Theoretical concept
A. Jean Ayres' sensory integration theory describes the following: * How the neurological process of processing and integrating sensory information from the body and the environment contribute to emotional regulation, learning, behavior, and participation in daily life. * Empirically derived disorders of sensory integration. * Intervention approaches and strategies for sensory input. Sensory integration theory is used to explain why individuals behave in particular ways, plan intervention to ameliorate particular difficulties, and predict how behavior will change as a result of intervention. Dr. Ayres defines sensory integration as the organization of an individual's senses for use. The brain must organize all of sensations if a person is to move, learn, and behave in a productive manner. Individuals with sensory-processing difficulties often experience delayed or impeded typical behaviors and functioning as a result of interferences in neurological processing and integration of sensory inputs. Sensory dysfunction affects the neurological processing of sensory information and sensory systems which causes negative impacts on learning and development.Parham, D. & Mailloux, Z. (2010). Sensory Integration. In Case-Smith, J. & O’Brien, J. (Eds.), Occupational Therapy For Children (6th ed.). (pp 325-372). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. ASI highlights the critical influence that sensory-processing has on a child's growth and development.Smith Roley, S. & Jacobs, E. S. (2009). Sensory Integration. In Crepeau, E. B., Cohn, E. & Boyt Schell, B. (Eds.), Willard & Spackman’s Occupational Therapy (11th ed.). (pp. 792-817). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It contributes to the understanding of how sensation affects learning, social-emotional development, and neurophysiological processes, such as motor performance, attention, and arousal. ASI has been studied by different professions on diverse levels, such as by occupational therapists and researchers as a foundation for occupational performance and participation, and by psychologists on a cellular level as multi-sensory integration. As an intervention approach, it is used as "a clinical frame of reference for the assessment and treatment of people who have functional disorders in sensory processing".Practice
Individuals withSensory overload examples
Visual
* Covers eyes when lights are too bright * Stares at bright, fluorescent, or flickering lights * Stares at spinning objects * Holds items extremely close to eyes or face * Turns opposite direction or away from where teacher is lecturing * Easily distracted by extremely organized or unorganized rooms * Lack of eye contact or looks beyond person's face * Overwhelmed by too many colors, materials, or pictures in room * Turns or tilts head when reading across a pageAuditory
* Covers ears when loud noises occur (i.e., fire drill, yelling, alarms) * Runs away from loud areas * Hums or sings to themself * Complains of noises inside room or outside of window * Covers ears in the cafeteria or in bathroom * Runs when toilet flushes * Prefers very loud music or no music at allTactile
* Avoids touching certain surfaces or textures * Prefers to touch specific fabrics or textures * Touches everything in sight * Doesn't react to pain * Might bite or suck on their own skin * Doesn't react to or overreacts to extreme temperatures (i.e., wears shorts when extremely cold) * Dislikes getting hands and feet dirty, wet, in sand, or in paint. * Avoids getting hair, face, or head touched.Gustatory (Taste)
* Refuses to eat or gags on certain foods * Eats extreme tasting foods (i.e., lemons, hot sauce, lots of salt or pepper) * Sensitive to hot or cold foods * Licks, tastes, or tries to eat play dough, objects, or toysOlfactory (Smell)
* Might smell everything they touch * Sensitive to odors (i.e., perfume, air fresheners, essential oils) * Might not smell or recognize bad odors * Sniffs other people * Breathes through their mouths instead of noseVestibular
* Might seem like a "thrill seeker" (i.e., jumping from high places, climbing furniture, running extremely fast) * Difficulties with sitting or remaining still * Prefers to lie down instead of sitting up * Enjoys being upside down * Easily loses balance when walking, going up and down the stairs, or standing * Rocks back and forthProprioceptive
* Touches walls while walking * Stands too close when talking to others * Chews, pulls, or twists items (i.e., pencils, shirt, toys, hand or arm) * Accidentally leans, trips, crashes, or bumps into objects or people * Deliberately falls or crashes into things * Walks stiff and uncoordinated * Pulls fingers or cracks knuckles constantly * Frequently breaks toys or objectsSensory activity examples
Visual
* Spinning tops or toys * Light up toys * Use a flashlight or pen light to draw attention * Visual memory games * Colored chalk, markers, crayons, and pencils * Lava lamps * Bubbles * Look in mirror * Coloring mixing activities * Light table * Shadow exploration * Parachute playAuditory
