Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
and the capital of the
Veneto region
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography), human impact characteristics ( human geography), and the interaction of humanity an ...
. It is built on a group of 118 small islands
that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges.
The islands are in the shallow
Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay lying between the mouths of the
Po and the
Piave rivers (more exactly between the
Brenta and the
Sile). In 2020, around 258,685 people resided in greater Venice or the ''
Comune di Venezia'', of whom around 55,000 live in the historical island city of Venice (''centro storico'') and the rest on the mainland (''terraferma''). Together with the cities of
Padua and
Treviso
Treviso ( , ; vec, Trevixo) is a city and '' comune'' in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 84,669 inhabitants (as of September 2017). Some 3,000 live within the Ven ...
, Venice is included in the
Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.
The name is derived from the ancient
Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC.
The city was historically the capital of the
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...
for over a millennium, from 697 to 1797. It was a major financial and maritime power during the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
and
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
, and a
staging area
A staging area (otherwise staging point, staging base, or staging post) is a location in which organisms, people, vehicles, equipment, or material are assembled before use. It may refer to:
* In construction, a designated area in which vehicles, ...
for the
Crusades and the
Battle of Lepanto
The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states (comprising Spain and its Italian territories, several independent Italian states, and the Soverei ...
, as well as an important centre of commerce—especially silk, grain, and
spice, and of art from the 13th century to the end of the 17th. The
city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial centre, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. For centuries Venice possessed numerous territories along the Adriatic Sea and within the Italian peninsula, leaving a significant impact on the architecture and culture that can still be seen today. The sovereignty of Venice came to an end in 1797, at the hands of
Napoleon. Subsequently, in 1866, the city became part of the
Kingdom of Italy.
Venice has been known as "La Dominante", "La Serenissima", "Queen of the
Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their
architecture
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...
, and artwork.
Venice is known for several important artistic movements—especially during the
Renaissance period
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass idea ...
—and has played an important role in the history of instrumental and operatic music, and is the birthplace of
Baroque composers
Tomaso Albinoni and
Antonio Vivaldi.
Although the city is facing some challenges (including an excessive number of tourists and problems caused by pollution, tide peaks and cruise ships sailing too close to buildings),
Venice remains a very popular tourist destination, a major cultural centre, and has been ranked many times the most beautiful city in the world. It has been described by ''
The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' (f ...
'' as one of Europe's most romantic cities and by ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...
'' as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".
History
Origins
Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees—from nearby
Roman cities such as
Padua,
Aquileia,
Treviso
Treviso ( , ; vec, Trevixo) is a city and '' comune'' in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 84,669 inhabitants (as of September 2017). Some 3,000 live within the Ven ...
,
Altino, and Concordia (modern
Portogruaro), as well as from the undefended countryside—who were fleeing successive waves of
Germanic and
Hun invasions. This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first
doge
A doge ( , ; plural dogi or doges) was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states, notably Venice and Genoa, during the medieval and renaissance periods. Such states are referred to as " crowned republics".
Etymology
The ...
, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families. Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as ''incolae lacunae'' ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of
San Giacomo on the islet of
Rialto
The Rialto is a central area of Venice, Italy, in the ''sestiere'' of San Polo. It is, and has been for many centuries, the financial and commercial heart of the city. Rialto is known for its prominent markets as well as for the monumental Ria ...
(''Rivoalto'', "High Shore")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the
Feast of the Annunciation).
Beginning as early as AD 166–168, the
Quadi and
Marcomanni destroyed the main Roman town in the area, present-day
Oderzo
Oderzo ( la, Opitergium; vec, Oderso) is a '' comune'' with a population of 20,003 in the province of Treviso, Veneto, northern Italy.
It lies in the heart of the Venetian plain, about to the northeast of Venice. Oderzo is crossed by the Montic ...
. This part of
Roman Italy was again overrun in the early 5th century by the
Visigoths and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led by
Attila. The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the
Lombards in 568, left the
Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantin ...
only a small strip of coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the
Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the
Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in
Constantinople. Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes, and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at
Malamocco and
Torcello
Torcello ( la, Torcellum; vec, Torceło) is a sparsely populated island at the northern end of the Venetian Lagoon, in north-eastern Italy. It was first settled in 452 CE and has been referred to as the parent island from which Venice was p ...
in the Venetian lagoon. The ''tribuni maiores'' formed the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the lagoon, dating from c. 568.
The traditional first
doge of Venice,
Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the
oldest chronicle by
John, deacon of Venice . Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the
Exarch Paul, and Paul's successor,
Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's ''
magister militum'' (or "general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the
iconoclastic controversy
The Byzantine Iconoclasm ( gr, Εικονομαχία, Eikonomachía, lit=image struggle', 'war on icons) were two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial au ...
, at the urging of
Pope Gregory II
Pope Gregory II ( la, Gregorius II; 669 – 11 February 731) was the bishop of Rome from 19 May 715 to his death. . The exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor
Leo III, was murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear.
Ursus was the first of 117 "
doges" (''doge'' is the
Venetian dialectal equivalent of the Latin ''
dux
''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, '' ...
'' ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is
duke, in standard Italian ''duca''. (See also "
duce
( , ) is an Italian title, derived from the Latin word 'leader', and a cognate of ''duke''. National Fascist Party leader Benito Mussolini was identified by Fascists as ('The Leader') of the movement since the birth of the in 1919. In 192 ...
".) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor
Leo III's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as ''
dux
''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, '' ...
''. and given the added title of ''
hypatus'' (from the Greek for "
consul").
In 751, the Lombard King
Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was at
Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum in the area. In 775/6, the
episcopal seat of Olivolo (
San Pietro di Castello
San Pietro di Castello ( vec, San Piero de Casteło), formerly Olivolo ( it, Olivòlo; vec, Ołivoło), is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy, forming part of the Castello sestiere. It is linked to the main islands of Venice by ...
, namely Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke
Agnello Particiaco (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first
ducal palace and
basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (''civitatis murus'') between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here.
Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his rule. He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the
Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast; Charlemagne's own son
Pepin of Italy,
king of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between
Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor
Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.
In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition, from
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...
, of relics claimed to be of
St Mark the Evangelist; these were placed in the new basilica. Winged lions—visible throughout Venice—are the
emblem of St Mark. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop, and as Byzantine power waned, its own autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.
Expansion
From the 9th to the 12th centuries, Venice developed into a powerful maritime empire (an Italian
thalassocracy known also as ''
repubblica marinara''), in addition to Venice there were seven others: the most important ones were
Genoa,
Pisa, and
Amalfi; and the lesser known were
Ragusa,
Ancona,
Gaeta and
Noli. Its own strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the
Dalmatian coast
Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see #Name, names in other languages) is one of the four historical region, historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of ...
, the city became a flourishing trade centre between Western Europe and the rest of the world, especially with the
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
and
Asia, where its navy protected sea routes against piracy.
The
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...
seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because
pirates based there were a menace to trade. The doge already possessed the titles of Duke of
Dalmatia and Duke of
Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across
Lake Garda as far west as the
Adda River, were known as the ''Terraferma''; they were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee
Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat (on which the city depended). In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the
Aegean, including
Crete, and
Cyprus in the Mediterranean, and
became a major power-broker in the
Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as
Bergamo,
Brescia, and
Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called
golden bull
A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors. The term was originally coined for the golden seal (a ''bull ...
s or "chrysobulls", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of
Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.
Venice became an imperial power following the
Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking
Constantinople and establishing the
Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the
gilt bronze horses from the
Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice,
St Mark's Basilica (The originals have been replaced with replicas, and are now stored within the basilica.) After the fall of Constantinople, the former Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the
Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.
The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...
n
themes, after
Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and th ...
. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self, until
Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city
in 1453.
Situated on the
Adriatic Sea, Venice had always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the
Middle East. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and to support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the
Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials, and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a
Council of Ten
The Council of Ten ( it, Consiglio dei Dieci; vec, Consejo de i Diexe), or simply the Ten, was from 1310 to 1797 one of the major governing bodies of the Republic of Venice. Elections took place annually and the Council of Ten had the power to i ...
(also called the Ducal Council, or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "
doge
A doge ( , ; plural dogi or doges) was an elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states, notably Venice and Genoa, during the medieval and renaissance periods. Such states are referred to as " crowned republics".
Etymology
The ...
", or duke, to be the chief executive; he would usually hold the title until his death, although several Doges were forced, by pressure from their
oligarchical peers, to resign and retire into
monastic
Monasticism (from Ancient Greek , , from , , 'alone'), also referred to as monachism, or monkhood, is a religion, religious way of life in which one renounces world (theology), worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic ...
seclusion, when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure.
The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the doge), a senator-like assembly of nobles, and the general citizenry with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected doge. Church and various
private property was tied to
military service
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, air forces, and naval forces, whether as a chosen job ( volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
Some nations (e.g., Mexico) require ...
, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The ''Cavalieri di San Marco'' was the only order of
chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of
commerce by other means. Therefore, the city's early employment of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce.
Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy during the
Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the
papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine
William Bedell
The Rt. Rev. William Bedell, D.D. ( ga, Uilliam Beidil; 15717 February 1642), was an Anglican churchman who served as Lord Bishop of Kilmore, as well as Provost of Trinity College Dublin.
Early life
He was born at Black Notley in Essex, and ...
are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the
interdict
In Catholic canon law, an interdict () is an ecclesiastical censure, or ban that prohibits persons, certain active Church individuals or groups from participating in certain rites, or that the rites and services of the church are banished from ...
on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of
Pope Paul V
Pope Paul V ( la, Paulus V; it, Paolo V) (17 September 1550 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May 1605 to his death in January 1621. In 1611, he honored ...
.
The newly invented German
printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; the leading printer was
Aldus Manutius, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His ''Aldine Editions'' included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.
Decline
Venice's long decline started in the 15th century. Venice confronted the
Ottoman Empire in the
Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)
The siege of Thessalonica between 1422 and 1430 saw the Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Murad II, capture the city of Thessalonica, which remained in Ottoman hands for the next five centuries, until it became part of the Kingdom of Greece in 1912 ...
and sent ships to help defend
Constantinople against the besieging Turks in 1453. After the
Fall of Constantinople,
Sultan Mehmed II
Mehmed II ( ota, محمد ثانى, translit=Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; tr, II. Mehmed, ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( ota, ابو الفتح, Ebū'l-fetḥ, lit=the Father of Conquest, links=no; tr, Fâtih Su ...
declared the first of a series of
Ottoman-Venetian wars that cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions.
Vasco da Gama's 1497–1499 voyage opened a sea route to
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
around the
Cape of Good Hope and destroyed Venice's monopoly. Venice's
oared vessels were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing
ocean
The ocean (also the sea or the world ocean) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water. An ocean can also refer to any of the large bodies of water into which the wo ...
s, therefore Venice was left behind in the race for
colonies.
The
Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and 1577. In three years, the
plague killed some 50,000 people. In 1630, the
Italian plague of 1629–31
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.
