Taking its name from medieval

troubadour A troubadour (, ; ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female equivalent is usually called a ''trobairitz''. The tr ...

s, the Troubadour Style () is a rather derisive term, in English usually applied to French

historical painting History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period. History paintings depict a moment in a narrative story, most often (but not exclusively) Greek and Roman mythology and Bi ...

of the early 19th century with idealised depictions of the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

and the

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...

. In French it also refers to the equivalent architectural styles. It can be seen as an aspect of

Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. The purpose of the movement was to advocate for the importance of subjec ...

and a reaction against

Neoclassicism Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative arts, decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiq ...

, which was coming to an end at the end of the

Consulate A consulate is the office of a consul. A type of mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually an embassy (or, only between two Commonwealth countries, a ...

, and became particularly associated with Josephine Bonaparte and Caroline Ferdinande Louise, duchesse de Berry. In architecture the style was an exuberant French equivalent to the

Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an Architectural style, architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half ...

of the Germanic and Anglophone countries. The style related to contemporary developments in French literature, and music, but the term is usually restricted to painting and architecture.

History

Richard Parkes Bonington - Henri III - WGA02429

The rediscovery of medieval civilization was one of the intellectual curiosities of the beginning of the 19th century, with much input from the

Ancien Régime ''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for " ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ** Ancien Régime in France {{disambig ...

and its institutions, rites (the coronation ceremony dated back to the 16th century) and the medieval churches in which family ceremonies occurred. Even while exhuming the remains of the kings and putting on the market a multitude of objects, works of art and elements of medieval architecture, the revolutionaries brought them back to life, it could be said. The Musée des Monuments français (Museum of French Monuments), established in the former convent that would become

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine The Seine ( , ) is a river in nor ...

, presented all this glorious debris of the Middle Ages as subjects of admiration for the public and as models of inspiration for students of the departments of engraving, painting and sculpture, but not those of architecture since teaching of this subject had been dissociated from the "beaux-arts" and placed in the École centrale des travaux publics under the direction of J.N.L Durand, a harsh promoter of the neoclassical architecture that characterized the styles of the Convention and

. Later, from the Bourbon Restoration and under the impulse of

Quatremère de Quincy Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (21 October 1755 – 28 December 1849) was a French armchair archaeologist and architectural theorist, a Freemason, and an effective arts administrator and influential writer on art. Life Born in Paris, ...

and Mérimée, a new tradition of teaching architecture put it back under the fine arts umbrella, in the margins of the declining official school, beginning with private workshops that behaved as diocesan architects working for historic monuments that would give rise to the

Société Centrale des Architectes Groupe Lactalis S.A. (doing business as Lactalis) is a French multinational dairy products corporation, owned by the Besnier family and based in Laval, Mayenne, France. The company's former name was Besnier S.A. Lactalis is the largest dairy pr ...

and make Troubador-style architecture possible. Jean-Baptiste Goyet--Heloise et Abeilard--1830

The resurgence of Christian feeling and in Christianity in the arts, with the publication in 1800 of ''Le Génie du Christianisme'' ('the Genius of Christianity'), played a major role in favour of edifying painting, sculpture and literature, often inspired by religion. Artists and writers rejected the neo-antique rationalism of the French Revolution and turned towards a perceived glorious Christian past. The progress of the history and archaeology in the course of the 18th century began to bear fruit, at first, in painting. Paradoxically these painters of the past were unaware of the primitives of French painting, finding it too academic and not sufficiently filled with anecdote. Napoleon himself did not disdain this artistic current: he took as his emblem the golden beehive on the grave of the

Merovingian The Merovingian dynasty () was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until Pepin the Short in 751. They first appear as "Kings of the Franks" in the Roman army of northern Gaul. By 509 they had united all the ...

king

Childeric I Childeric I (died 481 AD) was a Frankish leader in the northern part of imperial Roman Gaul and a member of the Merovingian dynasty, described as a king (Latin ''rex''), both on his Roman-style seal ring, which was buried with him, and in fragm ...

