Saray-Gora, Saray Gora, Saray-gora, Saraygora (old version Lesnaya Mountain or according to Russian pre-revolutionary orthography: Лѣсная) is a mountain in the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, comprising parts of Southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Caucasus Mountains, i ...

orographically Orography is the study of the topographic relief of mountains, and can more broadly include hills, and any part of a region's elevated terrain. Orography (also known as ''oreography'', ''orology,'' or ''oreology'') falls within the broader disci ...

belonging to the

Skalisty Range The Skalisty Range (; ) is a range of mountains in far Russian Far East, North-eastern Russia, part of the East Siberian System. Administratively the mountain chain belongs to the Sakha Republic. The area of the range is remote and desolate. The ...

, which extends along the northern slope of the

Greater Caucasus The Greater Caucasus, ''Didi K’avk’asioni''; is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains. It stretches for about from west-northwest to east-southeast, from the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of t ...

system (

mountain range A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have aris ...

—

Caucasus Mountains The Caucasus Mountains * * Azerbaijani: , * * * * * * * * * * * is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Stretching between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, they are surrounded by the Caucasus region ...

, region —

North Caucasus The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a subregion in Eastern Europe governed by Russia. It constitutes the northern part of the wider Caucasus region, which separates Europe and Asia. The North Caucasus is bordered by the Sea of Azov and the B ...

). It is located in the

Tuapsinsky District Tuapsinsky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-eight in Krasnodar Krai, Russia.Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Tuapsinsky Municipal District.Law #745-KZ It is ...

Krasnodar region Krasnodar Krai (, ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the North Caucasus region in Southern Russia and is administratively a part of the Southern Federal District. Its administrative center is the t ...

, east of the village of Sadovoye. It is characterized as a low mountain with its height 772.3 m or 772.6 m above sea level. It is the highest point of the Skalisty Range in the Psekups river basin. The number on the State Catalog of Geographical Names is 0160784. In the orographic systematics of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

period it belonged to the so-called Black Mountains.

Name

On one of the most detailed maps of the south of the Russian Empire at the end of the XIX century —the "Five-fiber map of the Caucasian region"— the name of the mountain was indicated separately — "Saray Gora", on the "Map of the Kuban region ..." (1904) oronym was written with a hyphen and a small letter - "Sarai-gora" (1904) the oronym was written with a

hyphen The hyphen is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes (en dash , em dash and others), which are wider, or with t ...

and the second part of the name with a small letter — "Saray-gora".''Иваненков Н. С.'' Карта Кубанской области и близких к ней: Черноморской губернии и части Сухумск. округа = Карта Кубанской области и близкихъ къ ней: Черноморской губерніи и части Сухумск. округа / Чертил Н. С. Иваненков 1900–1902 гг. — Масштаб: 1: 420 000. — СПб.: Картографическое заведение Д. М. Руднева, 1904 The same variant was reflected by D. D. Pagirev in "Alphabetical index to the five-vertex map of the Caucasian region..."(1913). According to some Russian maps, in the past Saray-Gora had another name — "Lesnaya" ( Russian pre-revolutionary orthography: Лѣсная). In the Soviet period, the name was written separately with a hyphen and the second part with a capital letter — "Saray-Gora"Карты Генерального штаба РККА / Нач. отделения к-н Андреев, ред. карт военинж. 2 р. Каменский, нач. карт. части м-р Ягунд, воен. комиссар политрук Рудометкин. — Масштаб: в 1 см 1 км (1: 100 000). — ГУГК при СНК СССР, 1941. — (составлены по карте масштаба 1: 10 000, созданной по материалам съёмки 1935 г., 1: 15 000 1927 г., 1: 25 000 1923, 1926, 1936 гг., 1: 42 000 1905-1909 гг., 1: 100 000 1941 г., с использованием материалов на ноябрь месяц 1941 г.). — L. 37-127. Карты Генштаба СССР (система координат 1940 г., БСВ). — Масштаб: в 1 см 2 км (1: 200 000), в 1 см 1 км (1: 100 000) и в 1 см 500 м (1: 50 000); состояние местности на 1981—1988 гг. — Изданы с оригинала ГУГК

СССР The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

, 1979—1990. — P. L-37-34, L-37-127 (I2-37-127, Горячий Ключ), L-37-127-4. on the maps of the

General Staff A military staff or general staff (also referred to as army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, Enlisted rank, enlisted, and civilian staff who serve the commanding officer, commander of a ...

of the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...