* Incorporate music during activities * Noise cancelling headphones * Background noise, white noise, or sound machine * Books, puzzles, toys, or manipulatives with sound * Bubble wrap * Snap, clap, or stomp * Play with music instrument * Kazoo toy * Listen to nature sounds outside (i.e., birds, ducks, dogs)Tactile
* Play dough * Sensory bin with rice, beans, cereal, or waterbeads * Theraputty * Sand or water play * Lotion massage rub to hands and arms * Fidget toys * Scratchy gloves, sand paper, cotton balls, brushes * Finger writing or hand play with shaving cream or whipped cream * Finger paint * Bubble wrap * Felt strips * Textured foam paper * Carpet samples * Play dress up and practice zipping, buttoning, snapping, tying or looping lacesGustatory (Taste)
* Mouth and chewing toys * Vibrating toys * Vibrating toothbrush * Sour, salty, crunchy, snacks * Drink warm or cold liquids * Variety of straw types (i.e., hard, soft, rubber, textured)Olfactory (Smell)
*Lotion with calming or alerting aromas *Scented soaps to wash hands *Essential oils diffuser, necklaces, bracelets *Scented markers or stickers (non-toxic) *Scented play dough, finger paints, or sensory dough *Scented bubbles *Create scented bottles with aromas, spices, or oilsVestibular
* Rocking chair * Spinning * Twirling * Bend over and place head below heart * Fast, alternating movements * Ride tricycles, scooter boards, or scooters * Jumping jumps * Bounce and roll on therapy ball - slow or fast * Therapy ball chair * Sit N Spin * Take a longer route to and from class * Vibration toysProprioceptive
* Playground - climb, hang, run through, and go under equipment * Sand play - dig or pour * Jump on trampoline * Jumping or running in place * Theraputty exercises * Stand up to do work * Chair or wall push ups * Obstacle course * Bear or crab walk * Yoga poses * Push or carry a heavy box around the room * Carry weighted backpack * Body sox play * Arm circles * Sit ups * Wheelbarrow walkingEvidence and Effectiveness
While sensory-based interventions are highly advocated for, there continues to be a lack of empirical support. There is disagreement over their therapeutic worth, largely due to problems with methodology and confusion of terms and conflation with similar and related approaches. Ayres' theory of sensory integration is frequently critiqued. Emerging evidence with improved methodology, the development of a Fidelity Measure and increasing focus of resources on areas of practice that might not typically attract medical research funding, means that the much needed evidence for Ayres SI is now emerging. Hume and colleagues support the use of Ayres’ Sensory Integration (ASI), making the case for why review of science and evidence should be ongoing.The current report updates and extends the work on evidence-based, focused intervention practices begun with an initial review of the literature from 1997 to 2007 (Odom et al. 2010a, b) and extended through a second report that covered the literature from 1990 to 2011 (Wong et al. 2015); extending this systematic review through 2017 added 567 articles to the review. As the intervention literature has provided more empirical information and as practices have evolved, some of the classifications required reconceptualization and revision of previous definitions. In an active research area, knowledge does not stand still, and in fact, identification of EBPs should be dynamic, reflecting the growth of knowledge across time (Biglan and Ogden 2019).In their article they clearly state the importance of clearly defining what sensory integration therapy is and what it is not; helping to clarify and delineate the clinical practice reported in their article, from other related approaches based on Ayres SI theory.
It is important to note that Sensory Integration refers explicitly to the classical sensory integration model developed by Jean Ayres (2005) and not to a variety of interventions that address sensory issues but have been found to be unsupported (Case-Smith et al. 2015; Watling and Hauer 2015).
History
In the 1950s, Dr. A. Jean Ayres, an occupational therapist and psychologist, developed the theory and framework of sensory integration. Her book ''Sensory Integration and the Child,'' first published in the 1970s, was a means of helping families, therapists, and educators of children with sensory-processing difficulties and sensory processing disorders to better organize and improve self-regulation of body and environmental sensory inputs. Ayres' approach has proliferated among therapy and educational professionals over the past several decades. It has been met with some resistance within the occupational therapy profession and in other disciplines.See also
*References
{{Sensation and perception Therapy Occupational therapy Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities