In
telecommunications
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...
and
computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, ...
, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable ''R'') is the number of
bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.
The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with an
SI prefix such as
kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s),
mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s),
giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or
tera
TERA is a shielded twisted pair connector for use with Category 7 twisted-pair data cables, developed by The Siemon Company and standardised in 2003 by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) with the reference IEC 61076-3-104.
Th ...
(1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation bps is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.
In most computing and digital communication environments, one byte per second (symbol: B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s.
Prefixes
When quantifying large or small bit rates,
SI prefixes (also known as
metric prefix
A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The pr ...
es or decimal prefixes) are used, thus:
Binary prefix
A binary prefix is a unit prefix for multiples of units. It is most often used in data processing, data transmission, and digital information, principally in association with the bit and the byte, to indicate multiplication by a power ...
es are sometimes used for bit rates.
The International Standard (
IEC 80000-13) specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1
KiB
The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit ...
/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1
MiB
The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit ...
/s = 1024 KiB/s).
In data communications
Gross bit rate
In digital communication systems, the
physical layer ''gross bitrate'',
''raw bitrate'',
''
data signaling rate
In telecommunication, data signaling rate (DSR), also known as gross bit rate, is the aggregate rate at which data passes a point in the transmission path of a data transmission system.
# The DSR is usually expressed in bits per second.
# The dat ...
'', ''gross data transfer rate''
or ''uncoded transmission rate''
(sometimes written as a variable ''R''
b or ''f''
b) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.
In case of
serial communications, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time
as:
:
The gross bit rate is related to the
symbol rate or modulation rate, which is expressed in
bauds or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal ''only'' when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a
data transmission
Data transmission and data reception or, more broadly, data communication or digital communications is the transfer and reception of data in the form of a digital bitstream or a digitized analog signal transmitted over a point-to-point or ...
system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems used in
modem
A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by modulating one or more c ...
s and LAN equipment.
For most
line code
In telecommunication, a line code is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent digital data transmitted down a communication channel or written to a storage medium. This repertoire of signals is usually called a constrained ...
s and
modulation methods:
:
More specifically, a line code (or
baseband
In telecommunications and signal processing, baseband is the range of frequencies occupied by a signal that has not been modulated to higher frequencies. Baseband signals typically originate from transducers, converting some other variable i ...
transmission scheme) representing the data using
pulse-amplitude modulation with
different voltage levels, can transfer
. A
digital modulation
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the '' carrier signal'', with a separate signal called the ''modulation signal'' that typically contains informa ...
method (or
passband transmission scheme) using
different symbols, for example
amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer
. This results in:
:
An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example
Manchester coding
In telecommunication and data storage, Manchester code (also known as phase encoding, or PE) is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time. It is a self-clocking signal with no DC ...
and
return-to-zero (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in:
:
A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain
spectral bandwidth in hertz is given by the
Nyquist law:
:
In practice this upper bound can only be approached for
line coding schemes and for so-called
vestigial sideband
In radio communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of modulation used to transmit information, such as an audio signal, by radio waves. A refinement of amplitude modul ...
digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example
ASK,
PSK,
QAM and
OFDM, can be characterized as
double sideband modulation, resulting in the following relation:
:
In case of
parallel communication, the gross bit rate is given by
:
where ''n'' is the number of parallel channels, ''M
i'' is the number of symbols or levels of the
modulation in the ''i''-th
channel, and ''T
i'' is the
symbol duration time
The unit interval is the minimum time interval between condition changes of a data transmission signal, also known as the pulse time or symbol duration time. A unit interval (UI) is the time taken in a data stream by each subsequent pulse (or sy ...
, expressed in seconds, for the ''i''-th channel.
Information rate
The
physical layer net bitrate,
[Theodory S. Rappaport]
Wireless communications: principles and practice
Prentice Hall PTR, 2002 information rate,
useful bit rate, payload rate,
[V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre]
''Data Communication Systems''
Technical Publications, 2009. net data transfer rate,
coded transmission rate,
effective data rate
or
wire speed In computer networking, wire speed or wirespeed refers to the hypothetical peak physical layer net bit rate (useful information rate) of a cable (consisting of fiber-optical wires or copper wires) combined with a certain digital communication devi ...
(informal language) of a digital
communication channel is the capacity excluding the
physical layer protocol overhead, for example
time division multiplex
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fracti ...