(c. 1920-1941) and the General Staff of the USSR (c. 1979-1990). Nowadays, as in the past, sometimes the name is written with a hyphen and the second part with a small letter — "Saray-gora" (for example, the authors of the work "Ridges of the Greater Caucasus and their influence on the climate",''Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г., Панов В. Д., Панова С. В., Погорелов А. В., Шереметьев В. М.'' Морфометрическая и морфологическая характеристика основных хребтов // Хребты Большого Кавказа и их влияние на климат / Ответ. ред. Ю. В. Ефремов. — Краснодар: «Просвещение-Юг», 2001. — P. 29-30. — 200 экз. A.V. Tverdy "Toponymic Dictionary of the North Caucasus").'' Твёрдый А. В.'' Топонимический словарь Северного Кавказа. P. 1, 2. — Краснодар: «Краснодарское книжное издательство», 2006. On the maps of

Unitary enterprise A unitary enterprise () is a government-owned corporation in Russia and some other post-Soviet states. Unitary enterprises are business entities that have no ownership rights to the assets that they use in their operations. This form is possibl ...

"Gosgiscenter" the mountain is indicated differently: on the scale of 1: 200 000 and 1: 25 000 separated by a hyphen — "Saray-Gora", on the scale of 1: 100 000 and 1: 50 000 merged — "Saraygora".Карты ФГУП «Государственного научно-внедренческого центра геоинформационных систем и технологий» («Госгисцентр»). — Масштаб: в 1 см 2 км (1: 200 000), в 1 см 1 км (1: 100 000), в 1 см 500 м (1: 50 000), в 1 см 250 м (1: 25 000). — М., 2001. — P. L-37-34, L-37-127, L-37-127-D, L-37-127-D-c.. The name of this peak is also found on foreign maps, such as German General Staff of the ''

Luftwaffe The Luftwaffe () was the aerial warfare, aerial-warfare branch of the before and during World War II. German Empire, Germany's military air arms during World War I, the of the Imperial German Army, Imperial Army and the of the Imperial Ge ...

—'' Ssarai Gora, Corps of Engineers of the

U.S. Army The United States Army (USA) is the primary land service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution.Article II, section 2, clause 1 of the United Stat ...

— Sarai Hill and SARAY-GORA. The

etymology Etymology ( ) is the study of the origin and evolution of words—including their constituent units of sound and meaning—across time. In the 21st century a subfield within linguistics, etymology has become a more rigorously scientific study. ...

of the name is not exactly known. One of the variants of the origin of the name is proposed by the Russian traveler, writer and pedagogue A. V. Tvoyrdy: "Sarai in translation from

Iranian Iranian () may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Iran ** Iranian diaspora, Iranians living outside Iran ** Iranian architecture, architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia ** Iranian cuisine, cooking traditions and practic ...

means "house", "palace".There is an inaccuracy here: A. V. Tvyordy gave Iranian/Persian instead of Turkic. In Persian "palace" is kāx, "house" is xāne; in Turkic "palace" is saraj (Ancient Turkic Dictionary, 1969, p. 488; Russian-Persian Dictionary, 2008, P. 123, 141). And indeed, from the valley of the Psekups river, the top of the Sarai mountain resembles the roof of a house".

Geography

The mountain is located in the western part of the Greater Caucasus, northwest of the Serezh mountain range; the nomenclature of the map sheet at the scale of 1: 100,000 is L-37-127.Наименования географических объектов на территорию Российской Федерации (по Краснодарскому краю) // Росреестр / эл. почта: press@rosreestr.ru. — М., 2019. – P. 186. As of November 21, 2019, in the State Catalog of Geographical Names of the Federal Information System of the Rosreestr for Krasnodar Krai, Saray-Gora was assigned the number 0160784 and its coordinates are 44°23′N and 39°16′E. Saray-Gora is one of the main mountains of the Skalisty range and the highest point in the Psekups river basin. According to a study from 2001, the length of the range in this basin is 38 km, with an average altitude of 520 m. The nearest settlements: about 5 km west of Sarai-Gora: Sadovoye village and Chinary station; about 7 km southeast — Navaginskiyy village; about 7.5 km northeast — Krasny Aul (uninhabited). Among the surrounding mountains are noteworthy: less than 2 km to the southeast is the unnamed peak with the height of 680.2 m or 693 m;On the maps of the General Staff of the USSR of the scale 1: 100 000 and 1: 50 000 the height of this unnamed peak is given as 680. 2 m, on the maps of FSUE "Gosgiscenter" at the scale of 1: 25 000 other data are given – 693 m (Maps of the General Staff of the USSR, 1979–1990, p. L-37-127 (I2-37-127, Goryachiy Klyuch), L-37-127-4; Maps of FSUE "Gosgiscenter", 2001, p. L-37-127-D-c). a little more than 2 km to the northeast is the peak Oskol-Gora 624.0 m. Saray-Gora belongs to the type of low mountains (absolute height is up to 1000 m), its height above the sea level, according to measurements in 1941 – 772.4 m, according to measurements in 1988 – 772.3 m or 772.6 m;On the maps of the USSR General Staff of scale 1: 100 000 the height of Sarai-Gora is indicated 772,6 m, on the maps of scale 1: 50 000 other data are given – 772,3 m (Maps of the USSR General Staff, 1979–1990, pp. L-37-127 (I2-37-127, Goryachiy Klyuch), L-37-127-4). the mountain has a two-headed peak: the second, lower, is located in the north and has a height of 745.4 m or 747 m.On the maps of the USSR General Staff at a scale of 1: 50 000 the height of the second peak of Saray-Gora is indicated as 745.4 m, on the maps of FGUP "Gosgiscenter" at a scale of 1: 25 000 other data are given – 747 m (Maps of the USSR General Staff, 1979–1990, p. L-37-127-4; Maps of FGUP "Gosgiscenter", 2001, p. L-37-127-D-c). On the slope of the mountain, south of the peak, there are precipices, southwest of the peak — a cluster of rocks, on the peak itself there is a point of the state geodetic network. On the northern slopes of Sarai there are some springs of the Sosnovaya Schel River, on the southern slopes – springs of the Bolshoy Tuk River. The mountain is covered with