, rediscovered in the 17th century, and saw himself as the heir of the French monarchy. He also gave official recognition to the Middle Ages in the forms of his coronation, and tried to profit from other trappings of the medieval French kings, perhaps even their miraculous curative powers ('' Bonaparte visiting the plague-victims of Jaffa'' by

Antoine-Jean Gros Antoine-Jean Gros (; 16 March 177125 June 1835) was a French painter of historical subjects. He was granted the title of Baron Gros in 1824. Gros studied under Jacques-Louis David in Paris and began an independent artistic career during the ...

was read as a modern re-envisgaing of the thaumaturgical kings).

Literature

Public interest in the Middle Ages in literature first manifested itself in France and above all England. In France, this came with the adaptation and publication from 1778 of ancient chivalric romances by the Comte de Tressan (1707–1783) in his ''Bibliothèque des romans'', and in England with the first fantastical romances and gothic novels, such as ''

The Castle of Otranto ''The Castle of Otranto'' is a novel by Horace Walpole. First published in 1764, it is generally regarded as the first Gothic novel. In the second edition, Walpole applied the word 'Gothic' to the novel in the subtitle – ''A Gothic Story''. Se ...

'' (1764). These English romances inspired late 18th-century French writers to follow suit, such as Donatien de Sade with his ''

Histoire secrete d'Isabelle de Baviere, reine de France ''Histoire secrète d'Isabeau of Bavaria, Isabelle de Bavière, reine de France'',Or, to give its full title, ''Histoire secrète d'Isabelle de Bavière, reine de France, dans laquelle se trouvent des faits rares, inconnus ou restés dans l'oubli ...

''. The ''Le Troubadour, poésies occitaniques'' (1803) by

Fabre d'Olivet Antoine Fabre d'Olivet (; ; 8 December 1767 in Ganges – 25 March 1825 in Paris) was a French author, poet and composer whose Biblical and philosophical hermeneutics influenced many occultists, such as Eliphas Lévi, Gérard Encausse ("Papus ...

popularized the term, and may have led to the naming of the style in art. The

Waverley Novels The Waverley novels are a long series of novels by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832). For nearly a century, they were among the most popular and widely read novels in Europe. Because Scott did not publicly acknowledge authorship until 1827, the se ...

Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European literature, European and Scottish literature, notably the novels ''Ivanhoe'' (18 ...

were hugely popular across Europe, and a major influence on both painting and French novelists such as

Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (born Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas , was a French novelist and playwright. His works have been translated into many languages and he is one of the mos ...

and

Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romanticism, Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchbac ...

Painting

In painting, the troubadour style was represented by

history painting History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than any artistic style or specific period. History paintings depict a moment in a narrative story, most often (but not exclusively) Greek and Roman mythology and B ...

portraying edifying historical episodes, often borrowing its smoothness, its minute and illusionistic description of detail, its rendering of fabrics, the intimate character of its familiar scenes and its other technical means from

Dutch Golden Age painting Dutch Golden Age painting is the painting of the Dutch Golden Age, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence. The new Dutch Republi ...

. The paintings were typically rather small

cabinet painting A cabinet painting (or cabinet picture) is a small painting, typically no larger than in either dimension, but often much smaller. The term is especially used for paintings that show full-length figures or landscapes at a small scale, rather th ...

s, often showing quiet intimate anecdotal moments rather than moments of high drama, though these were both depicted. As well as figures from political history, famous artists and authors of the past were often shown, especially

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael ( , ), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of paintings by Raphael, His work is admired for its cl ...

and

Dante Dante Alighieri (; most likely baptized Durante di Alighiero degli Alighieri; – September 14, 1321), widely known mononymously as Dante, was an Italian Italian poetry, poet, writer, and philosopher. His ''Divine Comedy'', originally called ...

