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Forfeda
The ''forfeda'' (sing. ''forfid'') are the "additional" letters of the Ogham alphabet, beyond the basic inventory of twenty signs. Their name derives from ''fid'' ("wood", a term also used for Ogham letters) and the prefix ''for-'' ("additional"). The most important of these are five ''forfeda'' which were arranged in their own ''aicme'' or class, and were invented in the Old Irish period, several centuries after the peak of Ogham usage. They appear to have represented sounds felt to be missing from the original alphabet, maybe ''é(o)'', ''ó(i)'', ''ú(i)'', ''p'' and ''ch''. The ''aicme'' forfeda The five ''aicme'' forfeda are glossed in the manuscripts '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' ('The Scholars' Primer), '' De dúilib feda'' ('Elements of the Letters') and '' In Lebor Ogaim'' ('The Book of Ogam'), by several '' Bríatharogaim'' ("word oghams" ), or two word kennings, which explain the meanings of the names of the letters of the Ogham alphabet. Three variant lists of ''bríat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forfeda
The ''forfeda'' (sing. ''forfid'') are the "additional" letters of the Ogham alphabet, beyond the basic inventory of twenty signs. Their name derives from ''fid'' ("wood", a term also used for Ogham letters) and the prefix ''for-'' ("additional"). The most important of these are five ''forfeda'' which were arranged in their own ''aicme'' or class, and were invented in the Old Irish period, several centuries after the peak of Ogham usage. They appear to have represented sounds felt to be missing from the original alphabet, maybe ''é(o)'', ''ó(i)'', ''ú(i)'', ''p'' and ''ch''. The ''aicme'' forfeda The five ''aicme'' forfeda are glossed in the manuscripts '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' ('The Scholars' Primer), '' De dúilib feda'' ('Elements of the Letters') and '' In Lebor Ogaim'' ('The Book of Ogam'), by several '' Bríatharogaim'' ("word oghams" ), or two word kennings, which explain the meanings of the names of the letters of the Ogham alphabet. Three variant lists of ''bríat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ogham
Ogham ( Modern Irish: ; mga, ogum, ogom, later mga, ogam, label=none ) is an Early Medieval alphabet used primarily to write the early Irish language (in the "orthodox" inscriptions, 4th to 6th centuries AD), and later the Old Irish language ( scholastic ogham, 6th to 9th centuries). There are roughly 400 surviving orthodox inscriptions on stone monuments throughout Ireland and western Britain, the bulk of which are in southern Munster. The largest number outside Ireland are in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The vast majority of the inscriptions consist of personal names. According to the High Medieval ''Bríatharogam'', the names of various trees can be ascribed to individual letters. For this reason, ogam is sometimes known as the Celtic tree alphabet. The etymology of the word ''ogam'' or ''ogham'' remains unclear. One possible origin is from the Irish ''og-úaim'' 'point-seam', referring to the seam made by the point of a sharp weapon. Origins It is generally thought that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celtic Inscribed Stones Project
Roughly 400 known ogham inscriptions are on stone monuments scattered around the Irish Sea, the bulk of them dating to the fifth and sixth centuries. Their language is predominantly Primitive Irish, but a few examples record fragments of the Pictish language. Ogham itself is an Early Medieval form of alphabet or cipher, sometimes known as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet". A number of different numbering schemes are used. The most widespread is CIIC, after R. A. S. Macalister (''Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum'', Latin for "corpus of Insular Celtic inscriptions"). This covers the inscriptions known by the 1940s. Another numbering scheme is that of the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project, CISP, based on the location of the stones; for example CIIC 1 = CISP INCHA/1. Macalister's (1945) numbers run from 1 to 507, including also Latin and Runic inscriptions, with three additional added in 1949. Ziegler lists 344 Gaelic ogham inscriptions known to Macalister (Ireland and Isle of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ifín (letter)
Ifín (also spelled ''iphin'') is one of the ''forfeda'', the "additional" letters of the Ogham alphabet. Its sound value according to the '' Auraicept na n-Éces'', '' De dúilib feda'' and ''In Lebor Ogaim'', are ''io'', ''ía'', and ''ia'', respectively. The Auraincept glosses the name according to the "arboreal" tradition as ''spinan no ispin'' " gooseberry or thorn". The letter's invention dates to the Old Irish period, several centuries after the peak of Ogham usage. Since the Ogham alphabet dates to the Primitive Irish period, it had no sign for in its original form. ''Ifín'' may originally have been added as a letter expressing called ''Pín'' (probably influenced by Latin ''pinus''). Due to the "schematicism of later Ogamists" (McManus 1988:167), who insisted on treating the five primary forfeda as vowels, had again to be expressed as a modification of called Peithe, after ''Beithe'', also called ''beithe bog'' "soft ''beithe''" or, tautologically, ''peithbog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ogham Inscriptions
Roughly 400 known ogham inscriptions are on stone monuments scattered around the Irish Sea, the bulk of them dating to the fifth and sixth centuries. Their language is predominantly Primitive Irish, but a few examples record fragments of the Pictish language. Ogham itself is an Early Medieval form of alphabet or cipher, sometimes known as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet". A number of different numbering schemes are used. The most widespread is CIIC, after R. A. S. Macalister (''Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum'', Latin for "corpus of Insular Celtic inscriptions"). This covers the inscriptions known by the 1940s. Another numbering scheme is that of the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project, CISP, based on the location of the stones; for example CIIC 1 = CISP INCHA/1. Macalister's (1945) numbers run from 1 to 507, including also Latin and Runic inscriptions, with three additional added in 1949. Ziegler lists 344 Gaelic ogham inscriptions known to Macalister (Ireland and Isle of Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primitive Irish
Primitive Irish or Archaic Irish ( ga, Gaeilge Ársa), also called Proto-Goidelic, is the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages. It is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the ogham alphabet in Ireland and western Great Britain between the 4th and the 6th century AD. Characteristics Transcribed ogham inscriptions, which lack a letter for , show Primitive Irish to be similar in morphology and inflections to Gaulish, Latin, Classical Greek and Sanskrit. Many of the characteristics of modern (and medieval) Irish, such as initial mutations, distinct "broad" and "slender" consonants and consonant clusters, are not yet apparent. More than 300 ogham inscriptions are known in Ireland, including 121 in County Kerry and 81 in County Cork, and more than 75 found outside Ireland in western Britain and the Isle of Man, including more than 40 in Wales, where Irish colonists settled in the 3rd century, and about 30 in Scotland, although some of thes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eadhadh
Eadhadh is the Irish name of the nineteenth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚓ. In Old Irish, the letter name was Edad. Its phonetic value is The original meaning of the letter name is unknown, but it is likely an artificially altered pairing with Idad, much like Gothic '' pairþra, qairþra.'' Interpretation The kennings for this letter value are quite cryptic. Medieval "arboreal" glossators assign ''crand fir no crithach'' "'true tree' or aspen" (''Crann Creathach'' in modern Irish) to this letter, though this has little to recommend it by way of either the kennings or the etymology. McManus suggests an original value of Primitive Irish''*eburas,'' from the Proto-Celtic *''eburo-'' probably originally meaning "rowan". This is the root of the Old Irish ''ibar'' which refers (with qualifications) to a number of different evergreen trees. He makes sense of the kennings for ''edad'' in relation to its pairing with ''idad''. Given ''éo'' as the likely Old Irish word for "yew t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
In Lebor Ogaim
''In Lebor Ogaim'' ("The Book of Ogams"), also known as the Ogam Tract, is an Old Irish treatise on the ogham alphabet. It is preserved in R.I.A. MS 23 P 12 308–314 (AD 1390), T.C.D. H.3.18, 26.1–35.28 (AD 1511) and National Library of Ireland MS G53 1–22 (17th century), and fragments in British Library Add. 4783. It does not bear a title in the manuscripts, but it is mentioned in the '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' (2813f.) as ''amal isber in leapar ogaim'', whence the commonly used title. The Ogham Tract is independent of the Auraicept, and is our main source for the Bríatharogaim. The Ogam Tract also gives a variety of some 100 "scales" of variant or secret modes of writing ogham (92 in the Book of Ballymote), for example the "shield ogham" (''ogam airenach'', nr. 73). Even the Younger Futhark are introduced as "Viking ogham" (nrs. 91, 92). Some of these are word lists based on the alphabet, and some seem to involve a numerical system of tallying. Most however, are sim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bríatharogam
In Early Irish literature a ''Bríatharogam'' ("word ogham", plural ''Bríatharogaim'') is a two word kenning which explains the meanings of the names of the letters of the Ogham alphabet. Three variant lists of ''bríatharogaim'' or 'word-oghams' have been preserved, dating to the Old Irish period. They are as follows: *''Bríatharogam Morainn mac Moín'' *''Bríatharogam Maic ind Óc'' *''Bríatharogam Con Culainn'' The first two of these are attested from all three surviving copies of the '' Ogam Tract'', while the "Cú Chulainn" version is not in the Book of Ballymote and only known from 16th- and 17th-century manuscripts. The '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' or 'Scholars' Primer' reports and interprets the ''Bríatharogam Morainn mac Moín''. Later Medieval scholars believed that all of the letter names were those of trees, and attempted to explain the ''bríatharogaim'' in that light. However, modern scholarship has shown that only eight at most of the letter names are those of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native state), as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium ( gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shetland
Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland, is a subarctic archipelago in Scotland lying between Orkney, the Faroe Islands and Norway. It is the northernmost region of the United Kingdom. The islands lie about to the northeast of Orkney, from mainland Scotland and west of Norway. They form part of the border between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. Their total area is ,Shetland Islands Council (2012) p. 4 and the population totalled 22,920 in 2019. The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament. The local authority, the Shetland Islands Council, is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. The islands' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick, which has been the capital of Shetland since 1708, before which time the capital was Scalloway. The archipelago has an oceanic climate, complex geology, rugged coastline, and many low, rolling hills. The largest island, known as " the Mainland", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beithe
Beith (ᚁ) is the Irish name of the first letter (Irish "letter": sing.''fid'', pl.''feda'') of the Ogham alphabet, meaning "birch". In Old Irish, the letter name was Beithe, which is related to Welsh ''bedw(en)'', Breton ''bezv(enn)'', and Latin ''betula''. Its Proto-Indo-European root was *''gʷet-'' 'resin, gum'. Its phonetic value is . Interpretation The '' Auraicept na n-Éces'' contains the tale of the mythological origins of ''Beith'' ''Peith'' () is a later addition to the Forfeda, a variant of ''Beith'' with a phonetic value of It is also called ''beithe bog'' "soft ''beithe''", being considered a "soft" variant of . It replaced ''Ifín'' , one of the "original" five Forfeda likely named initially ''pín'' (influenced by Latin ''pinus'') with an original value but whose phonetic value was altered to a vowel diphthong due to later medieval schematicism. Bríatharogaim In the medieval kennings, called '' Bríatharogaim'' (sing. ''Bríatharogam'') or ''Word Oghams ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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