deciduous forest In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, after flo ...

, mostly with

oak An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' of the beech family. They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an acorn, borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisp ...

History

Saray-Gora has been shown on various maps since the end of the 19th century, but the topographic survey was not very accurate at that time. In 1913 the "Alphabetical index to the five-vertex map of the Caucasian region..." was published by D.D. Pagirev, here Saray-Gora (in the index – Saray-Gora) was defined at 56°45′E. 44°30′ N (unlike the modern coordinates, in this index the longitude was before the latitude and counted not from Greenwich, but from the

meridian Meridian or a meridian line (from Latin ''meridies'' via Old French ''meridiane'', meaning “midday”) may refer to Science * Meridian (astronomy), imaginary circle in a plane perpendicular to the planes of the celestial equator and horizon * ...

separating Europe and America). The reprint of the work of D. D. Pagirev (2007) also gave not quite exact coordinates of the mountain: 39°15′E. 44°30′ N (already from

Greenwich Greenwich ( , , ) is an List of areas of London, area in south-east London, England, within the Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county of Greater London, east-south-east of Charing Cross. Greenwich is notable for its maritime hi ...

). In 1904 was published "Map of Kuban region...", which indicated the data of one of the first measurements of the height of the mountain – 365

sazhen Historical Russian units of measurement were standardized and used in the Russian Empire and after the Russian Revolution, but were abandoned after 21 July 1925, when the Soviet Union adopted the metric system. The Tatar system is very similar t ...

(probably used "conventional sazhen", equal to 2.1336 m, in this case the height of Sarai Mountain was considered equal to about 778 m). Saray-Gora is located in the territory of the

Abzakhs The Abzakh ( Circassian: Абдзэх, ''Abdzekh''; Russian: абадзехи) also known as Abdzakhs or Abadzekhs are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. His ...

tribes, who have lived here since ancient times. Its local name is not recorded. After the

Caucasian War The Caucasian War () or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series o ...

in 1860 these lands became part of the Kuban region (since 1869 the Maikopsky district of this region was formed here). In 1864–1867 near Saray-Gora there was a temporary Russian fortress – Stanitsa Vladikavkazskaya.Военно-историческая карта северо-западного Кавказа, 1899.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Алфавитный указатель к пятиверстной карте Кавказского края = Алфавитный указатель къ пятиверстной картѣ Кавказскаго края, изданія Кавказскаго Военно-Топографическаго Отдѣла (въ приложеніи: «Перечень нѣкоторыхъ книгъ, статей и замѣтокъ о Кавказѣ»). Книжка XXX
// ЗКО ИРГО / Сост. Д. Д. Пагирев, ред. А. Ф. Ляйстер. — Совместное изд.: Кавказ. отд. ИРГО и Военно-топограф. отд.. — Тф.: Тип. К. П. Козловского, 1913. — I-XII с., 1–530 с., Прилож.: 1–14 с. * ''Ефремов Ю. В., Ильичёв Ю. Г., Панов В. Д., Панова С. В., Погорелов А. В., Шереметьев В. М.'' Морфометрическая и морфологическая характеристика основных хребтов // Хребты Большого Кавказа и их влияние на климат / Ответ. ред. Ю. В. Ефремов. — Краснодар: «Просвещение-Юг», 2001. — 145 с. — 200 экз. — ISBN 5-93491-006-X. * Древнетюркский словарь / Ред. и сост. В. М. Наделяев, Д. М. Насилов, Э. Р. Тенишев, А. М. Щербак. — Институт языкознания АН СССР. — Л.: « Наука», 1969. — 677 с. — 6000 экз. * Русско-персидский словарь / Сост. Г. А. Восканян. — М.: «АСТ», «Восток — Запад», 2008. — 867 с. — (Biblio). — 1000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-17-050326, 978-5-478-01066-9. * '' Твёрдый А. В.'' Топонимический словарь Северного Кавказа. Ч. 1, 2. — Краснодар: «Краснодарское книжное издательство», 2006.