. Ingres' ''Death of Leonardo da Vinci'' in the arms of King Francois I of France is one of several works bringing rulers and artists together. A number of paintings by

Ingres Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres ( ; ; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassicism, Neoclassical Painting, painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic ...

are in the style, and lesser artists such as Pierre-Henri Révoil (1776–1842) and Fleury-François Richard (1777–1852) specialized in the style. The Belgian Henri Leys painted in a more sombre version of the style much influenced by

Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps, developing later than the Italian Renaissance, and in most respects only beginning in the last years of the 15th century. It took different forms in the vari ...

painting.

Richard Parkes Bonington Richard Parkes Bonington (25 October 1802 – 23 September 1828) was an English Romantic landscape painter. He moved to France at the age of 14 and can also be considered as a French artist, and an intermediary bringing aspects of English styl ...

is better remembered for his landscapes, but also painted in the style, as did

Eugène Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( ; ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French people, French Romanticism, Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.Noon, Patrick, et al., ''Crossing the Channel: ...

. The peak period was brought to an end by the

Revolution of 1848 The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespre ...

, and later the arrival of Realism, although the style arguably merged into late 19th-century

academic painting Academic art, academicism, or academism, is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art. This method extended its influence throughout the Western world over several centuries, from its origins ...

. The transition can be seen in the work of

Paul Delaroche Hippolyte-Paul Delaroche (; Paris, 17 July 1797 – Paris, 4 November 1856) was a French painter who achieved his greater successes painting historical scenes. He became famous in Europe for his melodramatic depictions that often portrayed subje ...

. Arguably the first troubadour painting was presented at the Salon of 1802, under the

French Consulate The Consulate () was the top-level government of the First French Republic from the fall of the French Directory, Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the First French Empire, French Empire on 18 May 1804. ...

. It was a work by Fleury-Richard, ''Valentine of Milan weeping for the death of her husband'', a subject which had come to the artist during a visit to the " musée des monuments français", a museum of French medieval monuments. A tomb from this museum was included in the painting as that of the wife. Thanks to its moving subject matter, the painting was an enormous success – seeing it,

David David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Dam ...

cried "This resembles nothing anyone else has done, it's a new effect of colour; the figure is charming and full of expression, and this green curtain thrown across this window renders the illusion complete". Compositions lit from the back of the scene, with the foreground in semi-darkness, became rather a trademark of the early years of the style. Fragonard's painting of '' François Premier reçu chevalier par Bayard'' ('' Francis I knighted by Bayard'', Salon of 1819) has to be read not as a rediscovery of a medieval past, but as a memory of a recent monarchic tradition.

Examples

* Pierre-Nolasque Bergeret, ''Aretino in the studio of Tintoretto'', Salon of 1822. * Madame Cheradame, née Bertaud, ''The Education of Saint Louis''. * Michel Martin Drölling, ''The Last Communion of Marie-Antoinette'', Paris, Conciergerie. *

Louis Ducis Louis Ducis (14 July 1775, Versailles (city), Versailles - 2 March 1847, Paris) was a French painter and student of Jacques-Louis David. Biography Louis Ducis was instructed by David, whom he partly imitated in his historical pieces, besides whi ...

, ''Le Tasse reading a passage from his poem Jerusalem Delivered to Princess Éléonore d’Este'', formerly in the collection of the Empress Joséphine. Arenenberg, Musée Napoléonien. *

Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard (26 October 1780 – 10 November 1850) was a French painter and sculptor in the troubadour style. He received his first training from his father and drew from him his piquant subjects and great facility, perfecting ...

, ''Don Juan, Zerlina and Lady Elvira'', Clermont-Ferrand, Musée des Beaux-arts. * Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard, ''The time approaches''. * Alexandre-Evariste Fragonard, ''François Premier armé chevalier par Bayard'' ('' Francis I knighted by Bayard''), Meaux, Musée Bossuet. * Baron

François Gérard François Pascal Simon Gérard (, 4 May 1770 – 11 January 1837), titled as Baron Gérard in 1809, was a French painter. He was born in Rome, where his father occupied a post in the house of the French ambassador, and his mother was Italian. A ...