Venice began to lose its position as a centre of
international trade during the later part of the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth. France and Spain fought for
hegemony
Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one State (polity), state over other states. In Ancient Greece (8th BC – AD 6th ), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of the ''hegemon'' city-state over oth ...
over Italy in the
Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, Venice remained a major exporter of agricultural products and until the mid-18th century, a significant
manufacturing centre.
Modern age
The Republic of Venice lost its independence when
Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the
War of the First Coalition. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population. He removed the gates of the
Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the
Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. Venice was taken from Austria by the
Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's
Kingdom of Italy. It was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ( la, links=no, Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" ( it, links=no, Regno Lombardo-Veneto, german: links=no, Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land ...
. In 1848 a revolt briefly re-established the
Venetian republic under
Daniele Manin
Daniele Manin (13 May 180422 September 1857) was an Italian patriot, statesman and leader of the Risorgimento in Venice. Many Italian historians consider him to be an important figure in Italian unification.
Early and family life
left, House i ...
, but this was crushed in 1849. In 1866, after the
Third Italian War of Independence
The Third Italian War of Independence ( it, Terza Guerra d'Indipendenza Italiana) was a war between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire fought between June and August 1866. The conflict paralleled the Austro-Prussian War and resulted in ...
, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created
Kingdom of Italy.
From the middle of the 18th century,
Trieste and papal
Ancona, both of which became free ports, competed with Venice more and more economically. Habsburg Trieste in particular boomed and increasingly served trade via the
Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, between Asia and Central Europe, while Venice very quickly lost its competitive edge and commercial strength.
During the
Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being
Operation Bowler
Operation Bowler was an air attack on Venice harbour by Allied aircraft on 21 March 1945, as part of the Italian campaign of the Second World War. It was led by Acting Wing Commander, later Group Captain, George Westlake of the Royal Air Force ...
, a successful
Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself. However, the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste, and Trento were
repeatedly bombed. On 29 April 1945, a force of
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
and
New Zealand troops of the
British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant General
Freyberg, liberated Venice, which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.
File:Canaletto Grand Canal from Palazzo Flangini - JPGM.jpg, '' The Grand Canal in Venice from Palazzo Flangini to Campo San Marcuola'', Canaletto
Giovanni Antonio Canal (18 October 1697 – 19 April 1768), commonly known as Canaletto (), was an Italian painter from the Republic of Venice, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school.
Painter of city views or ...
(circa 1738, J. Paul Getty Museum
The J. Paul Getty Museum, commonly referred to as the Getty, is an art museum in Los Angeles, California housed on two campuses: the Getty Center and Getty Villa.
The Getty Center is located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles and fea ...
)
File:The Grand Canal, Venice c1760 Francesco Guardi.jpg, Francesco Guardi, ''The Grand Canal'' (circa 1760, Art Institute of Chicago)
File:Morning Impression along a Canal in Venice.JPG, ''Morning Impression along a Canal in Venice, Veneto, Italy'', by Rafail Levitsky (1896)
File:Sunset gondola Basilica Della Salute .png, Gondola Punta and Basilica Salute (2015)
File:Rio Priuli o de Santa Sofia (Venice).jpg, Venice view from the Bridge Priuli a Santa Sofia, to the Bridge de le Vele (2015)
File:View of the Grand Canal from Rialto to Ca'Foscari.jpg, Grand Canal from Rialto to Ca'Foscari (2016)
Image:View from the Bridge of Sighs (Ponte dei Sospiri), Venice Italy.jpg, View from the Bridge of Sighs (2017)
Geography
Venice sits atop alluvial silt washed into the sea by the rivers flowing eastward from the alps across the
Veneto plain, with the silt being stretched into long banks, or ''lidi'', by the action of the current flowing around the head of the
Adriatic Sea from east to west.
Subsidence
Subsidence, the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has contributed—along with other factors—to the seasonal ''
Acqua alta'' ("high water") when much of the city's surface is occasionally covered at high tide.
Building foundations
Those fleeing barbarian invasions who found refuge on the sandy islands of Torcello, Iesolo, and Malamocco, in this coastal lagoon, learned to build by driving closely spaced
piles consisting of the trunks of
alder
Alders are trees comprising the genus ''Alnus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few sp ...
trees, a wood noted for its water resistance, into the mud and sand, until they reached a much harder layer of compressed
clay. Building foundations rested on plates of
Istrian limestone placed on top of the piles.
Flooding
Between autumn and early spring, the city is often threatened by flood
tides pushing in from the
Adriatic. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. Additionally, the lowest part of Venice,
St. Mark's Basilica, is only above sea level, and one of the most flood-prone parts of the city.
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a "
stamp tax". When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper, with the superscription "AQ" and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for "letters to officials". At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.
During the 20th century, when many
artesian wells
An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure. An artesian aquifer has trapped water, surrounded by layers of impermeable rock or clay, which apply positive pressure to the water contained within th ...
were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to
subside. It was realized that extraction of water from the
aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods—the ''
Acqua alta'', that rise to a height of several centimetres over its quays—regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, staircases once used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.
Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1–2mm per annum; therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked.
In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister
Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the
MOSE Project Mose, Mosè, or Mosé is a given name which may refer to:
People In religion
* Mose Durst, former president of the Unification Church of the United States
* Mosé Higuera, Colombian Catholic bishop
* Mosè Tovini, Italian Roman Catholic priest
I ...
(''Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico''), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates, expected to be completed in late 2023; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow
pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 cm, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work was due to be completed by 2018. A
Reuters
Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.
The agency was esta ...
report stated that the
MOSE Project Mose, Mosè, or Mosé is a given name which may refer to:
People In religion
* Mose Durst, former president of the Unification Church of the United States
* Mosé Higuera, Colombian Catholic bishop
* Mosè Tovini, Italian Roman Catholic priest
I ...
attributed the delay to "corruption scandals". The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, with as much as approximately €2 billion of the cost lost to corruption.
According to a spokesman for the
FAI:
Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m �675mbut will cost at least €7bn �6bn If the barriers are closed at only 90 cm of high water, most of St Mark's will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn't solve the problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open.
On 13 November 2019, Venice was flooded when waters peaked at , the highest tide since 1966 (1.94 m). More than 80% of the city was covered by water, which damaged cultural heritage sites, including more than 50 churches, leading to tourists cancelling their visits.
The planned
flood barrier would have prevented this incident according to various sources, including Marco Piana, the head of conservation at St Mark's Basilica.
The mayor promised that work on the flood barrier would continue,
and the Prime Minister announced that the government would be accelerating the project.
The city's mayor,
Luigi Brugnaro, blamed the floods on
climate change. The
chambers of the
Regional Council of Veneto
The Regional Council of Veneto (''Consiglio Regionale del Veneto'') is the regional parliament of Veneto.
The Council, which has its seat at Palazzo Ferro Fini, located along the Grand Canal in Venice. was first elected in 1970, when ordinar ...
began to be flooded around 10 pm, two minutes after the council rejected a plan to combat global warming. One of the effects of climate change is
sea level rise which causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city. A ''
Washington Post'' report provided a more thorough analysis:
"The sea level has been rising even more rapidly in Venice than in other parts of the world. At the same time, the city is sinking, the result of tectonic plates shifting below the Italian coast. Those factors together, along with the more frequent extreme weather events associated with climate change, contribute to floods."
Henk Ovink, an expert on flooding, told
CNN
CNN (Cable News Network) is a multinational cable news channel headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by ...
that, while environmental factors are part of the problem, "historic floods in Venice are not only a result of the climate crisis but poor infrastructure and mismanagement".
The government of Italy committed to providing 20 million euros in funding to help the city repair the most urgent aspects although Brugnaro's estimate of the total damage was "hundreds of millions" to at least 1 billion euros.
On 3 October 2020, the MOSE was activated for the first time in response to a predicted high tide event, preventing some of the low-lying parts of the city (in particular the Piazza San Marco) from being flooded.
Climate
According to the
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
, Venice has a mid-latitude, four season
humid subtropical climate (''Cfa''), with cool, damp winters and warm, humid summers. The 24-hour average temperature in January is , and for July this figure is . Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages ; snow isn't a rarity between late November and early March. During the most severe winters, the canals and parts of the lagoon can freeze, but with the warming trend of the past 30–40 years, the occurrence has become rarer.
Demographics
The city was one of the largest in Europe in the
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around AD 150 ...
, with a population of 60,000 in AD 1000; 80,000 in 1200; and rising up to 110,000–180,000 in 1300. In the mid-1500s the city's population was 170,000, and by 1600 it approached 200,000.
In 2021, there were 254,850 people residing in the Comune of Venice (the population figure includes 50,434 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico), 177,621 in Terraferma (the mainland); and 26,795 on other islands in the lagoon).
47.8% of the population in 2021 were male and 52.2% were female; minors (ages 18 and younger) were 14.7% of the population compared to elderly people (ages 65 and older) who numbered 27.9%. This compared with the Italian average of 16.7% and 23.5%, respectively. The average age of Venice residents was 48.6 compared to the Italian average of 45.9. In the five years between 2016 and 2021, the population of Venice declined by 2.7%, while Italy as a whole declined by 2.2%. The population in the historic old city declined much faster: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009, and to 50,000 in 2021.
, 84.2% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant groups include: 7,814 (3.1%)
Bangladeshis, 6,258 (2.5%)
Romanians, 4,054 (1.6%)
Moldovans
Moldovans, sometimes referred to as Moldavians ( ro, moldoveni , Moldovan Cyrillic: молдовень), are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and the largest ethnic group of the Republic of Moldova (75.1% of the population as of 2014) and a sign ...
, 4,014 (1.6%)
Chinese, and 2,514 (1%)
Ukrainians.
Venice is predominantly
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
* Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...
(85.0% of the resident population in the area of the
Patriarchate of Venice in 2018), but because of the long-standing relationship with
Constantinople, there is also a noticeable
Orthodox presence; and as a result of immigration, there is now a large
Muslim community (about 25,000 or 9.5% of city population in 2018) and some
Hindu, and
Buddhist inhabitants.
Since 1991, the Church of
San Giorgio dei Greci
San Giorgio dei Greci ( el, Ἅγιος Γεώργιος τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ´Agios Geórgios ton Ellínon, Saint George of the Greeks) is a church in the ''sestiere'' (neighborhood) of Castello, Venice, northern Italy. It was the center of ...
in Venice has become the
see of the
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe, a
Byzantine-rite diocese under the
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
There is also a historic
Jewish community
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
in Venice. The
Venetian Ghetto was the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic. The word ''
ghetto'' (''ghèto''), originally
Venetian, is now found in many languages.
Shakespeare's play ''
The Merchant of Venice'', written in the late 16th century, features
Shylock, a Venetian Jew. The first complete and uncensored printed edition of the
Talmud
The Talmud (; he, , Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law ('' halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the ce ...
was printed in Venice by
Daniel Bomberg
Daniel is a masculine given name and a surname of Hebrew origin. It means "God is my judge"Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 68. (cf. Gabriel—"God is my strength"), ...
in 1523. During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to
extermination camps. Since the end of the war, the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500. Only around 30 Jews live in the former ghetto, which houses the city's major Jewish institutions. In modern times, Venice has an
eruv, used by the Jewish community.
Government
Local and regional government
File:Map of comune of Venice (province of Venice, region Veneto, Italy).svg, The whole ''comune'' (red) in the Metropolitan City of Venice
File:Ca'Loredan Venice.jpg, Ca' Loredan is Venice's City Hall
File:Palazzo Corner della Ca' Granda Canal Grande Venezia.jpg, Palazzo Corner is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Venice
File:Palazzo Ferro Fini Canal Grande Venezia.jpg, Palazzo Ferro Fini is the seat of the Regional Council of Veneto
The Regional Council of Veneto (''Consiglio Regionale del Veneto'') is the regional parliament of Veneto.
The Council, which has its seat at Palazzo Ferro Fini, located along the Grand Canal in Venice. was first elected in 1970, when ordinar ...
The legislative body of the Comune is the City Council (''Consiglio Comunale''), which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Administration (''Giunta Comunale''), composed of 12
assessors nominated and presided over by a directly elected
Mayor.
Venice was governed by
centre-left parties from the early 1990s until the 2010s, when the Mayor started to be elected directly. Its region,
Veneto, has long been a conservative stronghold, with the coalition between the regionalist
Lega Nord and the
centre-right Forza Italia winning absolute majorities of the electorate in many elections at local, national, and regional levels.
The current Mayor of Venice is
Luigi Brugnaro, a centre-right independent businessman who is currently serving his second term in office.
The municipality of Venice is also subdivided into six administrative boroughs (''municipalità''). Each borough is governed by a council (''Consiglio'') and a president, elected every five years. The urban organization is dictated by Article 114 of the
Italian Constitution
The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( it, Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, ...
. The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition, they are supplied with autonomous funding to finance local activities.
The boroughs are:
;Notes
Sestieri
The historic city of Venice is divided into six areas called ''
sestieri
A (plural: ) is a subdivision of certain Italian towns and cities. The word is from (‘sixth’), so it is thus used only for towns divided into six districts. The best-known example is the ''sestieri'' of Venice, but Ascoli Piceno, Genoa, Mi ...
'':
Each ''sestiere'' is now a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy.
The six fingers or phalanges of the ''ferro'' on the bow of a
gondola
The gondola (, ; vec, góndoła ) is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon. It is typically propelled by a gondolier, who uses a rowing oar, which is not fastened to the hull, ...
represent the six ''sestieri''.
The ''sestieri'' are divided into parishes – initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under
Napoleon, and now numbering just 38. These parishes predate the ''sestieri'', which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network. Each community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market centre, constructed its own bell towers, and developed its own customs.
Other islands of the
Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the ''sestieri'', having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.
Each ''sestiere'' has its own
house numbering
House numbering is the system of giving a unique number to each building in a street or area, with the intention of making it easier to locate a particular building. The house number is often part of a postal address. The term describes the num ...
system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.
Economy
Venice's economy has changed throughout history. Although there is little specific information about the earliest years, it is likely that an important source of the city's prosperity was the trade in slaves, captured in central Europe and sold to North Africa and the Levant. Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly south of the terminus of the
Brenner Pass over the Alps, would have given it a distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade. In the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
and the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
, Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city and a leader in political and economic affairs.
From the 11th century until the 15th century,
pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...
s to the
Holy Land were offered in Venice. Other ports such as
Genoa,
Pisa,
Marseille,
Ancona, and
Dubrovnik were hardly able to compete with the well organized transportation of pilgrims from Venice.
Armenian merchants from
Julfa were the leading traders in Venice, especially the
Sceriman family in the 17th century. They were specialized in the gems and diamonds business. The trade volume reached millions of tons, which was exceptional for 17th century. This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by countries such as Portugal, and its importance as a naval power was reduced. In the 18th century, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the
Venice Arsenal, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and as spaces for art). Since World War II, many Venetians have moved to the neighboring cities of
Mestre and
Porto Marghera, seeking employment as well as affordable housing.
Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports.
Murano glass production in
Murano and lace production in
Burano
Burano is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy, near Torcello at the northern end of the lagoon, known for its lace work and brightly coloured homes. The primary economy is tourism.
Geography
Burano is from Venice, a 45-minute t ...
are also highly important to the economy.
The city is facing financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400 million. "In effect, the place is bankrupt", according to a report by ''
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
''.
Many locals are leaving the historic centre due to rapidly increasing rents. The declining native population affects the character of the city, as an October 2016
National Geographic article pointed out in its subtitle: "Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park".
The city is also facing other challenges, including erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods, and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.
In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two Venetian banks—the
Banca Popolare di Vicenza
Banca Popolare di Vicenza (BPVi) was an Italian bank and currently a winding-down company. The banking group along was the 15th-largest retail and corporate bank of Italy by total assets at 31 December 2016, according to Mediobanca. However, its si ...
and
Veneto Banca
Veneto Banca S.p.A. is a former Italian bank headquartered in Montebelluna, Italy and currently a wind-down unit.
The bank changed from a cooperative society to a limited company in December 2015. Following a failed stock market listing in June ...
—to prevent their bankruptcies. Both banks would be wound down and their assets that have value taken over by another Italian bank, Intesa Sanpaolo, which would receive €5.2 billion as compensation. The Italian government would be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the closed banks. The cost would be €5.2 billion, with further guarantees to cover bad loans totaling €12 billion.
Tourism
Venice is an important destination for tourists who want to see its celebrated art and architecture.
The city hosts up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates of the annual number of tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million.
This "
overtourism" creates overcrowding and
environmental problems
Environmental issues are effects of human activity on the biophysical environment, most often of which are harmful effects that cause environmental degradation. Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on t ...
for Venice's ecosystem. By 2017,
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
was considering the addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list, which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors, who are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships as well as implementing a strategy for more
sustainable tourism.
Tourism has been a major part of the Venetian economy since the 18th century, when Venice—with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage—was a stop on the
Grand Tour. In the 19th century, Venice became a fashionable centre for the "rich and famous", who often stayed and dined at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the
Caffè Florian
Caffè Florian is a coffee house situated in the Procuratie Nuove of Piazza San Marco, Venice. It was established in 1720 and is the oldest coffee house in continuous operation in Italy, and one of the oldest in the world (the oldest being Caf ...
, and continued to be a fashionable city into the early 20th century.
In the 1980s, the
Carnival of Venice
The Carnival of Venice ( it, Carnevale di Venezia) is an annual festival held in Venice, Italy. The carnival ends on Shrove Tuesday (''Martedì Grasso'' or Mardi Gras), which is the day before the start of Lent on Ash Wednesday. The festival is w ...
was revived; and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious
Venice Biennale and the
Venice Film Festival
The Venice Film Festival or Venice International Film Festival ( it, Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica della Biennale di Venezia, "International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art of the Venice Biennale") is an annual film festival h ...
, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.
Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as
St Mark's Basilica, the
Doge's Palace, the
Grand Canal, and the
Piazza San Marco. The
Lido di Venezia is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and others in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.
The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million euros (US$193 million) annually in the city, according to a 2015 report. Other reports, however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city.
Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum".
Mitigating the effects of tourism
The need to protect the city's historic environment and fragile canals, in the face of a possible loss of jobs produced by cruise tourism, has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the
Giudecca Canal and St Mark's basin. In January 2015, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found.
P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule; Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska; and Cunard reduced (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice.
Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels. Currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. The ban does not affect short-term rentals in the historic centre which are causing an increase in the cost of living for the native residents of Venice.
The city had already banned any additional fast food "take-away" outlets, to retain the historic character of the city, which was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms. Fewer than half of the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.
The city also considered a ban on
wheeled
suitcase
A suitcase is a form of luggage. It is a rectangular container with a handle typically used to carry one's clothes and other belongings while traveling. The first suitcases appeared in the late 19th century due to the increased popularity of m ...
s, but settled for banning hard plastic wheels for transporting cargo from May 2015.
In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon,
cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the "eat and flee" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships.
Some locals continued to aggressively lobby for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods,
while others concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city. An unofficial referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists, and 17,874 favored banning large ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000.
The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the
Venetian Lagoon. Passengers would be transferred to the historic area in smaller boats.
On 28 February 2019, the Venice City Council voted in favour of a new municipal regulation requiring day-trippers visiting the historic centre, and the islands in the lagoon, to pay a new access fee. The extra revenue from the fee would be used for cleaning, maintaining security, reducing the financial burden on residents of Venice, and to "allow Venetians to live with more decorum". The new tax would be between €3 and €10 per person, depending on the expected tourist flow into the old city. The fee could be waived for certain types of travelers: including students, children under the age of 6, voluntary workers, residents of the Veneto region, and participants in sporting events. Overnight visitors, who already pay a "stay" tax and account for around 40% of Venice's yearly total of 28 million visitors, would also be exempted. The access fee was expected to come into effect in September 2019; but it was postponed, firstly, until 1 January 2020, and then, again, due to the coronavirus pandemic. The new charges would be imposed on those tourists who were not staying overnight and is expected to come into force on 1 January 2022.
Diverting cruise ships
Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, the Italian inter-ministerial ''Comitatone'' overseeing Venice's lagoon released an official directive in November 2017 to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal. Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specific route through the Vittorio Emmanuele III Canal to reach
Marghera
Marghera is a ''municipalità'' (borough) of the ''comune'' of Venice, Italy. It includes the industrial area known as Porto Marghera (English: Marghera Port) or Venezia Porto Marghera.
Etymology
The name Marghera is said in popular myth to come ...
, an industrial area of the mainland, where a passenger terminal would be built.
In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's
List of World Heritage in Danger
The List of World Heritage in Danger is compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) through the World Heritage Committee according to Article 11.4 of the World Heritage Convention,Full title: ''Conv ...
sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre.
According to the officials, the plan to create an alternate route for ships would require extensive dredging of the canal and the building of a new port, which would take four years, in total, to complete. However, the activist group ''No Grandi Navi'' (No big Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships would not be diminished by the re-routing plan.
On 2 June 2019, the cruise ship ''
MSC Opera
''MSC Opera'' is a cruise ship built in 2004, carrying 2,679 passengers in 1,071 cabins, and with a crew complement of approximately 728, currently operated by Swiss company MSC Cruises. She served as the flagship of the company until entered serv ...
'' rammed a tourist riverboat, the ''
River Countess'', which was docked on the Giudecca Canal, injuring five people, in addition to causing property damage. The incident immediately led to renewed demands to ban large cruise ships from the Giudecca Canal, including a
Twitter message to that effect posted by the environment minister. The city's mayor urged authorities to accelerate the steps required for cruise ships to begin using the alternate Vittorio Emanuele canal. Italy's transport minister spoke of a "solution to protect both the lagoon and tourism ... after many years of inertia" but specifics were not reported. , the 2017 plan to establish an alternative route for large ships, preventing them from coming near the historic area of the city, has not yet been approved.
Nonetheless, the Italian government released an announcement on 7 August 2019 that it would begin rerouting cruise ships larger than 1000 tonnes away from the historic city's Giudecca Canal. For the last four months of 2019, all heavy vessels will dock at the Fusina and Lombardia terminals which are still on the lagoon but away from the central islands. By 2020, one-third of all cruise ships will be rerouted, according to Danilo Toninelli, the minister for Venice. Preparation work for the Vittorio Emanuele Canal needed to begin soon for a long-term solution, according to the Cruise Lines International Association. In the long-term, space for ships would be provided at new terminals, perhaps at Chioggia or Lido San Nicolo. That plan was not imminent however, since public consultations had not yet begun. Over 1.5 million people per year arrive in Venice on cruise ships. The Italian government decided to divert large cruise ships beginning August 2021.
Transport
In the historic centre
Venice is built on an
archipelago of 118 islands
in a shallow,
lagoon, connected by 400 bridges over 177 canals. In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought the railroad to
Venice. The adjoining
Ponte della Libertà
The Ponte della Libertà (Liberty Bridge) is a road bridge connecting the islands that form the historical centre of the city of Venice to the mainland part of the city.
Designed in 1932 by engineer Eugenio Miozzi, it was opened by Benito Mussol ...
road causeway and terminal parking facilities in Tronchetto island and Piazzale Roma were built during the 20th century. Beyond these rail and road terminals on the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city's historic centre remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban
car-free area and is unique in Europe in having remained a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.
The classic Venetian boat is the ''
gondola
The gondola (, ; vec, góndoła ) is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon. It is typically propelled by a gondolier, who uses a rowing oar, which is not fastened to the hull, ...
'', (plural: ''gondole'') although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies, or as ''traghetti'' (sing.: traghetto) to cross the Grand Canal in lieu of a nearby bridge. The traghetti are operated by two oarsmen. For some years there were seven such boats; but by 2017, only three remained.
There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice, in their distinctive livery, and a similar number of boats, down from 10,000 two centuries ago.
Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. At the front of each gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called the ''fèro'' (iron). Its shape has evolved through the centuries, as documented in many well-known paintings. Its form, topped by a likeness of the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law. It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the sestieri of the city, and one that points backwards representing the
Giudecca
Giudecca (; vec, Zueca) is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, in northern Italy. It is part of the '' sestiere'' of Dorsoduro and is a locality of the ''comune'' of Venice.
Geography
Giudecca lies immediately south of the central islands of Ve ...
.
A lesser-known boat is the smaller, simpler, but similar,
sandolo upright 2, Sandolo in Canal Grande
The sandolo is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat designed for the generally shallow waters of the Venetian Lagoon. The Italian plural is sandoli. Description
A sandolo is less ornate and of a si ...
.
Waterways
Venice's small islands were enhanced during the Middle Ages by the
dredging of soil to raise the marshy ground above the tides. The resulting canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to the economy of the city. Today those canals still provide the means for transport of goods and people within the city.
The maze of canals threading through the city requires more than 400 bridges to permit the flow of foot traffic. In 2011, the city opened the
Ponte della Costituzione, the fourth bridge across the Grand Canal, which connects the
Piazzale Roma bus-terminal area with the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station. The other bridges are the original
Ponte di Rialto, the
Ponte dell'Accademia, and the
Ponte degli Scalzi.
Public transport
Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice.
Lagoon area
The main means of public transportation consists of motorised
waterbuses (''
vaporetti'') which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. Private motorised water taxis are also active. The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the ''traghetti'', foot passenger
ferries
A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water tax ...
crossing the Grand Canal at certain points where there are no convenient bridges. Other gondole are rented by tourists on an hourly basis.
The
Venice People Mover is an elevated shuttle train
public transit system connecting
Tronchetto island with its car parking facility with Piazzale Roma where visitors arrive in the city by bus, taxi, or automobile. The train makes a stop at the Marittima cruise terminal at the
Port of Venice.
Lido and Pellestrina islands
Lido
Lido may refer to:
Geography Africa
* Lido, a district in the city of Fez, Morocco
Asia
* Lido, an area in Chaoyang District, Beijing
* Lido, a cinema theater in Siam Square shopping area in Bangkok
* Lido City, a resort in West Java owned by MN ...
and
Pellestrina
Pellestrina is an island in northern Italy, forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea, lying south west of the Lido.
The island is long and has since the eighteenth century been bounded to its seaward side b ...
are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. On those islands, road traffic, including bus service, is allowed. Vaporetti link them with other islands (Venice,
Murano,
Burano
Burano is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy, near Torcello at the northern end of the lagoon, known for its lace work and brightly coloured homes. The primary economy is tourism.
Geography
Burano is from Venice, a 45-minute t ...
) and with the peninsula of
Cavallino-Treporti.
Mainland
The mainland of Venice is composed of 5 boroughs:
Mestre-Carpenedo,
Marghera
Marghera is a ''municipalità'' (borough) of the ''comune'' of Venice, Italy. It includes the industrial area known as Porto Marghera (English: Marghera Port) or Venezia Porto Marghera.
Etymology
The name Marghera is said in popular myth to come ...
, Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the centre and the most populous urban area of the mainland. There are several bus routes and two
Translohr tramway lines. Several bus routes and one of the tramway lines link the mainland with ''
Piazzale Roma'', the main bus station in Venice, via
Ponte della Libertà
The Ponte della Libertà (Liberty Bridge) is a road bridge connecting the islands that form the historical centre of the city of Venice to the mainland part of the city.
Designed in 1932 by engineer Eugenio Miozzi, it was opened by Benito Mussol ...
, the road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic centre of Venice.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. Only 12.2% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is , while 12% travel for over in a single direction.
File:Chiesa di Sant'Andrea Apostolo ou della Zirada - People Mover of Venice.jpg, People Mover in Venice
File:Waterbus routes in Venezia map.jpg, A map of the waterbus routes in Venezia
File:IRISBUS ACTV.JPG, Bus in Mestre
File:Actv tram Venezia leaving Piazzale Roma 2017.jpg, Tram in Venice leaving Piazzale Roma
Rail
Venice is serviced by regional and national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Milan (2h13), Turin (3h10), Rome (3h33), and Naples (4h50). In addition there are international day trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, Munich, and Vienna, plus overnight sleeper services, to Paris and Dijon on
Thello trains, and to Munich and Vienna via
ÖBB.
* The
Venezia Santa Lucia railway station is a few steps away from a vaporetti stop in the historic city next to the ''Piazzale Roma''. As well as for other, local trains, this station is the terminus of the luxury
Venice Simplon Orient Express from London via Paris and other cities.
* The
Venezia Mestre railway station
Venezia Mestre railway station ( it, Stazione di Venezia Mestre) is a junction station in the comune of Venice, Italy. It is located within the mainland frazione of Mestre, and is classified by its owner, Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, as a gold ca ...
is on the mainland, on the border between the boroughs of Mestre and Marghera.
Both stations are managed by
Grandi Stazioni; they are linked by the ''Ponte della Libertà'' (Liberty Bridge) between the mainland and the city centre.
Other stations in the municipality are Venezia Porto Marghera, Venezia Carpenedo, Venezia Mestre Ospedale, and Venezia Mestre Porta Ovest.
Ports
The
Port of Venice ( it, Porto di Venezia) is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and was a major hub for the cruise sector in the
Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...
, as since August 2021 ships of more 25,000 tons are forbidden to pass the
Giudecca Canal. It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks. In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers. In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was commercial traffic, and saw 1,453,513 passengers.
Aviation
The
Marco Polo International Airport
Venice Marco Polo Airport is the international airport of Venice, Italy. It is located on the mainland near the village of Tessera, a ''frazione'' of the ''comune'' of Venice located about east of Mestre (on the mainland) and around the same ...
(''Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo'') is named in honor of
Marco Polo. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to:
* Venice
Piazzale Roma by ATVO (provincial company) buses and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 ''aerobus'');
* Venice, Lido, and Murano by Alilaguna (private company) motor boats;
* Mestre, the mainland, where Venice Mestre railway station is convenient for connections to
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
,
Padua,
Trieste,
Verona and the rest of Italy, and for
ACTV
Actv S.p.A. (Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano) is a public company responsible for public transportation in Venice and Chioggia municipalities and for interurban bus services in province of Venice. ACTV is not responsible for Venice Pe ...
(routes 15 and 45)
and ATVO buses and other transport;
* Regional destinations, such as
Treviso
Treviso ( , ; vec, Trevixo) is a city and '' comune'' in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 84,669 inhabitants (as of September 2017). Some 3,000 live within the Ven ...
and
Padua, by ATVO and
Busitalia Sita Nord buses.
Venice-Treviso Airport, about from Venice, is used mainly by low-cost airlines. There are public buses from this airport to Venice.
Venezia-Lido "Giovanni Nicelli", a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the northeast end of
Lido di Venezia. It has a grass runway.
Sport
The most famous Venetian sport is probably ' ("Venetian-style rowing"), also commonly called ''voga veneta''. A technique invented in the Venetian Lagoon, Venetian rowing is unusual in that the rower(s), one or more, row standing, looking forward. Today, ''Voga alla Veneta'' is not only the way the gondoliers row tourists around Venice but also the way Venetians row for pleasure and sport. Many races called ''regata(e)'' happen throughout the year. The culminating event of the rowing season is the day of the "Regata Storica", which occurs on the first Sunday of September each year.
The main football club in the city is
Venezia F.C., founded in 1907, which currently plays in the
Serie B. Their ground, the
Stadio Pier Luigi Penzo, situated in
Sant'Elena, is one of the oldest sports venues in Italy.
The local basketball club is
Reyer Venezia
S.S.P. Reyer Venezia Mestre, commonly known as Reyer Venezia or simply Reyer, is an Italian professional basketball club that is based in Venice, Veneto. The club currently plays in the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA), the highest tier of basketball in ...
, founded in 1872 as the gymnastics club ''Società Sportiva Costantino Reyer'', and in 1907 as the basketball club. Reyer currently plays in the
Lega Basket Serie A
The Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) is a professional men's club basketball league that has been organised in Italy since 1920. Serie A is organised by Lega Basket, which is regulated by the Italian Basketball Federation (FIP). It is the highest-tier ...
. The men's team were the Italian champions in 1942, 1943, and 2017. Their arena is the
Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio
Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio is an indoor sporting arena that is located in Mestre, Venice, Italy. It is primarily used to host indoor sporting events, such as basketball games, concerts, and plays. The arena is named after Giuseppe Taliercio. The ...
, situated in
Mestre.
Luigi Brugnaro is both the president of the club and the mayor of the city.
