Strain

crystallization Crystallization is the process by which solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposi ...

is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a

phase transformation In chemistry, thermodynamics, and other related fields, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of ...

due to the application of strain. Strain crystallization occurs in

natural rubber Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, ''caucho'', or ''caoutchouc'', as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. Thailand, Malaysia, and ...

, as well as other

elastomer An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (i.e. both viscosity and elasticity) and with weak intermolecular forces, generally low Young's modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term, a portmanteau of ''elastic p ...

s and

polymer A polymer (; Greek '' poly-'', "many" + ''-mer'', "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic a ...

s. The phenomenon has important effects on strength and fatigue properties.

How strain crystallization occurs

Strain crystallization occurs when the chains of

molecule A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioch ...

s in a material become ordered during deformation activities in some polymers and elastomers. The three primary factors that affect strain crystallization are the molecular structure of the polymer or elastomer, the

temperature Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied o ...

, and the

deformation Deformation can refer to: * Deformation (engineering), changes in an object's shape or form due to the application of a force or forces. ** Deformation (physics), such changes considered and analyzed as displacements of continuum bodies. * Defor ...

being applied to the material. If a

's molecular structure is too irregular, strain crystallization can not be induced because it is impossible to order the chains of molecules. In order to induce strain crystallization, the polymer or elastomer is stretched while its temperature is kept above its

glass transition temperature The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubb ...

. It is also necessary for the

yield point In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and wi ...

of the polymer to be exceeded by the stretching activity. This in turn will ensure that the chains of molecules are straightened. In general, the greater the

applied to the material, the higher the rate of crystallization.

Effects of strain crystallization

The

mechanical properties A materials property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another ca ...

of materials are greatly affected by the orientation of the crystals in their micro-structure. The process of strain crystallization directly affects the micro-structure of the material by adding crystalline structures. Strain crystallization's effect on the micro-structure greatly increases the strength of the polymer or elastomer it is induced in. This effect of strain crystallization can be viewed in vulcanized natural rubber, a material that is known for its

toughness In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.stress Stress may refer to: Science and medicine * Stress (biology), an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition * Stress (linguistics), relative emphasis or prominence given to a syllable in a word, or to a word in a phrase ...

Measuring strain crystallization

There are various techniques for measuring crystallization in rubber, including:

x-ray diffraction X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles ...

specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample, also sometimes referred to as massic heat capacity. Informally, it is the amount of heat t ...

changes, and

density Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter ''D'' can also be used. Mathematical ...

changes. Crystallization can also be observed indirectly through its effects on stress–strain and fatigue behavior.

References

Sources

*Chapter 1, Engineering with Rubber, Ed. A. N. Gent, Hanser, 1992. . *B. Huneau, STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER: A REVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS, Rubber Chem. Technol. 84, 425 (2011); *Mars, W. V. (2009). Computed dependence of rubber's fatigue behavior on strain crystallization. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 82(1), 51–61.
Chapter 10 – Strength of Elastomers
A.N. Gent, W.V. Mars, In: James E. Mark, Burak Erman and Mike Roland, Editor(s), The Science and Technology of Rubber (Fourth Edition), Academic Press, Boston, 2013, Pages 473–516, {{ISBN, 9780123945846, 10.1016/B978-0-12-394584-6.00010-8 *Rao, I,J; Rajagopal, K.R. (2001–02). "A study of strain-induced crystallization of polymers". ''International Journal of Solids and Structures. 38 (6-7): 1149-1167 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(00)00079-2. ISSN 0020-7683.'' *Battjes, Kevin P.; Kuo, Chung-Mien; Miller, Robert L.; Saam, John C. (1995-05). "Strain-induced Crystallization in Poly

ethyl Ethyl may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Cold Ethyl, a Swedish rock band *Ethyl Sinclair, a character in the ''Dinosaurs'' television show Science and technology * Ethyl group, an organic chemistry moiety * Ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) * E ...

3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane] Network". ''Marcromolecules'' 28 (3): 790-792
Strain-Induced_Crystallization_in_Poly[methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane
Networks.html" ;"title="ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane">Strain-Induced Crystallization in Poly[methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane
Networks">ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane">Strain-Induced Crystallization in Poly[methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)siloxane
Networks ISSN 0024-9297 *Toki, S.; Fujimaki, T.; Okuyama, M. (2000–06). "Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber as detected real-time by wide-angle X-ray diffraction technique". ''Polymer.'' 41 (14): 5423-5429
Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber as detected real-time by wide-angle X-ray diffraction technique
ISSN 0032-3861. *"Crystallization". ''polymerdatabase.com''. Retrieved 2018-12-08. Rubber properties

How strain crystallization occurs

Effects of strain crystallization

Measuring strain crystallization

See also

References

Sources