, ''The Recognition of the Duke of Anjou as King of Spain'', Château de Chambord. *

Hortense de Beauharnais Hortense Eugénie Cécile Bonaparte (; , ; 10 April 1783 – 5 October 1837) was Kingdom of Holland, Queen of Holland as the wife of King Louis Bonaparte. She was the stepdaughter of Emperor Napoléon I as the daughter of his first wife, Joséphi ...

, ''The Knight's Departure'' c.1812,

Château de Compiègne The Château de Compiègne is a French château, a former royal residence built for Louis XV and later restored by Napoleon. Compiègne was one of three seats of royal government, the others being Versailles and Fontainebleau. It is located i ...

, originally at the château de Pierrefonds. *

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres ( ; ; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassicism, Neoclassical Painting, painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic ...

, ''Francesco da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta'', frame designed by Claude-Aimé Chenavard, (1789–1838), Angers, musée des Beaux-arts. *

Jean-Baptiste Isabey Jean-Baptiste Isabey (; 11 April 1767 – 18 April 1855) was a French artist during both the First Empire and the Restoration. Early life and education Isabey was born in Nancy, France on 11 April 1767. At the age of 19, following some lessons ...

, ''A couple descending the staircase of the tourelle at the château d’Harcourt'', Salon of 1827 * Alexandre Menjaud, ''Francis I and "

la Belle Ferronnière () is a portrait painting of a lady, by Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre. It is also known as ''Portrait of an Unknown Woman.'' The painting's title, applied as early as the seventeenth century, identifying the sitter as the wife or daughter of ...

"'', 1810. * Nicolas-André Monsiau, ''Saint Vincent de Paul welcoming the exposed children'', Paris, church of Saint Germain l'Auxerrois, copy at Toulouse, musée de la Médecine. * Pierre Révoil, **'' René d’Anjou passing the night at the château of Palamède de Forbin'', commissioned by the comte de Forbin, a descendant of René d’Anjou. ** ''The Tourney'', 1812, Lyon, musée des Beaux-arts; **''The convalescence of Bayard'', 1817, Paris, musée du Louvre; * Fleury-Richard, ''Jacques Molay, Grand Master of the Templars'', Acquired after the 1806 Salon by the

Empress Joséphine The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/ grand empress dowager), or a woman who rule ...

. Inherited from Hortense de Beauharnais. * Louis Rubio, ''The unlucky Loves of Francesca da Rimini'', 1832. *

Marie-Philippe Coupin de la Couperie Marie-Philippe Coupin de la Couperie (1773, Sèvres - 1851, Versailles) was a French painter of the Troubadour style. He was a friend of the painter Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson. Among his patrons were Joséphine de Beauharnais, who b ...

, ''The Tragic Love of Francesca da Rimini'', 1812. File:Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.jpg, Ingres, ''Gianciotto Discovers

Paolo and Francesca Francesca da Rimini or Francesca da Polenta (died between 1283 and 1286) was an Italian noblewoman of Ravenna, who was murdered by her husband, Giovanni Malatesta, upon his discovery of her affair with his brother, Paolo Malatesta. She was a co ...

'', 1819 File:IngresRaffaelAndFornarina.jpg, Ingres, ''

and "La Fornarina"'' his mistress, 1814 File:Francois I recoit les derniers soupirs de Leonard de Vinci by Ingres.jpg, Ingres, '' Francois I receives the last breaths of

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 - 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested o ...

'' File:Jeanne d'arc prisonnière à Rouen-Pierre Révoil-MBA Lyon 2014.jpeg, '' Joan of Arc Imprisoned in Rouen'' by Pierre Révoil, 1819 File:Fleury-François Richard - Montaigne and Tasso - WGA19448.jpg, Fleury-François Richard, ''

Montaigne Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne ( ; ; ; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance. He is known for popularising the essay as ...

and

Tasso TASSO (Two Arm Spectrometer SOlenoid) was a particle detector at the PETRA particle accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY. The TASSO collaboration is best known for having discovered the gluon, the mediator of the strong interaction an ...

'', 1822 File:Eugène Delacroix - The Execution of Doge Marino Faliero - WGA06168.jpg,

, ''The Execution of Doge

Marino Faliero Marino Faliero (, c. 1274 – 17 April 1355) was the 55th Doge of Venice from 1354 until his execution for attempting a Coup d'état, coup d'etat in 1355. Origin and family Marino Faliero was born the son of Jacopo Faliero and Bettiola of t ...

'' File:Pierre-Henri Révoil - Mary, Queen of Scots, Separated from Her Faithfuls - WGA19321.jpg, Pierre-Henri Révoil, ''

Mary, Queen of Scots Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was List of Scottish monarchs, Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until her forced abdication in 1567. The only surviving legit ...

, Separated from Her Followers'', 1822

Reaction

Reaction to this genre, as to the

Pre-Raphaelites The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB), later known as the Pre-Raphaelites, was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti ...

in England, has been mixed. It can be seen as overly sentimental or unrealistically nostalgic, treating its subjects in a way "later associated with Hollywood costume dramas." To its proponents, the archaic details were regarded as a rallying cry for a new, localized nationalism, purged of classical (or neo-classical) and Roman influence. The small size of many of the canvases was considered a reference to Northern, primitive painting, devoid of Italian influence. To others, the small canvas sizes represent the artworks' insignificance and lack of vigor. All the brass, gilding, carving and inlaid historical detail of the headboards of the world could not redeem such objects as anything other than interior decoration.

Architecture

Chateau de Beauregard 475 Herouville Saint Clair Calvados

A fashion for medieval architecture may be seen throughout 19th century Europe, originating in England, and a blooming of the

Neogothic Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half of the 19th century ...

style, but in France this remains limited to certain 'feudal' buildings in the parks surrounding châteaux. After the Troubadour style disappeared in painting, around the time of the 1848 French Revolution,Palmer it continued (or re-emerged) in architecture, the decorative arts, literature and theatre.

Troubador buildings

* Château d'Aulteribe, at Semantizon, rebuilt by Henriette Onslow, daughter of the musician

George Onslow George Onslow may refer to: *George Onslow (British Army officer) (1731–1792), British politician and army officer *George Onslow, 1st Earl of Onslow (1731–1814), British peer and politician *George Onslow (composer) (1784–1853), French compo ...

. * Château du Barry, at Lévignac, a Neo-Gothic wing, by the brothers Auguste Virebent and Pascal Virebent (1745–1831), architects in Toulouse. * Château de Clavières-Ayrens, at Ayrens, built by Ernest de La Salle de Rochemaure * Château de Maulmont at Saint-Priest-de-Bramefant, architect Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, formerly a hunting lodge on the royal domain of Randan which was one of

Louis-Philippe of France Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his thron ...

's residences. *

Château de Pierrefonds The Château de Pierrefonds () is a castle situated in the commune of Pierrefonds in the Oise department in the Hauts-de-France region, Northern France. It is located on the southeast edge of the forest of Compiègne, northeast of Paris, betw ...

Eugène Viollet-le-Duc Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (; 27 January 181417 September 1879) was a French architect and author, famous for his restoration of the most prominent medieval landmarks in France. His major restoration projects included Notre-Dame de Paris, ...

architect. * Château de la Rochepot, reconstruction by Marie Pauline Cécile Dupond-White (1841–1898), widow Sadi-Carnot. * Gallerie Saint-Louis, Palais de justice de Paris, built in 1835 by

Gisors Gisors () is a Communes of France, commune in the Departments of France, French department of Eure, Normandy (administrative region), Normandy, France. It is located northwest from the Kilometre Zero, centre of Paris. Gisors, together with the ...