Education
Venice is a major international centre for higher education. The city hosts the
Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Ca' Foscari University of Venice ( it, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, simply Università Ca' Foscari) is a public university in Venice, Italy. Since its foundation in 1868, it has been housed in the Venetian Gothic palace of Ca' Foscari, from ...
, founded in 1868; the
Università Iuav di Venezia, founded in 1926; the
Venice International University, founded in 1995 and located on the island of
San Servolo
San Servolo is an Italian island in the Venetian Lagoon, to the southeast of San Giorgio Maggiore. Earlier housing a monastery of Benedictine monks, later an asylum for the insane, the island is now home to a museum, Venice International Universi ...
and the
EIUC-European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation, located on the island of
Lido di Venezia.
Other Venetian institutions of higher education are: the
''Accademia di Belle Arti'' (Academy of Fine Arts), established in 1750, whose first chairman was
Giovanni Battista Piazzetta
Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (also called Giambattista Piazzetta or Giambattista Valentino Piazzetta) (February 13, 1682 or 1683 – April 28, 1754) was an Italian Rococo painter of religious subjects and genre scenes.
Biography
Piazzetta was ...
, and the
Benedetto Marcello Conservatory of Music, which was first established in 1876 as a high school and musical society, later (1915) became ''Liceo Musicale'', and then, when its director was
Gian Francesco Malipiero
Gian Francesco Malipiero (; 18 March 1882 – 1 August 1973) was an Italian composer, musicologist, music teacher and editor.
Life Early years
Born in Venice into an aristocratic family, the grandson of the opera composer Francesco Malipiero, G ...
, the State Conservatory of Music (1940).
Culture
Literature
Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing.
Two of the most noted Venetian writers were
Marco Polo in the Middle Ages and, later,
Giacomo Casanova
Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (, ; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice. His autobiography, (''Story of My Life''), is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of information about the c ...
. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to
the Orient
The Orient is a term for the East in relation to Europe, traditionally comprising anything belonging to the Eastern world. It is the antonym of '' Occident'', the Western World. In English, it is largely a metonym for, and coterminous with, th ...
. His series of books, co-written with
Rustichello da Pisa and titled ''
Il Milione'' provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia.
Giacomo Casanova
Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (, ; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice. His autobiography, (''Story of My Life''), is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of information about the c ...
(1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, ''Histoire De Ma Vie'' (''Story of My Life''), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.
Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of ''
Commedia dell'arte''.
Ruzante (1502–1542),
Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), and
Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.
Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set ''
Othello'' and ''
The Merchant of Venice'' in the city, as did
Thomas Mann his novel, ''
Death in Venice
''Death in Venice ''(German: ''Der Tod in Venedig'') is a novella by German author Thomas Mann, published in 1912. It presents an ennobled writer who visits Venice and is liberated, uplifted, and then increasingly obsessed by the sight of a Poli ...
'' (1912). The French writer
Philippe Sollers spent most of his life in Venice and published ''A Dictionary For Lovers of Venice'' in 2004.
The city features prominently in
Henry James's ''
The Aspern Papers'' and ''
The Wings of the Dove
''The Wings of the Dove'' is a 1902 novel by Henry James. It tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her effect on the people around her. Some of these people befriend Milly with honourable ...
''. It is also visited in
Evelyn Waugh
Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh (; 28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966) was an English writer of novels, biographies, and travel books; he was also a prolific journalist and book reviewer. His most famous works include the early satires '' Decl ...
's ''
Brideshead Revisited
''Brideshead Revisited: The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder'' is a novel by English writer Evelyn Waugh, first published in 1945. It follows, from the 1920s to the early 1940s, the life and romances of the protagonist Charles ...
'' and
Marcel Proust's ''
In Search of Lost Time''. Perhaps the best-known children's book set in Venice is ''The Thief Lord'', written by the German author
Cornelia Funke
Cornelia Maria Funke () (born 10 December 1958) is a German author of children's fiction. Born in Dorsten, North Rhine-Westphalia, she began her career as a social worker before becoming a book illustrator. She began writing novels in the late 19 ...
.
The poet
Ugo Foscolo
Ugo Foscolo (; 6 February 177810 September 1827), born Niccolò Foscolo, was an Italian writer, revolutionary and a poet.
He is especially remembered for his 1807 long poem ''Dei Sepolcri''.
Early life
Foscolo was born in Zakynthos in the Io ...
(1778–1827), born in
Zante
Zakynthos (also spelled Zakinthos; el, Ζάκυνθος, Zákynthos ; it, Zacinto ) or Zante (, , ; el, Τζάντε, Tzánte ; from the Venetian form) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Za ...
, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a
revolutionary who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to
Napoleon.
Venice also inspired the poetry of
Ezra Pound, who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's
cemetery island of
San Michele.
Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing. The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses called
Aldine Press, established by
Aldus Manutius in 1494.
From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic centre. Around fifteen percent of all printing of the fifteenth century came from Venice, and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.
In literature and adapted works
The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include:
*
Aretino's works (1492-1556)
*
Shakespeare's ''
Merchant of Venice
''The Merchant of Venice'' is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. A merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock.
Although classified as a ...
'' () and ''
Othello'' (1603).
*
Ben Jonson's ''
Volpone
''Volpone'' (, Italian for "sly fox") is a comedy play by English playwright Ben Jonson first produced in 1605–1606, drawing on elements of city comedy and beast fable. A merciless satire of greed and lust, it remains Jonson's most-perfor ...
'' (1605–6).
*
Casanova's autobiographical
''History of My Life'' .
*
Voltaire's ''
Candide'' (1759).
*
Letitia Elizabeth Landon
Letitia Elizabeth Landon (14 August 1802 – 15 October 1838) was an English poet and novelist, better known by her initials L.E.L.
The writings of Landon are transitional between Romanticism and the Victorian Age. Her first major breakthrough ...
wrote poetry for two pictures of Venice; one for ''The Embarkation'', drawn by
Clarkson Stanfield for The Amulet, 1833, the other for ''Santa Salute'', drawn by
Charles Bentley for the Literary Souvenir, 1835.
*
Ernest Hemingway's ''
Across the River and into the Trees
''Across the River and Into the Trees'' is a novel by American writer Ernest Hemingway, published by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1950, after first being serialized in ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine earlier that year. The title is derived from the last ...
'' (1950).
*
Italo Calvino
Italo Calvino (, also , ;. RAI (circa 1970), retrieved 25 October 2012. 15 October 1923 – 19 September 1985) was an Italian writer and journalist. His best known works include the '' Our Ancestors'' trilogy (1952–1959), the ''Cosmicomi ...
's ''
Invisible Cities'' (1972).
*
Anne Rice's ''
Cry to Heaven
''Cry to Heaven'' is a novel by American author Anne Rice published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1982. Taking place in eighteenth-century Italy, it follows the paths of two unlikely collaborators: a Venetian noble and a maestro from Calabria, both tryi ...
'' (1982).
*
Donna Leon
Donna Leon (; born in Montclair, New Jersey) is the American author of a series of crime novels set in Venice, Italy, featuring the fictional hero Commissario Guido Brunetti. In 2003, she received the Corine Literature Prize.
Leon lived in Veni ...
's Commissario Guido Brunetti
crime fiction series and cookbook, and the German television series based on the novels (1992–2019).
*
Philippe Sollers' ''
Watteau in Venice'' (1994).
*
Michael Dibdin
Michael Dibdin (21 March 1947 – 30 March 2007) was a British crime writer, best known for inventing Aurelio Zen, the principal character in 11 crime novels set in Italy.
Early life
Dibdin was born in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire (now West M ...
's ''
Dead Lagoon'' (1994), one in a series of novels featuring Venice-born policeman Aurelio Zen.
*
's ''
Kushiel's Chosen
''Kushiel's Chosen'' is a historical fantasy/alternate history novel by American writer Jacqueline Carey. It is a sequel to '' Kushiel's Dart'' and the second novel in the Kushiel's Legacy series.
Synopsis
In the novel, the journey of famed ' ...
'' (2002), an
historical fantasy or
alternate history of Venice—complete with masquerades, canals, and a doge—taking place in a city known as La Serenissima.
*
John Berendt
John Berendt (born December 5, 1939) is an American author, known for writing the best-selling non-fiction book ''Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil'', which was a finalist for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction.
Biography
Ber ...
's ''The City of Falling Angels'' (2005)
Additionally,
Thomas Mann's novella, ''
Death in Venice
''Death in Venice ''(German: ''Der Tod in Venedig'') is a novella by German author Thomas Mann, published in 1912. It presents an ennobled writer who visits Venice and is liberated, uplifted, and then increasingly obsessed by the sight of a Poli ...
'' (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's
eponymous opera (1973).
Foreign words of Venetian origin
Some words with a Venetian etymology include
arsenal,
ciao,
ghetto,
gondola
The gondola (, ; vec, góndoła ) is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat, well suited to the conditions of the Venetian lagoon. It is typically propelled by a gondolier, who uses a rowing oar, which is not fastened to the hull, ...
,
imbroglio,
lagoon,
lazaret,
lido
Lido may refer to:
Geography Africa
* Lido, a district in the city of Fez, Morocco
Asia
* Lido, an area in Chaoyang District, Beijing
* Lido, a cinema theater in Siam Square shopping area in Bangkok
* Lido City, a resort in West Java owned by MN ...
,
Montenegro, and
regatta.
Printing
By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, having 417 printers by 1500, and being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press, after those established in Germany. The most important printing office was the
Aldine Press of
Aldus Manutius; which in 1497 issued the first printed work of
Aristotle; in 1499 printed the ''
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili'', considered the most beautiful book of the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
; and established modern
punctuation, page format, and
italic type.
Painting
Venice, especially during the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
, the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
, and
Baroque periods, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the
Venetian School. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with
Florence and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous
Maritime Republic, which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.
In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and
Antonello da Messina
Antonello da Messina, properly Antonello di Giovanni di Antonio, but also called Antonello degli Antoni and Anglicized as Anthony of Messina ( 1430February 1479), was an Italian painter from Messina, active during the Early Italian Renaissance. ...
, who introduced the oil painting technique of the
Van Eyck Van Eyck or Van Eijk () is a Dutch toponymic surname. ''Eijck'', ''Eyck'', ''Eyk'' and ''Eijk'' are all archaic spellings of modern Dutch ("oak") and the surname literally translates as "from/of oak". However, in most cases, the family name refers ...
brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by
Giorgione
Giorgione (, , ; born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco; 1477–78 or 1473–74 – 17 September 1510) was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic quali ...
and
Titian, then
Tintoretto and
Veronese. In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the ''disegno'' and ''colorito'' techniques.
Canvases (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. These early canvases were generally rough.
In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with
Tiepolo
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ( , ; March 5, 1696 – March 27, 1770), also known as Giambattista (or Gianbattista) Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice who painted in the Rococo style, considered an import ...
's decorative painting and
Canaletto
Giovanni Antonio Canal (18 October 1697 – 19 April 1768), commonly known as Canaletto (), was an Italian painter from the Republic of Venice, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school.
Painter of city views or ...
's and
Guardi
Francesco Lazzaro Guardi (; 5 October 1712 – 1 January 1793) was an Italian painter, nobleman, and a member of the Venetian School. He is considered to be among the last practitioners, along with his brothers, of the classic Venetian school of ...
's panoramic views.
Venetian architecture
Venice is built on unstable mud-banks, and had a very crowded city centre by the Middle Ages. On the other hand, the city was largely safe from riot, civil feuds, and invasion much earlier than most European cities. These factors, with the canals and the great wealth of the city, made for unique building styles.
Venice has a rich and diverse
architectural style, the most prominent of which is the
Gothic style.
Venetian Gothic architecture is a term given to a Venetian building style combining the use of the Gothic
lancet arch with the curved
ogee arch
An ogee ( ) is the name given to objects, elements, and curves—often seen in architecture and building trades—that have been variously described as serpentine-, extended S-, or sigmoid-shaped. Ogees consist of a "double curve", the combinatio ...
, due to
Byzantine and
Ottoman influences. The style originated in 14th-century Venice, with a confluence of
Byzantine style from
Constantinople, Islamic influences from
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
and Venice's eastern trading partners, and early Gothic forms from mainland Italy. Chief examples of the style are the
Doge's Palace and the
Ca' d'Oro
The Ca' d'Oro or Palazzo Santa Sofia is a palace on the Grand Canal in Venice, northern Italy. One of the older palaces in the city, its name means "golden house" due to the gilt and polychrome external decorations which once adorned its walls. ...
in the city. The city also has several
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
and
Baroque buildings, including the
Ca' Pesaro
The Ca' Pesaro is a Baroque marble palace turned art museum, facing the Grand Canal of Venice, Italy. Today it is one of the 11 museums run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia system.
The building was originally designed by Baldassarre Lo ...
and the
Ca' Rezzonico.
Venetian taste was conservative and
Renaissance architecture only really became popular in buildings from about the 1470s. More than in the rest of Italy, it kept much of the typical form of the Gothic ''palazzi'', which had evolved to suit Venetian conditions. In turn the transition to
Baroque architecture was also fairly gentle. This gives the crowded buildings on the Grand Canal and elsewhere an essential harmony, even where buildings from very different periods sit together. For example, round-topped arches are far more common in Renaissance buildings than elsewhere.
Rococo style
It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined
Rococo designs. At the time, the Venetian economy was in decline. It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and its society had become decadent, with tourism increasingly the mainstay of the economy. But Venice remained a centre of fashion.
[Miller (2005) p.82] Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture types included the ''divani da portego'', and long rococo couches and ''pozzetti'', objects meant to be placed against the wall. Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of
putti, flowers, and angels.
Venice was especially known for its beautiful
girandole mirrors, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using
Murano glass to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others; and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being ''lacca povera'' (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and
Chinoiserie
(, ; loanword from French '' chinoiserie'', from '' chinois'', "Chinese"; ) is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and other East Asian artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts, garden design, architecture, lite ...
were particularly common in bureau cabinets.
Glass
Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as
Venetian glass
Venetian glass () is glassware made in Venice, typically on the island of Murano near the city. Traditionally it is made with a soda–lime "metal" and is typically elaborately decorated, with various "hot" glass-forming techniques, as well as ...
, which is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward the end of that century, the centre of the Venetian glass industry moved to
Murano, an offshore island in Venice. The glass made there is known as
Murano glass.
Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass. When
Constantinople was sacked in the
Fourth Crusade in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice; when the
Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453, still more glassworkers arrived. By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the colour and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques. Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe.
Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso,
Pauly
''Pauly'', a.k.a. ''The Pauly Shore Show'', is an American sitcom series that aired on Fox from March 3 until April 7, 1997, starring Pauly Shore. It was cancelled after five episodes, leaving two episodes unaired.
Plot
Pauly Sherman is the ...
, Millevetri, and Seguso. Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100
oldest companies in the world, formed in 1295.
In February 2021, the world learned that Venetian glass
trade beads had been found at three prehistoric
Eskimo sites in
Alaska, including Punyik Point. Uninhabited today, and located from the
Continental Divide in the
Brooks Range, the area was on ancient trade routes from the
Bering Sea to the
Arctic Ocean. From their creation in Venice, researchers believe the likely route these artifacts traveled was across
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
, then
Eurasia and finally over the
Bering Strait, making this discovery "the first documented instance of the presence of indubitable European materials in prehistoric sites in the western hemisphere as the result of overland transport across the
Eurasian continent
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago an ...
." After
radiocarbon dating materials found near the beads, archaeologists estimated their arrival on the continent to sometime between 1440 and 1480, predating
Christopher Columbus. The dating and provenance has been challenged by other researchers who point out that such beads were not made in Venice until the mid-16th century and that an early 17th century French origin is possible.
Festivals
The
Carnival of Venice
The Carnival of Venice ( it, Carnevale di Venezia) is an annual festival held in Venice, Italy. The carnival ends on Shrove Tuesday (''Martedì Grasso'' or Mardi Gras), which is the day before the start of Lent on Ash Wednesday. The festival is w ...
is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on
Shrove Tuesday
Shrove Tuesday is the day before Ash Wednesday (the first day of Lent), observed in many Christian countries through participating in confession and absolution, the ritual burning of the previous year's Holy Week palms, finalizing one's Lenten ...
.
Venetian masks are worn.
The
Venice Biennale is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an ''Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale'' (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated. In September 1942, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war, but resumed in 1948.
The
Festa del Redentore
The Festa del Redentore is an event held in Venice the third Sunday of July where fireworks play an important role.
The Redentore began as a feast – held on the day of the Feast of the Most Holy Redeemer – to give thanks for the end of the te ...
is held in mid-July. It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576. A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role.
The
Venice Film Festival
The Venice Film Festival or Venice International Film Festival ( it, Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica della Biennale di Venezia, "International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art of the Venice Biennale") is an annual film festival h ...
( it, Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world. Founded by Count
Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata
Giuseppe Volpi, 1st Count of Misrata (19 November 1877 – 16 November 1947) was an Italian businessman and politician.
Count Volpi developed utilities which brought electricity to Venice, northeast Italy, and the Balkans by 1903. In 1911� ...
in 1932 as the ''Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica'', the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the
Lido
Lido may refer to:
Geography Africa
* Lido, a district in the city of Fez, Morocco
Asia
* Lido, an area in Chaoyang District, Beijing
* Lido, a cinema theater in Siam Square shopping area in Bangkok
* Lido City, a resort in West Java owned by MN ...
. Screenings take place in the historic
Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.
Music
The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the
music of Italy
In Italy, music has traditionally been one of the cultural markers of Italian national and ethnic identity and holds an important position in society and in politics. Italian music innovationin musical scale, harmony, notation, and theatree ...
. The Venetian state – i.e., the medieval
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...
– was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."
During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centres of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the
Venetian school) and the development of the
Venetian polychoral style
The Venetian polychoral style was a type of music of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras which involved spatially separate choirs singing in alternation. It represented a major stylistic shift from the prevailing polyphonic writing of the ...
under composers such as
Adrian Willaert
Adrian Willaert ( – 7 December 1562) was a Flemish composer of High Renaissance music. Mainly active in Italy, he was the founder of the Venetian School. He was one of the most representative members of the generation of northern composers ...
, who worked at
St Mark's Basilica. Venice was the early centre of music printing;
Ottaviano Petrucci
Ottaviano Petrucci (born in Fossombrone on 18 June 1466 – died on 7 May 1539 in Venice) was an Italian printer. His '' Harmonice Musices Odhecaton'', a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet ...
began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and
Flanders
Flanders (, ; Dutch: ''Vlaanderen'' ) is the Flemish-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to cultu ...
. By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of
Andrea and
Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557 – 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift f ...
, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the
baroque period, such as
Antonio Vivaldi,
Ippolito Ciera,
Giovanni Picchi, and
Girolamo Dalla Casa, to name but a few.
Orchestras
Venice is the home of numerous symphony orchestras such as, the
Orchestra della Fenice,
Rondò Veneziano
Rondò Veneziano is an Italian chamber orchestra, specializing in Baroque music, playing original instruments, but incorporating a rock-style rhythm section of synthesizer, bass guitar and drums, led by ''Maestro'' Gian Piero Reverberi, who is ...
, Interpreti Veneziani, and
Venice Baroque Orchestra.
Cinema, media, and popular culture
The city has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references.
Photography
Fulvio Roiter was the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice,
followed by a number of photographers whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure.
Cuisine
Venetian cuisine is characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and
polenta. Venice is not known for a peculiar cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries. These include ''
sarde in saór'' (sardines marinated to preserve them for long voyages); ''bacalà mantecato'' (a recipe based on Norwegian
stockfish and extra-virgin olive oil); ''bisàto'' (marinated eel); ''risi e bisi'' – rice, peas and (unsmoked) bacon; ''fegato alla veneziana'', Venetian-style veal liver; ''risòto col néro de sépe'' (risotto with cuttlefish, blackened by their own ink); ''cichéti'', refined and delicious tidbits (akin to ''tapas''); ''antipasti'' (appetizers); and ''
prosecco'', an effervescent, mildly sweet wine.
In addition, Venice is known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called ''
baìcoli'', and for other types of sweets, such as: ''pan del pescaór'' (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or the ''bussolài'' (
butter biscuits and
shortbread
Shortbread or shortie is a traditional Scottish biscuit usually made from one part white sugar, two parts butter, and three to four parts plain wheat flour. Unlike many other biscuits and baked goods, shortbread does not contain any leavening, ...
made in the shape of a ring or an "S") from the island of Burano; the ''galàni'' or ''cróstoli'' (
angel wings
Angel wings are a traditional sweet crisp pastry made out of dough that has been shaped into thin twisted ribbons, deep-fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar. Common to many European cuisines, angel wings have been incorporated into other r ...
); the ''frìtole'' (fried spherical doughnuts); the ''fregolòtta'' (a crumbly cake with almonds); a milk pudding called ''rosàda''; and cookies called ''zaléti'', whose ingredients include yellow maize flour.
The dessert
tiramisù is generally thought to have been invented in
Treviso
Treviso ( , ; vec, Trevixo) is a city and '' comune'' in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 84,669 inhabitants (as of September 2017). Some 3,000 live within the Ven ...
in the 1970s, and is popular in the
Veneto area.
Fashion and shopping
In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the ''Compagnie della Calza'' ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed
sumptuary laws, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.
Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre; not as important as
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
,
Florence, and Rome, but on a par with
Verona,
Turin
Turin ( , Piedmontese: ; it, Torino ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The ...
,
Vicenza,
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, and
Genoa.
