and published numerous technical papers on improved printing techniques, reducing moiré effects in

half-tone Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates continuous-tone imagery through the use of dots, varying either in size or in spacing, thus generating a gradient-like effect.Campbell, Alastair. The Designer's Lexicon. ©2000 Chronicle, ...

printing,

photoengraving Photoengraving is a process that uses a light-sensitive photoresist applied to the surface to be engraved to create a mask that protects some areas during a subsequent operation which etches, dissolves, or otherwise removes some or all of the mat ...

and other topics. In 1910 he became well known for an improved method for making neutral gelatin wedges (" Goldberg wedge") that was widely used in

and the , an instrument that greatly reduced the labor required to measure the characteristic curves of

photographic emulsion Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid used in film-based photography. Most commonly, in silver-gelatin photography, it consists of silver halide crystals dispersed in gelatin. The emulsion is usually coated onto a substrate of g ...

s. At Ica, foreseeing a growing market in amateur and semi-professional movies, he designed an extremely compact 35 mm movie camera, the Kinamo, introduced in 1921 with a spring motor attachment added in 1923 to allow flexible handheld filming. Goldberg made films of himself and his family as promotional shorts and, in 1927, a skiing drama, ''"Ein Sprung . . . Ein Traum."'' The Kinamo was used by Joris Ivens and other avant-garde and documentary filmmakers in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1925 Goldberg demonstrated and published a technique for making

(Mikrat nach Goldberg) at a resolution equivalent to the text 50 complete

Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...

s per square inch. This invention has been widely attributed to a mythical "Professor Zapp" based on

J. Edgar Hoover John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American law enforcement administrator who served as the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He was appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation � ...

's erroneous article in the April 1946 ''

Reader's Digest ''Reader's Digest'' is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year. Formerly based in Chappaqua, New York, it is now headquartered in midtown Manhattan. The magazine was founded in 1922 by DeWitt Wallace and his wi ...

'', probably a confusion with Kurt Zapp who trained German spies in microdot photography during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

. In 1937, Goldberg presented a paper at the

World Congress of Universal Documentation The World Congress of Universal Documentation was held from 16 to 21 August 1937 in Paris, France. Delegates from 45 countries met to discuss means by which all of the world's information, in print, in manuscript, and in other forms, could be effi ...

on an early copying camera he had invented. At Ica and Zeiss Ikon, Goldberg was involved in many innovations and led the design of famous Contax 35 mm still camera. Goldberg was best known for his extensive studies in sensitometry summarized in his book ''Der Aufbau des photographischen Bildes'' (1922) and the ''"Goldberg Condition"'' (Goldberg Bedingung), a design principle for high quality reproduction in two stage, negative-positive photographic processes better known in English as "the gamma rule." Goldberg and his former teacher and collaborator were instrumental in the acceptance at the International Congress of Photography in Dresden in 1931 of the widely adopted German national

film speed Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system. A closely related ISO system is used to describe the relations ...

standard DIN 4512. At the same Congress Goldberg introduced his "Statistical Machine," a document search engine that used

photoelectric The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, and solid sta ...

cells and

pattern recognition Pattern recognition is the automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data. It has applications in statistical data analysis, signal processing, image analysis, information retrieval, bioinformatics, data compression, computer graphi ...

to search the

metadata Metadata is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including: * Descriptive metadata – the descriptive ...

on rolls of

microfilm Microforms are scaled-down reproductions of documents, typically either photographic film, films or paper, made for the purposes of transmission, storage, reading, and printing. Microform images are commonly reduced to about 4% or of the origin ...

ed documents (US patent 1,838,389, 29 December 1931). This technology was used in a variant form in 1938 by

Vannevar Bush Vannevar Bush ( ; March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, who during World War II headed the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), through which almost all wartime ...

in his "microfilm rapid selector," his "comparator" (for cryptanalysis), and was the technological basis for the imaginary

Memex Memex is a hypothetical electromechanical device for interacting with microform documents and described in Vannevar Bush's 1945 article "As We May Think". Bush envisioned the memex as a device in which individuals would compress and store all of ...

in Bush's influential 1945 essay "As we may think."

Educational and service activities

In Germany Goldberg was noted for his educational displays at exhibitions, served as consultant on

aerial photography Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms. When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircra ...

in the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, and was a consultant to the Carl Zeiss firm in Jena. In Palestine and later Israel he was deeply engaged as an advisory to both civilian and military spheres. The apprenticeship scheme that he introduced in Tel Aviv provided advanced technical skills to many who went on to develop the Israeli high tech industry.

Awards

In 1968, Goldberg was awarded the

Israel Prize The Israel Prize ( he, פרס ישראל; ''pras israél'') is an award bestowed by the State of Israel, and regarded as the state's highest cultural honor. History The Israel Prize is awarded annually, on Israeli Independence Day, in a state cer ...

, in exact science.

Personal life

On 28 June 1907 Goldberg married Sophie Posniak (28 August 1886 - 10 December 1968). They had a son, Herbert Goldberg (b. 20 November 1914) and a daughter Renate Eva, who later changed her name to Chava (b. 19 September 1922). Chava married

Mordechai Gichon Mordechai Gichon (Hebrew:מרדכי גיחון; born August 16, 1922; died September 19, 2016) was an Israeli non-fiction author and military historian. Early life and military career Gichon was born Mordechai Gicherman in Berlin, Germany, to a J ...

in 1948. Goldberg's great-granddaughter is woodworker Aspen Gollan. In 1990 Chava Gichon (

Tel-Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the ...

) requested restitution of the property in the Oeserstraße 5 in Dresden, which Goldberg as director of Zeiss-Ikon had bought in 1927, but the real estate office did not approve an intended agreement with the owner at that time in August 1995.Peter Bölke:
Erbschein aus dem KZ
'. IN: DER SPIEGEL 21/1997 vom 19. Mai 1997, pp. 64-82. p. 74f. ''German''

Work

Publications (selected)

* Goldberg, Emanuel: Beiträge zur Kinetik photochemischer Reaktionen. Dissertation. Universität Leipzig 1906. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Farbenphotographie und Farbendruck. Verlag des Deutschen Buchgewerbevereins. Leipzig 1908. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Densograph, ein Registrierapparat zur Messung der Schwärzung von photographischen Platten. In: Eder, Josef Maria (Hrsg.): Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproduktionstechnik. Knapp. Halle a. S. 1910. S. 226–233. * Goldberg, Emanuel: The Densograph. In: ''British Journal of Photography''. 57 (26. Aug. 1910), S. 649–651. * Goldberg, Emanuel: A new process of micro-photography. ''British Journal of Photography''. 73 (13 August 1910) 462–65. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Die Herstellung neutral grauer Keile und verlaufender Filter für Photometrie und Photographie. In: Eder, Josef Maria (Hrsg.): Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproduktionstechnik. Knapp. Halle a. S. 1911. S. 149–155. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Die Grundlagen der Reproduktionstechnik : In gemeinverständlicher Darstellung. Knapp. Halle a. S. 1912. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Führer durch die Gruppe Wissenschaftliche Photographie : Internationale Ausstellung für Buchgewerbe und Graphik Leipzig 1914. Knapp. Halle a. S. 1914. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Wissenschaftliche Photographie. In: Internationale Ausstellung für Buchgewerbe und Graphik Leipzig 1914 : Amtlicher Katalog. Leipzig 1914. S. 160–165. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Gruppe VIII Reproduktionstechnik. In: Internationale Ausstellung für Buchgewerbe und Graphik Leipzig 1914 : Amtlicher Katalog. Leipzig 1914. S. 185–187. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Der Aufbau des photographischen Bildes : Teil 1 Helligkeitsdetails. Knapp. Halle a. S. 1922. * Goldberg, Emanuel: A new process of micro-photography. In: ''British Journal of Photography''. 73 (13. August 1925), S. 462–465. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Kinematographische Wolkenaufnahmen. In: Photo-Technik. Nr. 7. Zeiss Ikon AG. Dresden 1926. S. 145–148. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Kinamo S 10. In: Photo-Technik. Nr. 1. Zeiss Ikon AG. Dresden 1929. S. 18–19. * Goldberg, Emanuel: The retrieval problem in photography. In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 43 (4). 1932. S. 295–298. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Deutscher Vorschlag zur sensitometrischen Normung. In: Eggert, J./Biehler, A. v. (Hrsg.): Bericht über den VIII. Internationalen Kongress für Wissenschaftliche und Angewandte Photographie : Dresden 1931. Barth/Leipzig 1932. S. 100–101. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Die Grundlagen des Tonfilms. In: Eggert, J./Biehler, A. v. (Hrsg.): Bericht über den VIII. Internationalen Kongress für Wissenschaftliche und Angewandte Photographie : Dresden 1931. Barth/Leipzig 1932. S. 213–214. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Das Registrierproblem in der Photographie. In: Eggert, J./Biehler, A. v. (Hrsg.): Bericht über den VIII. Internationalen Kongress für Wissenschaftliche und Angewandte Photographie : Dresden 1931. Barth/Leipzig 1932. S. 317–320. * Goldberg, Emanuel: The retrieval problem in photography (1932). In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science 43 (4): S. 295–298. * Goldberg, Emanuel: Precision instruments industry. In: Hobman, J. B. (Hrsg.): Palestine's economic future : A review of progress and prospects. Lund, Humphries and Co. London. 1946. S. 238–243. *

Patents (selected)

* Goldberg, Emanuel: 1903. GB. GB000190207923A. An Improvement in Electrolytically Coating Iron with Zinc. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1903. US. US000000733028A. Electrolytically Coating Iron with Zinc. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Nowicki, Martin: 1926. US. US000001573314A. Enlarging camera. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Nowicki, Martin: 1928. US. US000001667110A. Film box. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1929. US. US000001704189A. Motion-picture camera driven by alpha spring mechanism. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Fischer, Otto: 1929. US. US000001713277A. Film-spool construction. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1929. FR. FR000000657787A. Machine statistique. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1929. GB. GB000000288580A. Improvements in or relating to adding, sorting, statistical and like machines. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1930. US. US000001747705A. Film-feeding device. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Fischer, Otto: 1930. US. US000001750401A. Cinematograph camera with clockwork driving mechanism. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1930. US. US000001772774A. Cinema camera. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Fischer, Otto: 1930. US. US000001779468A. Cinematographic camera. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1931. US. US000001789679A. Cinematographic camera. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1931. US. US000001802598A. Film magazine. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Fischer, Otto: 1931. US. US000001804500A. Film box. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1931. US. US000001830602A. Distance releasing device for moving picture cameras driven by a spring mechanism. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1931. US. US000001838389A. Statistical machine. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1934. US. US000001973203A. Nipkow disk for television. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1939. DE. DE000000670190A. Vorrichtung zum Aussuchen statistischer und buchhalterischer Angaben. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1940. DE. DE000000691162A. Statistische Maschine. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1940. DE. DE000000697265A. Vorrichtung zum Aussuchen statistischer Angaben. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1940. US. US000002225433A. Photographic camera for flexible materials sensitive to light. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1953. GB. GB000000690268A. Improvements in or relating to refractometers. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1953. US. US000002652744A. Photographic copying apparatus. * Goldberg, Emanuel: 1955. DE. DE000001706938U. Blendschutzvorrichtung fuer Kraftfahrzeuge. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Goldberg, Herbert: 1956. US. US000002768553A. Refractometers. * Goldberg, Emanuel/Goldberg, Herbert: 1961. US. US000002972926A. Refractometers.

Patents (Links)

International Patents: Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt

References

External links

Photography of E. Goldberg
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goldberg, Emanuel 1881 births 1970 deaths Cinema pioneers Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire Inventors from the Russian Empire Jews from the Russian Empire Israeli inventors Israeli Ashkenazi Jews Israeli physicists Israel Prize in exact science recipients Israel Prize in exact science recipients who were physicists Israel Prize in exact science recipients who were chemists Jewish physicists Pioneers of photography