(1796–1866), in place of a gothic gallery he had demolished. * Château de Vigny

Decorative arts

Besides fine arts and architecture, the style also manifested in furniture, metalworks, ceramics and other decorative arts during the 19th century. In France, it was the first reaction against the hegemony of

. At the end of the Restoration (1814–1830) and during the

Louis-Philippe Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his throne ...

period (1830-1848), Gothic Revival motifs start to appear in France, together with revivals of the

and of

Rococo Rococo, less commonly Roccoco ( , ; or ), also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpte ...

. During these two periods, the vogue for medieval things led craftsmen to adopt Gothic decorative motifs in their work, such as bell turrets, lancet arches,

trefoil A trefoil () is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings, used in architecture, Pagan and Christian symbolism, among other areas. The term is also applied to other symbols with a threefold shape. A similar shape with f ...

s, Gothic tracery and

rose window Rose window is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in Gothic cathedrals and churches. The windows are divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery. The term ''rose window'' wa ...

Troubador objects

* Horloge au troubadour, in the Empire-troubadour style, 1810, by Masure à

Étampes Étampes () is a Communes of France, commune in the functional area (France), metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located south-southwest from the Kilometre zero#France, center of Paris (as the crow flies). Étampes is a Subprefectures in ...

* Service à chocolat Du Gesclin, Manufacture de Sèvres, cartoon by

(1780–1850)

Notes

References

*Palmer, Allison Lee, ''Historical Dictionary of Romantic Art and Architecture'', pp. 219–220, 2011, Scarecrow Press, , 780810874732
google books

Bibliography

*''Aux sources de l'ethnologie française, l' Académie celtique'', 1995, Nicole Belmont. This work traces the birth of the fashion for premodern architecture and literature, from the middle of the 18th century of the fad for the monuments of the architecture and literature (Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and Early Middle Ages) and the beginnings of new inventorising and research work on the topic among the Benedictines of Saint-Maur.

Painting

* Exhibition catalogue, ''Le Style Troubadour'', Bourg-en-Bresse, musée de Brou 1971. * Marie-Claude Chaudonneret, ''La Peinture Troubadour, deux artistes lyonnais, Pierre Révoil (1776–1842), Fleury Richard (1777–1852)'', Arthéna, Paris, 1980. * Marie-Claude Chaudonneret, "Tableaux Troubadour", ''Revue du Louvre'', n° 5/6, 1983, pages 411–413. * François Pupil, ''Le Style Troubadour ou la nostalgie du bon vieux temps'', Nancy, Presses. Universitaires de Nancy, 1985. * Guy Stair Sainty (editor), ''Romance and Chivalry: History and Literature Reflected in Early Nineteenth-Century French Painting'', Stair Sainty Mathiesen Gallery, New York, 1996. * Maïté Bouyssy (editor), "Puissances du gothique", ''Sociétés & Représentations'', n° 20, décembre 2005, edited by Bertrand Tillier.

Literature

* Comte de Tressan, ''Oeuvres choisies de Tressan, corps d'extraits de romans de chevalerie'', 1782–1791, 12 volumes, chez Garnier, à Paris, hôtel Serpente, comprising '' Amadis de Gaule'', '' Rolland Furieux'', '' Flore et Blanchefleur'', '' Histoire du petit Jehan de Saintré'', '' Cléomade et Claremonde'', '' Le Roman de la Rose'', '' Arthus de Bretagne'', ''Fleurs de batailles'', ''Dom Ursino de Navarin et Dona Inès d'Ovidéo'', ''Gérard de Nevers'', etc.. Its accompanying illustrative engravings, showing decorated and figured troubador scenes, were a great success. *

Horace Walpole Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (; 24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), better known as Horace Walpole, was an English Whig politician, writer, historian and antiquarian. He had Strawberry Hill House built in Twickenham, southwest London ...

, ''

Architecture

*Guy Massin-Le Goff, ''Châteaux néo-gothiques en Anjou'', Edition Nicolas Chaudun, Paris, 2007.

Fashion

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Troubadour Style French art French literature Gothic Revival architecture in France Art movements French art movements Medieval French literature Middle Ages in popular culture * Revival architectural styles Gothic Revival architecture