Roberta di Camerino is the only major
Italian fashion
Italy is one of the leading countries in fashion design, alongside France, the United States and the United Kingdom. Fashion has always been an important part of the country's cultural life and society, and Italians are well known for their atte ...
brand to be based in Venice. Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags made by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven
velvet.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Venice is
twinned with:
*
Dubrovnik, Croatia
*
Istanbul, Turkey
*
Saint Petersburg, Russia
*
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
*
Suzhou, China
*
Tallinn, Estonia
*
Yerevan
Yerevan ( , , hy, Երևան , sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and i ...
, Armenia
*
Odesa, Ukraine
In 2013, Venice announced that it wants to end the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights.
Cooperation agreements
In January 2000, the City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in pursuance to
EC Regulation
A regulation is a legal act of the European Union that becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously. Regulations can be distinguished from directives which, at least in principle, need to be transposed into nation ...
No. 2137/85, the Marco Polo System
European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.), to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist fields, particularly in reference to the preservation and safeguarding of artistic and architectural heritage.
In April 2001, the city signed an agreement with the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs's office of cultural promotion and cooperation, to coordinate efforts at promoting Italian culture abroad.
Venice also has cooperation agreements with:
[
* Nuremberg, Germany (1999)
* Qingdao, China (2001, Science and Technology Partnership)
* Thessaloniki, Greece (2003)
* Miami, United States (2020)
]
Places named after Venice
The name " Venezuela" is a Spanish diminutive of Venice (''Veneziola'').
Many additional places around the world are named after Venice: e.g.
:Venice, Los Angeles
Venice is a neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles within the Westside region of Los Angeles County, California.
Venice was founded by Abbot Kinney in 1905 as a seaside resort town. It was an independent city until 1926, when it was annexed by ...
, home of Venice Beach
: Venice, Alberta, in Canada
:Venice, Florida
Venice is a city in Sarasota County, Florida, United States. The city includes what locals call "Venice Island", a portion of the mainland that is accessed via bridges over the artificially created Intracoastal Waterway. The city is located in S ...
, city in Sarasota County
:Venice, New York
Venice is a town in Cayuga County, New York, United States. The population was 1,368 at the 2010 census. The town is in the southern part of Cayuga County and is south of Auburn.
History
The town of Venice was formed from part of the town of ...
: Venice, Louisiana
Notable people
Others closely associated with the city include:
Music
* Andrea Gabrieli
Andrea Gabrieli (1532/1533Bryant, Grove online – August 30, 1585) was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. The uncle of the somewhat more famous Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the V ...
(ca.1510–1586), Italian composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica.
* Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557 – 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift f ...
(1554/1557–1612), composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica.
* Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer, string player, choirmaster and Catholic priest.
* Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676), a baroque composer.
* Tomaso Albinoni (1671–1751), a baroque composer.
* Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741), composer and violinist of the Baroque Era.
* Domenico Montagnana (1686–1750) an Italian master luthier, made the violin
The violin, sometimes known as a '' fiddle'', is a wooden chordophone ( string instrument) in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument ( soprano) in the family in regu ...
and cello.
* Pietro Guarneri (1695– 1762), luthier, settled in Venice 1717, ''"Peter of Venice"''.
* Lorenzo Da Ponte
Lorenzo Da Ponte (; 10 March 174917 August 1838) was an Italian, later American, opera librettist, poet and Roman Catholic priest. He wrote the libretti for 28 operas by 11 composers, including three of Mozart's most celebrated operas: ''The Marr ...
(1749–1838), opera librettist and poet, wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11 composers, including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
* Domenico Dragonetti
Domenico Carlo Maria Dragonetti (7 April 1763 – 16 April 1846) was an Italian double bass virtuoso and composer with a 3 string double bass. He stayed for thirty years in his hometown of Venice, Italy and worked at the Opera Buffa, at the Chap ...
(1763–1846) a double bass virtuoso and composer.
* Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (1876–1948) an Italian composer, mostly of comic opera.
* Virgilio Ranzato
Virgilio Ranzato (May 7, 1882 in Venice – April 20, 1937 in Como) was an Italian composer and violinist.Guido Ceriotti -Storia sociale e culturale d'Italia: Lo spettacolo 1987 - Page 276 "Molto numerosa è la produzione del più giovane Virgili ...
(1883–1937), an Italian composer and violinist.
* Bruno Maderna (1920–1973), an Italian-German orchestra director and music composer.
* Luigi Nono
Luigi Nono (; 29 January 1924 – 8 May 1990) was an Italian avant-garde composer of classical music.
Biography
Early years
Nono, born in Venice, was a member of a wealthy artistic family; his grandfather was a notable painter. Nono beg ...
(1924–1990), a leading composer of instrumental and electronic music.
* Giuseppe Sinopoli (1946–2001), conductor and composer.
* Claudio Ambrosini
Claudio Ambrosini (born 9 April 1948) is an Italian composer and conductor.
Biography
He studied foreign languages and literature at the Università di Milano graduating with an MA in 1972. Afterwards, he studied electronic music with Alvise ...
(born 1948), composer and conductor.
Painting
* Giovanni Bellini (ca.1430–1516), Renaissance painter from the Bellini family of painters.
* Vittore Carpaccio
Vittore Carpaccio ( UK: /kɑːrˈpætʃ(i)oʊ/, US: /-ˈpɑːtʃ-/, Italian: itˈtoːre karˈpattʃo c. 1460/66 – 1525/26) was an Italian painter of the Venetian school who studied under Gentile Bellini. Carpaccio was largely influence ...
(ca.1465 – 1525/1526), an Italian painter of the Venetian school.
* Lorenzo Lotto
Lorenzo Lotto (c. 1480 – 1556/57) was an Italian painter, draughtsman, and illustrator, traditionally placed in the Venetian school, though much of his career was spent in other north Italian cities. He painted mainly altarpieces, religiou ...
(ca.1480–1556), painter, draughtsman and illustrator, in the Venetian school.
* Sebastiano del Piombo
Sebastiano del Piombo (; c. 1485 – 21 June 1547) was an Italian painter of the High Renaissance and early Mannerist periods famous as the only major artist of the period to combine the colouring of the Venetian school in which he was trained ...
(ca.1485–1547), High Renaissance
In art history, the High Renaissance was a short period of the most exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, particularly Rome, capital of the Papal States, and in Florence, during the Italian Renaissance. Most art historians stat ...
painter and early Mannerist
Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Ita ...
.
* Titian (ca.1488/90 – 1576), leader of the Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance.
* Tintoretto (1518–1594), the last great painter of Italian Renaissance.
* Baldassare d'Anna (ca.1560 – after 1639), painter of the late-Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
period.
* Niccolò Cassana
Niccolò Cassana (often called Nicoletto; 1659–1714) was an Italian painter born in Venice and active during the late-Baroque. His older brother Giovanni Agostino Cassana was also a painter.
He trained with his father, Giovanni Francesco Cass ...
(1659–1714), late-Baroque painter.
* Rosalba Carriera (1675–1757), Rococo painter, known for her pastel works.
* Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770), painter and printmaker, painted in the Rococo style, Venetian school.
* Canaletto
Giovanni Antonio Canal (18 October 1697 – 19 April 1768), commonly known as Canaletto (), was an Italian painter from the Republic of Venice, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school.
Painter of city views or ...
(1697–1768), painter, known for his landscapes or '' vedute'' of Venice.
* Pietro Longhi
Pietro Longhi (1702 or November 5, 1701 – May 8, 1785) was a Venetian painter of contemporary genre scenes of life.
Biography
Pietro Longhi was born in Venice in the parish of Saint Maria, first child of the silversmith Alessandro Falca and ...
(ca.1702–1785) painter of contemporary genre scenes of life.
* Giuseppe Santomaso (1907–1990), Italian painter.
* Emilio Vedova
Emilio Vedova (9 August 1919 – 25 October 2006) was a modern Italian painter. He is considered one of the most important artists to emerge from Italy's artistic scene, Arte Informale.
Early life
Vedova was born in Venice into a working-cl ...
(1919–2006), an important modern painter of Italy.
* Ludovico de Luigi
Ludovico De Luigi (born 11 November 1933) is a contemporary Italian sculptor and painter born and living in Venice, Italy.
Career
De Luigi's first exhibition was in 1965 with his one-man show at the Gallery "Il Canale" in Venice which included ...
(born 1933), Venetian Surrealistic artist.
Writing
* Christine de Pizan (1364–ca.1430), a poet and court writer for King Charles VI of France
* Aldus Manutius (1449–1515), an important printer, founded the Aldine Press.
* Jean-Antoine de Baïf (1532–1589), a French poet and member of La Pléiade.
* Veronica Franco (1546–1591), poet and courtesan during the Renaissance.
* Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623), historian, scientist, canon lawyer, statesman, defender of the liberties of Republican Venice. His writings inspired Thomas Hobbes, Edward Gibbon, and the founding fathers of the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
.
* Leon Modena (1571–1648), author, poet, preacher, active in the Venetian Ghetto.
* Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), playwright and librettist, notable name in Italian theatre.
* Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806), playwright and champion of Commedia dell'arte.
* Elisabetta Caminèr Turra (1751–1796), writer and translator of foreign plays.
* Frederick Rolfe
Frederick William Rolfe (surname pronounced ), better known as Baron Corvo (Italian for "Crow"), and also calling himself Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe (22 July 1860 – 25 October 1913), was an English writer, artist, ph ...
(1860–1913), English author of the Venetian novel ''The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole''.
Doges & public servants
* Enrico Dandolo
Enrico Dandolo (anglicised as Henry Dandolo and Latinized as Henricus Dandulus; c. 1107 – May/June 1205) was the Doge of Venice from 1192 until his death. He is remembered for his avowed piety, longevity, and shrewdness, and is known for his r ...
(ca.1107–1205), Doge of Venice from 1192 to his death, played a direct role in the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
* Pope Eugene IV
Pope Eugene IV ( la, Eugenius IV; it, Eugenio IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 3 March 1431 to his death in February 1447. Condulmer was a Venetian, and ...
(1383–1447), Pope, 1431-1447, nephew of Pope Gregory XII
Pope Gregory XII ( la, Gregorius XII; it, Gregorio XII; – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was oppos ...
.
* Pope Paul II (1417–1471), Pope, 1464-1471, succeeded Pope Pius II.
* Andrea Gritti (1455–1538), Doge of the Venetian Republic from 1523 to 1538
* Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), scholar, poet, literary theorist and cardinal.
* Sebastiano Venier
Sebastiano Venier (or Veniero) (c. 1496 – 3 March 1578) was Doge of Venice from 11 June 1577 to 3 March 1578. He is best remembered in his role as the Venetian admiral at the Battle of Lepanto.
Biography
Venier was born in Venice around 1496. H ...
(ca.1496–1578), Doge of Venice from 11 June 1577 to 1578.
* Marco Antonio Bragadin (d. 1571), general, flayed alive by the Turks
Turk or Turks may refer to:
Communities and ethnic groups
* Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic languages
* Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation
* Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic ...
after a fierce resistance during the siege of Famagusta.
* Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree.
* Jacopo Riccati (1676–1754) a Venetian mathematician, wrote the Riccati equation.
* Pope Clement XIII (1693–1769), Pope, 1758 to his death in 1769.
* Count Vincenzo Dandolo (1758–1819), chemist, agronomist and politician of the Enlightenment Era.
* Daniele Manin
Daniele Manin (13 May 180422 September 1857) was an Italian patriot, statesman and leader of the Risorgimento in Venice. Many Italian historians consider him to be an important figure in Italian unification.
Early and family life
left, House i ...
(1804–1857) was an Italian patriot, statesman and leader of the Risorgimento
The unification of Italy ( it, Unità d'Italia ), also known as the ''Risorgimento'' (, ; ), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single ...
in Venice.
Explorers
* Marco Polo (ca.1254–1324), trader and explorer
Exploration refers to the historical practice of discovering remote lands. It is studied by geographers and historians.
Two major eras of exploration occurred in human history: one of convergence, and one of divergence. The first, covering most ...
, one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China.
* Sebastian Cabot (ca.1484–1557), explorer
Exploration refers to the historical practice of discovering remote lands. It is studied by geographers and historians.
Two major eras of exploration occurred in human history: one of convergence, and one of divergence. The first, covering most ...
.
* Pietro Cesare Alberti (1608–1655), the first Italian-American in New Amsterdam in 1635.
* Giacomo Casanova
Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (, ; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was an Italian adventurer and author from the Republic of Venice. His autobiography, (''Story of My Life''), is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of information about the c ...
(1725–1798 in Dux
''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, '' ...
, Bohemia), a Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer.
Architects
* Leon Battista Alberti
Leon Battista Alberti (; 14 February 1404 – 25 April 1472) was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. H ...
(1404–1472) architect, humanist author, artist, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer.
* Baldassare Longhena (1598–1682), exponent of Baroque architecture
* Andrea Tirali (ca.1660–1737) architect, designed the pavement in the Piazza San Marco
* Carlo Scarpa (1906–1978), an architect with a profound understanding of materials.
Entertainers
* Marietta Zanfretta
Marietta Zanfretta (Madame Siegrist) (31 August 1832 – 8 February 1898) was an Italian tightrope dancer who found success in the United States. One of the greatest female tight-rope dancers in the world, she was known for performing ''en poin ...
(1837–1898), high-wire dancer who found success in Europe and the USA
* Romano Scarpa (1927–2005), a noted Italian creator of Disney comics.
* Francesco Borgato Francesco Borgato (born September 5, 1990 in Venice) is an Italian recording artist, dancer, choreographer, ex-member of Ukrainian pop group Kazaky.
Biography
Early dancing career
Born in Venice, Veneto, Italy, Francesco began his dancing caree ...
(born 1990), Italian recording artist and dancer.
Sport
* Ercole Olgeni
Ercole Olgeni (11 December 1883 – 14 July 1947) was an Italian rower, born in Venice, who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics
The 1924 Summer Olympics (french: Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924), officially t ...
(1883–1947) rower, team gold and silver medallist at the 1920 & 1924 Summer Olympics
* Erminio Dones (1887–1945) rower, team silver medallist at the 1920 Summer Olympics
* Dominic DeNucci
Domenico A. Nucciarone (January 23, 1932 – August 12, 2021) was an Italian-American professional wrestler and trainer better known under his ring name of Dominic DeNucci. He held over a dozen championships around the world in the 1960s and 197 ...
(1932–2021), Italian-American professional wrestler.
* Angelo Spanio (1939–1999), Italian footballer with over 280 club caps
* Ivano Bordon
Ivano Bordon (; born 13 April 1951) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. During his career he was regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in Italy, and had a successful career playing for several Italian clubs. ...
(born 1951) former football goalkeeper with 449 club caps and 21 for Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
* Mauro Numa
Mauro Numa (born 8 November 1961 in Mestre) is an Italian fencer and one of the strongest during the 1980s.His career started very early and in 1979, at 18, he was included in the Foil's Italian Team. In 1980 Numa could not compete at the Moscow O ...
(born 1961) fencer and gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
* Andrea Borella (born 1961) fencer, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
* Andrea Cipressa (born 1963) fencer, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
* Dorina Vaccaroni (born 1963) former foil fencer, three time medallist at the 1984
Events
January
* January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888.
* January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeas ...
, 1988
File:1988 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The oil platform Piper Alpha explodes and collapses in the North Sea, killing 165 workers; The USS Vincennes (CG-49) mistakenly shoots down Iran Air Flight 655; Australia celebrates its Bicenten ...
& 1992 Summer Olympics
The 1992 Summer Olympics ( es, Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992, ca, Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992), officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad ( es, Juegos de la XXV Olimpiada, ca, Jocs de la XXV Olimpíada) and commonly known as ...
.
* Daniele Scarpa
Daniele Scarpa (born 3 January 1964) is an Italian canoe racing, sprint canoer who competed from the mid-1980s to 1997. Competing in four Summer Olympics, he won two medals at Atlanta in 1996 Summer Olympics, 1996 with a gold in the K-2 1000 m a ...
(born 1964) sprint canoer, gold and silver medallist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
* Carolina Morace
Carolina Morace (; born 5 February 1964) is an Italian former footballer who played as a striker and is the current head coach of Lazio Women. She played for the Italian national team and for various clubs in women's Serie A. She was the top ...
(born 1964) former footballer with over 220 club caps and 150 for Italy women
* Tommaso Rocchi (born 1977) former footballer with 664 club caps
See also
* List of islands of Italy
This is a list of islands of Italy. There are over 400 islands in Italy, including islands in the Mediterranean Sea (including the marginal seas: Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Libyan Sea, Ligurian Sea, Sea of Sardinia, Tyrrhenian Sea, and inland is ...
* List of buildings and structures in Venice
This is a list of buildings and structures in Venice, Italy.
A
* Ala Napoleonica
* Arsenal
* Ateneo Veneto
B
* Biblioteca Marciana
C
* Ca' da Mosto
* Ca' d'Oro
* Ca' Farsetti
* Ca' Foscari
* Ca' Loredan
* Ca' Pesaro
* Ca' Rezzonico
* ...
* List of bridges in Venice
The historic center of Venice is made up of 121 islands linked by 435 bridges. This list shows the Venetian language, venetian names of the main bridges of Venice by Sestiere (Venice), sestiere (district) or Islands of Venice, island.
Bridges to ...
* List of churches in Venice
This is a complete list of churches in Venice classified by "sestiere" in which the city is divided. These are Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca and Isola Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgi ...
* List of car-free places
This is a list of car-free islands: islands inhabited by humans which have legally restricted or eliminated vehicle traffic from their territories.
See also
* Carfree city
* Car-free movement
* Low Traffic Neighbourhood
* Pedestrian zone
...
* List of painters and architects of Venice
The list of painters and architects of Venice includes notable painters and architects who have a significant connection to the Italian city of Venice. It is not yet a complete list and additional contributions are welcome.
A
* Antonio Abbon ...
* List of places called Venice of the East
The following is an incomplete list of places which have been nicknamed Venice of the East.
List
See also
* Venezuela, country whose name means "Little Venice"
* Venice of the North
* Little Venice
* Paris of the East
* Paris of the West
* ...
* Outline of Italy
* Su e zo per i ponti
* Venetian Blinds
A window blind is a type of window covering. There are many different kinds of window blinds which use a variety of control systems. A typical window blind is made up of several long horizontal or vertical slats of various types of hard mate ...
* Venetic language (the ancient spoken language of the region)
* Venezia Mestre Rugby FC – rugby team
* Venice of the North
The following is an incomplete list of settlements nicknamed Venice of the North. The term ''Venice of the North'' refers to various cities in Northern Europe that contain canals, comparing them to Venice, Italy, which is renowned for its canals (s ...
References
Bibliography
Academic
*
* Brown, Horatio, ''Venice'', chapter 8 of ''Cambridge Modern History
''The Cambridge Modern History'' is a comprehensive modern history of the world, beginning with the 15th century Age of Discovery, published by the Cambridge University Press in England and also in the United States.
The first series, planned by ...
'' vol. I ''The Renaissance'' (1902)
* Brown, Horatio, ''Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591'', 1895; ''1592–1603'', 1897; ''1603–1607'', 1900; ''1607–1610'', 1904; ''1610–1613'', 1905
* Brown, Horatio, ''Studies in the history of Venice'' (London, 1907)
* Chambers, D.S. (1970). ''The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580.'' London: Thames & Hudson.
* Contarini, Gasparo (1599). ''The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice.'' Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes."
* Da Canal, Martin, "Les estoires de Venise" (13th-century chronicle), translated by Laura Morreale. Padua, Unipress 2009.
* Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." ''Trames'' 6(2), pp. 192–201.
* Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).
* Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." ''Journal of Modern History'' 58, pp. 43–94.
* Lane, Frederic Chapin. ''Venice: Maritime Republic'' (1973) ()
* Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002).
* Madden, Thomas F. ''Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice'' Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). ''Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797.'' (2002) Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Muir, Edward (1981). ''Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice.'' Princeton UP.
*
* Rösch, Gerhard (2000). ''Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik.'' Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag
W. Kohlhammer Verlag GmbH, or Kohlhammer Verlag, is a German publishing house headquartered in Stuttgart.
History
Kohlhammer Verlag was founded in Stuttgart on 30 April 1866 by . Kohlhammer had taken over the businesses of his late father-in-l ...
.
*
Popular
* Ackroyd, Peter, ''Venice: Pure City''. London, Chatto & Windus, 2009.
* Brown, Horatio, ''Life on the Lagoons
''Life on the Lagoons'', which deals with the history and topography of the watery area around the city of Venice, is the first book by the Scottish historian Horatio Brown.
The first edition was published in London in 1884, a revised second ed ...
'', 1884; revised ed. 1894; further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.
* Cole, Toby. ''Venice: A Portable Reader'', Lawrence Hill, 1979. (hardcover); (softcover).
* Keates, Jonathan, ''The Siege of Venice''. London: Chatto & Windus, 2005.
* Madden, Thomas, ''Venice: A New History''. New York: Viking, 2012. .
* McCarthy, Mary, ''Venice Observed'' (1956), Harvest/HBJ, 1963 edition:
* Morris, Jan (1993), ''Venice''. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, .
* Ruskin, John (1853), '' The Stones of Venice''. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001. .
* di Robilant, Andrea (2004). ''A Venetian Affair''. HarperCollins.
* Sethre, Janet, ''The Souls of Venice'' McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. (softcover).
External links
Official Site of the City of Venice
Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia
(Italian/English)
Venezia Autentica, a website about Life and travel in Venice
(English)
{{Authority control
Car-free zones in Europe
Cities and towns in Veneto
Populated coastal places in Italy
Historic Jewish communities
Islands of the Venetian Lagoon
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy
Port cities and towns of the Adriatic Sea
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Capitals of former nations
Articles containing video clips
420s establishments
5th-century establishments in Italy
Populated places established in the 5th century
420s in the Roman Empire