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Treehopper
Treehoppers (more precisely typical treehoppers to distinguish them from the Aetalionidae) and thorn bugs are members of the family Membracidae, a group of insects related to the cicadas and the leafhoppers. About 3,200 species of treehoppers in over 400 genera are known.Treehoppers. Dr. Metcalf. NCSU Libraries. North Carolina State University. They are found on all continents except Antarctica; only five species are known from . Individual treehoppers usually live for only a few months. Morphology Treehoppers, due to their unusual appearance, have long interested naturalists. They are best know ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parachartergus Apicalis
''Parachartergus apicalis'' is a species of wasp in the Polistinae subfamily, found in the Neotropics. It was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1804. In Honduras, they are known as ', which translates into English as "white wings". Behaviour They have been observed to swarm when they move between nests, with the behaviour occurring between April and May in Paraguay. At times they form temporary compact clusters along the route of the swarm; each cluster is evenly spaced and individuals move from one clump to the next, with the clumps at the back shrinking, whilst those at the front grow. It is uncertain how they navigate between the clumps, but it is thought they use either visual or olfactory cues. False swarming can also occur when strong winds prevent foragers from entering the nest. They have been recorded to tend species of treehopper, plant sap-feeding insects, during the daytime, an example of a mutualistic relationship. The wasp protects the treehopper n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smiliinae
Smiliinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. These are bugs and include about 100 genera in 10 tribes. Tribes and genera These genera belong to the subfamily Smiliinae: * incertae sedis ** '' Antianthe'' Fowler, 1895 ** '' Hemicardiacus'' Plummer, 1945 ** '' Smilirhexia'' McKamey, 2008 ** '' Tropidarnis'' Fowler, 1894 * tribe Acutalini Fowler, 1895 ** '' Acutalis'' Fairmaire, 1846 ** '' Bordoniana'' Sakakibara, 1999 ** '' Cornutalis'' Sakakibara, 1998 ** '' Euritea'' Stål, 1867 ** '' Thrasymedes (insect) Kirkaldy, 1904 * tribe Amastrini Goding, 1926 ** '' Amastris (insect)'' Stål, 1862 ** '' Aurimastris'' Evangelista and Sakakibara, 2007 ** '' Bajulata'' Ball, 1933 ** '' Erosne'' Stål, 1867 ** '' Harmonides'' Kirkaldy, 1902 ** '' Hygris'' Stål, 1862 ** '' Idioderma'' Van Duzee, 1909 ** '' Lallemandia'' Funkhouser, 1922 ** '' Neotynelia'' Creão-Duarte and Sakakibara, 2000 ** '' Tynelia'' Stål, 1858 ** '' Vanduzea'' Goding, 1892 * tribe Ceresini God ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leafhopper
A leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family Cicadellidae. These minute insects, colloquially known as hoppers, are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees. Their hind legs are modified for jumping, and are covered with hairs that facilitate the spreading of a secretion over their bodies that acts as a water repellent and carrier of pheromones. They undergo a partial metamorphosis, and have various host associations, varying from very generalized to very specific. Some species have a cosmopolitan distribution, or occur throughout the temperate and tropical regions. Some are pests or vectors of plant viruses and phytoplasmas. The family is distributed all over the world, and constitutes the second-largest hemipteran family, with at least 20,000 described species. They belong to a lineage traditionally treated as infraorder Cicadomorpha in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, but as the latter taxon is probably not monophyletic, many mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membracinae
Membracinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 40 genera in Membracinae. Genera These 44 genera belong to the subfamily Membracinae: * '' Acanthicoides'' Metcalf, 1952 * '' Aconophora'' Fairmaire, 1846 * '' Alchisme'' Kirkaldy, 1904 * '' Bolbonota'' Amyot & Serville, 1843 * '' Bolbonotodes'' Fowler, 1894 * '' Calloconophora'' Dietrich, 1991 * '' Campylenchia'' Stål, 1869 * '' Cladonota'' Stål, 1869 * '' Enchenopa'' Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 * '' Enchophyllum'' Amyot & Serville, 1843 * '' Erechtia'' Walker, 1858 * '' Eunusa'' Pinto da Fonseca, 1974 * '' Folicarina'' Sakakibara, 1992 * '' Guayaquila'' Goding, 1920 * '' Havilandia'' Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 * '' Hypsoprora'' Stål, 1869 * '' Hypsoprorachis'' Fonseca & Diringshofen, 1969 * '' Jibarita'' Ramos, 1957 * '' Kronides'' Kirkaldy, 1904 * '' Leioscyta'' Fowler, 1894 * '' Lewdeitzia'' Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 * '' Membracis'' Fabricius, 1775 * '' Metcalfiella'' Linnavuori, 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceresa Taurina
''Ceresa'', commonly known as buffalo treehoppers, is a genus of treehoppers. It contains about 16 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s .... *'' Ceresa albescens'' *'' Ceresa albidosparsa'' *'' Ceresa alta'' *'' Ceresa ancora'' *'' Ceresa basalis'' *'' Ceresa borealis'' *'' Ceresa diceros'' *'' Ceresa festina'' *'' Ceresa franciscanus'' *'' Ceresa inermis'' *'' Ceresa lutea'' *'' Ceresa pacifica'' *'' Ceresa palmeri'' *'' Ceresa stimulea'' *'' Ceresa tauriniformis'' References Insect pests of temperate forests Smiliinae Auchenorrhyncha genera {{Auchenorrhyncha-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aetalionidae