Maps

* ''Иваненков Н. С.'' Карта Кубанской области и близких к ней: Черноморской губернии и части Сухумск. округа = Карта Кубанской области и близкихъ къ ней: Черноморской губерніи и части Сухумск. округа / Чертил Н. С. Иваненков 1900–1902 гг. — Масштаб: 1: 420 000. — СПб.: Картографическое заведение Д. М. Руднева, 1904. * Карты Армии США: Eastern Europa / Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. — Масштаб: в 1 см 2,5 км (1: 250 000). — Washington D.C.: Army Map Service (RMVLB), 1954. — (N501). * Карты Армии США: Caucasia AMS (GSGS 4213) (англ.) / U.S. Army Map Service. — Масштаб: 1: 253 440 или 1: 210 000. — Washington D.C., 1941—1947. — (N561). * Карты Генерального штаба Люфтваффе: Osteuropa (СК: Deutsche Heeresgitter (DHR) в системе Гаусса-Крюгера (поперечной проекции Меркатора); масштабный фактор = 1; ширина полосы = 6°; элипс Бесселя; восточные листы в конической проекции Кауперта) / Generalstabes der Luftwaffe. — Масштаб: в 1 см 3 км (1: 300 000). — 1941. — (составлены по данным трофейных карт РККА 30-х — 40-х годов, масштабами в 1 см от 500 м до 5 км). * Карты Генерального штаба РККА / Нач. отделения к-н Андреев, ред. карт военинж. 2 р. Каменский, нач. карт. части м-р Ягунд, воен. комиссар политрук Рудометкин. — Масштаб: в 1 см 1 км (1: 100 000). — ГУГК при СНК СССР, 1941. — (составлены по карте масштаба 1: 10 000, созданной по материалам съёмки 1935 г., 1: 15 000 1927 г., 1: 25 000 1923, 1926, 1936 гг., 1: 42 000 1905–1909 гг., 1: 100 000 1941 г., с использованием материалов на ноябрь месяц 1941 г.). * Карты Генштаба СССР (система координат 1940 г., БСВ). — Масштаб: в 1 см 2 км (1: 200 000), в 1 см 1 км (1: 100 000) и в 1 см 500 м (1: 50 000); состояние местности на 1981—1988 гг. — Изданы с оригинала ГУГК СССР, 1979—1990. * Карты ФГУП «Государственного научно-внедренческого центра геоинформационных систем и технологий» («Госгисцентр»). — Масштаб: в 1 см 2 км (1: 200 000), в 1 см 1 км (1: 100 000), в 1 см 500 м (1: 50 000), в 1 см 250 м (1: 25 000). — М., 2001. * Карта Черноморской губернии, с показанием переселенческих участков = Карта Черноморской губерніи, съ показаніемъ переселенческихъ участковъ / Приложение к вып. 7, кн. XXV Записок Кавказского отдела ИРГО (''Козлов Л. Е.'' Краткий очерк переселенческих участков Черноморской губернии (с картою и таблицею)). — Тифлис, 1906. * Пятиверстная карта Кавказского края = Пятиверстная карта Кавказскаго края (неопр.). — Масштаб: в 1 см ок. 2,1 км = в 1 англ. дюйме 5 вёрст (1: 210 000). — Тф.: Состав. и литограф. в военно-топограф. отделе Кавказ. ВО, с 1869. — (в первом издании — 55 листов, позднее — 83 листа). * '' Фелицын Е. Д.'' Военно-историческая карта северо-западного Кавказа = Военно-историческая карта Сѣверо-западнаго Кавказа. — Масштаб: в 1 англ. дюйме 20 вёрст. — Тифлис, 1899. — (опубликована в книге «Исторический очерк кавказских войн от их начала до присоединения Грузии»).

Links

* Наименования географических объектов на территорию Российской Федерации (по Краснодарскому краю) // Росреестр / эл. почта: press@rosreestr.ru. — М., 2019. Mountains under 1000 metres Krasnodar Krai Caucasus North Caucasus