(TDM)
framing bits, redundant
forward error correction (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other
channel coding
In computing, telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, an error correction code, sometimes error correcting code, (ECC) is used for controlling errors in data over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea ...
. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the
data link layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between nodes on a network segment across the physical layer. The data link layer p ...
and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead.
In modems and wireless systems,
link adaptation (automatic adaption of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term peak bitrate denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter. Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the "connection speed" (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. Note that the term line rate in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,
in others as net bit rate.
The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC
code rate
In telecommunication and information theory, the code rate (or information rateHuffman, W. Cary, and Pless, Vera, ''Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes'', Cambridge, 2003.) of a forward error correction code is the proportion of the data-st ...
according to the following.
:Net bit rate ≤ Gross bit rate ·
code rate
In telecommunication and information theory, the code rate (or information rateHuffman, W. Cary, and Pless, Vera, ''Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes'', Cambridge, 2003.) of a forward error correction code is the proportion of the data-st ...
The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer ''net bit rate'' in accordance with the above definition.
For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an
IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes.
The net bit rate of ISDN2
Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s.
The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/second, due to the
4B5B
In telecommunication, 4B5B is a form of data communications line code. 4B5B maps groups of 4 bits of data onto groups of 5 bits for transmission. These 5-bit words are pre-determined in a dictionary and they are chosen to ensure that there will b ...
(four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the
NRZI line code
In telecommunication, a line code is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent digital data transmitted down a communication channel or written to a storage medium. This repertoire of signals is usually called a constrained ...
.
In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10Base-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the
Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The ...
line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud.
The "connection speed" of a
V.92
V.92 is an ITU-T recommendation, titled ''Enhancements to Recommendation V.90'', that establishes a modem standard allowing near 56 kb/s download and 48 kb/s upload rates. With V.92 PCM is used for both the upstream and downstream connections; pre ...
voiceband
A voice frequency (VF) or voice band is the range of audio frequencies used for the transmission of speech.
Frequency band
In telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 to 3400 Hz. It is for this reason t ...
modem
A modulator-demodulator or modem is a computer hardware device that converts data from a digital format into a format suitable for an analog transmission medium such as telephone or radio. A modem transmits data by modulating one or more c ...
typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s
downstreams and 48,000 bit/s
upstreams. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to
adaptive modulation Link adaptation, comprising adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and others (such as Power Control), is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching of the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the conditi ...
slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor
signal-to-noise ratio. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher.
The
channel capacity, also known as the
Shannon capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node
communication link.
:net bit rate ≤ channel capacity
The channel capacity is proportional to the
analog bandwidth in hertz. This proportionality is called
Hartley's law. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called
digital bandwidth capacity in bit/s.
Network throughput
The term ''
throughput'', essentially the same thing as
digital bandwidth consumption, denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the data link layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also
measuring network throughput
Throughput of a network can be measured using various tools available on different platforms. This page explains the theory behind what these tools set out to measure and the issues regarding these measurements.
Reasons for measuring throughput i ...
.
Goodput (data transfer rate)
''
Goodput
In computer networks, goodput (a portmanteau of good and throughput) is the application-level throughput of a communication; i.e. the number of useful information bits delivered by the network to a certain destination per unit of time. The amoun ...
'' or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the
application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight.
As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to
V.44 data compression, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and
automatic repeat request
Automatic repeat request (ARQ), also known as automatic repeat query, is an error-control method for data transmission that uses acknowledgements (messages sent by the receiver indicating that it has correctly received a packet) and timeouts ...
retransmissions.
If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation:
:goodput ≤ throughput ≤ maximum throughput ≤ net bit rate
for a certain communication path.
Progress trends
These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices:
Multimedia
In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:
* The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.
* The samples may use different numbers of bits.
* The data may be encoded by different schemes.
* The information may be digitally
compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees.
Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.
If
lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of
compression artifact
A compression artifact (or artefact) is a noticeable distortion of media (including images, audio, and video) caused by the application of lossy compression. Lossy data compression involves discarding some of the media's data so that it beco ...
s. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.
The bitrates in this section are approximately the ''minimum'' that the ''average'' listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard:
Encoding bit rate
In digital
multimedia
Multimedia is a form of communication that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, or video into a single interactive presentation, in contrast to tradit ...
, ''bit rate'' refers to the number of bits used per second to represent a continuous medium such as
audio
Audio most commonly refers to sound, as it is transmitted in signal form. It may also refer to:
Sound
*Audio signal, an electrical representation of sound
*Audio frequency, a frequency in the audio spectrum
* Digital audio, representation of sou ...
or
video
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) sy ...
after
source coding (data compression). The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is its size in
bytes divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight.
For realtime
streaming multimedia, the encoding bit rate is the
goodput
In computer networks, goodput (a portmanteau of good and throughput) is the application-level throughput of a communication; i.e. the number of useful information bits delivered by the network to a certain destination per unit of time. The amoun ...
that is required to avoid interrupt:
:encoding bit rate = required goodput
The term
average bitrate is used in case of
variable bitrate multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the peak bit rate is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.
A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for
lossless data compression is the
source information rate, also known as the ''entropy rate''.
:entropy rate ≤ multimedia bit rate
Audio
CD-DA
CD-DA, the standard audio CD, is said to have a data rate of 44.1 kHz/16, meaning that the audio data was sampled 44,100 times per second and with a bit depth of 16. CD-DA is also
stereo, using a left and right
channel, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used.
The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:
:
For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows:
:
The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file
header or other
metadata) can be calculated using the following formula:
:
The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight:
:
Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:
:
MP3
The
MP3 audio format provides
lossy data compression. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate:
* 32 kbit/s generally acceptable only for speech
* 96 kbit/s generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
* 128 or 160 kbit/s mid-range bitrate quality
* 192 kbit/s medium quality bitrate
* 256 kbit/s a commonly used high-quality bitrate
* 320 kbit/s highest level supported by the
MP3 standard
Other audio
* 700 bit/s lowest bitrate open-source speech codec
Codec2, but barely recognizable yet, sounds much better at 1.2 kbit/s
* 800 bit/s minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose
FS-1015 speech codecs
* 2.15 kbit/s minimum bitrate available through the open-source
Speex codec
* 6 kbit/s minimum bitrate available through the open-source
Opus codec
* 8 kbit/s
telephone
A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into e ...
quality using speech codecs
* 32–500 kbit/s
lossy audio as used in
Ogg Vorbis
* 256 kbit/s Digital Audio Broadcasting (
DAB
DAB, dab, dabs, or dabbing may refer to:
Dictionaries
* '' Dictionary of American Biography'', published under the auspices of the American Council of Learned Societies
* ''Dictionary of Australian Biography'', published since 1949
Places
* Dą ...
)
MP2 bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal
*292 kbit/s - Sony
Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) for use on the
MiniDisc Format
* 400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s
lossless audio as used in formats such as
Free Lossless Audio Codec,
WavPack, or
Monkey's Audio to compress CD audio
* 1,411.2 kbit/s
Linear PCM
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony and other digital audio applications. In a PCM stream, the am ...
sound format of
CD-DA
* 5,644.8 kbit/s
DSD, which is a trademarked implementation of
PDM sound format used on
Super Audio CD.
* 6.144 Mbit/s E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec
* 9.6 Mbit/s
DVD-Audio
DVD-Audio (commonly abbreviated as DVD-A) is a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio uses most of the storage on the disc for high-quality audio and is not intended to be a video delivery format.
The st ...
, a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without DVD-Audio logo.
* 18 Mbit/s advanced lossless audio codec based on
Meridian Lossless Packing
Meridian Lossless Packing, also known as Packed PCM (PPCM), is a lossless compression technique for PCM audio data developed by Meridian Audio, Ltd. MLP is the standard lossless compression method for DVD-Audio content (often advertised with t ...
(MLP)
Video
* 16 kbit/s
videophone quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)
* 128–384 kbit/s business-oriented
videoconferencing
Videotelephony, also known as videoconferencing and video teleconferencing, is the two-way or multipoint reception and transmission of audio signal, audio and video signals by people in different locations for Real-time, real time communication. ...
quality using video compression
* 400 kbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
240p videos (using
H.264)
* 750 kbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
360p videos (using
H.264)
* 1 Mbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
480p videos (using
H.264)
* 1.15 Mbit/s max
VCD quality (using
MPEG1 compression)
* 2.5 Mbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
720p videos (using
H.264)
* 3.5 Mbit/s typ
Standard-definition television
Standard-definition television (SDTV, SD, often shortened to standard definition) is a television system which uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high or enhanced definition. "Standard" refers to it being the prevailing sp ...
quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)
* 3.8 Mbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
720p60 (60
FPS) videos (using H.264)
* 4.5 Mbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
1080p videos (using
H.264)
* 6.8 Mbit/s
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
1080p60 (60
FPS) videos (using H.264)
* 9.8 Mbit/s max
DVD (using
MPEG2
MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, w ...
compression)
* 8 to 15 Mbit/s typ
HDTV
High-definition television (HD or HDTV) describes a television system which provides a substantially higher image resolution than the previous generation of technologies. The term has been used since 1936; in more recent times, it refers to the g ...
quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
* 19 Mbit/s approximate
HDV 720p (using MPEG2 compression)
[.]
* 24 Mbit/s max
AVCHD
AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition) is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video. It is H.264 and Dolby AC-3 packaged into the MPEG transport stream, with a set of constraints designed around th ...
(using
MPEG4 AVC compression)
* 25 Mbit/s approximate
HDV 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)
* 29.4 Mbit/s max
HD DVD
* 40 Mbit/s max
1080p
1080p (1920×1080 progressively displayed pixels; also known as Full HD or FHD, and BT.709) is a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by 1,920 pixels displayed across the screen horizontally and 1,080 pixels down the screen ve ...
Blu-ray Disc
The Blu-ray Disc (BD), often known simply as Blu-ray, is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released on June 20, 2006 worldwide. It is designed to supersede the DVD format, and capable of sto ...
(using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or
VC-1
SMPTE 421, informally known as VC-1, is a video coding format. Most of it was initially developed as Microsoft's proprietary video format Windows Media Video 9 in 2003. With some enhancements including the development of a new Advanced Profile ...
compression)
[.]
* 250 Mbit/s max
DCP (using JPEG 2000 compression)
* 1.4 Gbit/s 10-bit
4:4:4 Uncompressed 1080p at 24fps
Notes
For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the ''actual'' bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using
µlaw or
A-law
An A-law algorithm is a standard companding algorithm, used in European 8-bit PCM digital communications systems to optimize, i.e. modify, the dynamic range of an analog signal for digitizing. It is one of two versions of the G.711 standar ...
companding
In telecommunication and signal processing, companding (occasionally called compansion) is a method of mitigating the detrimental effects of a channel with limited dynamic range. The name is a portmanteau of the words compressing and expandi ...
(pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s.
See also
*
Audio bit depth
*
Average bitrate
*
Bandwidth (computing)
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.
This definition of ''bandwidth'' is in contrast to the field of signal p ...
*
Baud (
symbol rate)
*
Bit-synchronous operation Bit-synchronous operation is a type of digital communication in which the data circuit-terminating equipment ( DCE), data terminal equipment ( DTE), and transmitting circuits are all operated in bit synchronism with a clock signal.
In bit-synch ...
*
Clock rate
*
Code rate
In telecommunication and information theory, the code rate (or information rateHuffman, W. Cary, and Pless, Vera, ''Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes'', Cambridge, 2003.) of a forward error correction code is the proportion of the data-st ...
*
Constant bitrate
*
Data-rate units
*
Data signaling rate
In telecommunication, data signaling rate (DSR), also known as gross bit rate, is the aggregate rate at which data passes a point in the transmission path of a data transmission system.
# The DSR is usually expressed in bits per second.
# The dat ...
*
List of interface bit rates
This is a list of interface bit rates, is a measure of information transfer rates, or digital bandwidth capacity, at which digital interfaces in a computer or network can communicate over various kinds of buses and channels. The distinction can ...
*
Measuring network throughput
Throughput of a network can be measured using various tools available on different platforms. This page explains the theory behind what these tools set out to measure and the issues regarding these measurements.
Reasons for measuring throughput i ...
*
Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
*
Spectral efficiency
Spectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is ut ...
*
Variable bitrate
References
External links
Live Video Streaming Bitrate CalculatorCalculate bitrate for video and live streams
DVD-HQ bit rate calculatorCalculate bit rate for various types of digital video media.
Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?Valid8 Data Rate Calculator
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bit Rate
Data transmission
Temporal rates