Aetalionidae are a family of treehoppers in the superfamily Membracoidea. Aetalionidae are somewhat like Membracidae in that they have one to three rows of short spines on the hind tibia but differ in having the front femur fused to the trochanter and the scutellum is completely exposed. The females have finger-like protrusions on the genital capsule. The family is mostly Neotropical. The subfamily Biturritiinae is Neotropical while the subfamily Aetalioninae has a Neotropical genus '' Aetalion'' and the sole Old World representative genus ''Darthula'' with a single species '' Darthula hardwickii'' (which is eaten in parts of China and India). They form aggregations on the branches of trees where they produce honeydew and are associated with ants and stingless bees. Aetalionid treehoppers are also known for their maternal care with females standing guard over their eggs. When disturbed, species like ''Darthula hardwickii'' are known to raise their tails in a threatening postur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cicada
The cicadas () are a superfamily, the Cicadoidea, of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, along with smaller jumping bugs such as leafhoppers and froghoppers. The superfamily is divided into two families, the Tettigarctidae, with two species in Australia, and the Cicadidae, with more than 3,000 species described from around the world; many species remain undescribed. Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart, short antennae, and membranous front wings. They have an exceptionally loud song, produced in most species by the rapid buckling and unbuckling of drumlike tymbals. The earliest known fossil Cicadomorpha appeared in the Upper Permian period; extant species occur all around the world in temperate to tropical climates. They typically live in trees, feeding on watery sap from xylem tissue, and laying their eggs in a slit in the bark. Most cicadas are cryptic. The vast majority of species are active during the day as adul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stegaspidinae
Stegaspidinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. Genera These genera are members of the subfamily Stegaspidinae: * '' Antillotolania'' Ramos, 1957 * '' Bocydium'' Latreille, 1829 * '' Centruchoides'' Fowler, 1896 * '' Deiroderes'' Ramos, 1957 * '' Flexocentrus'' Goding, 1926 * '' Glischrocentrus'' Fowler, 1896 * '' Lirania'' Stål, 1860 * '' Lycoderes'' Germar, 1835 * '' Microcentrus'' Stal, 1869 * '' Oeda'' Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 * '' Smerdalea'' Fowler, 1896 * '' Stegaspis'' Germar, 1833 * '' Stylocentrus'' Stål, 1869 * '' Tumecauda'' Goding, 1930 * '' Umbelligerus'' Deitz, 1975 c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net References Further reading * * * External links * Membracidae {{auchenorrhyncha-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pronotum
The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum ( dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on each side. The prothorax never bears wings in extant insects (except in some cases of atavism), though some fossil groups possessed wing-like projections. All adult insects possess legs on the prothorax, though in a few groups (e.g., the butterfly family Nymphalidae) the forelegs are greatly reduced. In many groups of insects, the pronotum is reduced in size, but in a few it is hypertrophied, such as in all beetles (Coleoptera). In most treehoppers (family Membracidae, order Hemiptera), the pronotum is expanded into often fantastic shapes that enhance their camouflage or mimicry. Similarly, in the Tetrigidae, the pronotum is extended backward to cover the flight wings, supplanting the function of the tegmina. See also *Glossary of entom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honeydew (secretion)
Honeydew is a sugar-rich sticky liquid, secreted by aphids and some scale insects as they feed on plant sap. When their mouthpart penetrates the phloem, the sugary, high-pressure liquid is forced out of the anus of the aphid. Honeydew is particularly common as a secretion in hemipteran insects and is often the basis for trophobiosis. Some caterpillars of Lycaenidae butterflies and some moths also produce honeydew. Honeydew producing insects, like cicadas, pierce phloem ducts to access the sugar rich sap. The sap continues to bleed after the insects have moved on, leaving a white sugar crust called manna. Ants may collect, or "milk", honeydew directly from aphids and other honeydew producers, which benefit from their presence due to their driving away predators such as lady beetles or parasitic wasps—see ''Crematogaster peringueyi''. Animals and plants in a mutually symbiotic arrangement with ants are called Myrmecophiles. In Madagascar, some gecko species in the genera '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction. Prominent examples include most vascular plants engaged in mutualistic interactions with mycorrhizae, flowering plants being pollinated by animals, vascular plants being dispersed by animals, and corals with zooxanthellae, among many others. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences ''reduced'' fitness, and exploitation, or parasitism, in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. The term ''mutualism'' was introduced by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in his 1876 book ''Animal Parasites and Messmates'' to mean "mutual aid among species". Mutualism is often conflated with two other types of ecological phenomena: cooperation and symbiosis. Cooperation most commonly refers to increases in fitness through within-species (intraspecific) interactions, alth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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