|
Caucasian War
The Caucasian War () or the Caucasus War was a 19th-century military conflict between the Russian Empire and various peoples of the North Caucasus who resisted subjugation during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. It consisted of a series of military actions waged by the Russian Imperial Army and Cossack settlers against the native inhabitants such as the Adyghe, Abazins, Ubykhs, Chechens, and Dagestanis as the Tsars sought to expand. Russian control of the Georgian Military Road in the center divided the Caucasian War into the Russo-Circassian War in the west and the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan in the east. Other territories of the Caucasus (comprising contemporary eastern Georgia, southern Dagestan, Armenia and Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian Empire at various times in the 19th century as a result of Russian wars with Persia. The remaining part, western Georgia, was taken by the Russians from the Ottomans during the same period. History Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russo-Caucasian Conflict
The Russo-Caucasian conflict is a protracted ethnic and political struggle between various Ethnic groups in the Caucasus, North Caucasian peoples and Russians, Russian, Soviet Union, Soviet, and Russian Empire, Imperial Russian authorities. This conflict dates back to the 16th century, as Russian forces sought to expand southward. Various Caucasian groups, including Abazins, Abkhazians, Circassians, Chechens, Ingush people, Ingush, Karachays, KarachayBalkars, -Balkars, Ossetians and Dagestanis (various Dagestani nations), resisted Russian control through both armed and diplomatic means. The conflict’s modern phase intensified following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991, with separatist aspirations and resistance movements that continued to face suppression into the 21st century. Background Geopolitical Significance The Caucasus, Caucasus region, bridging Europe and Asia, holds immense geopolitical importance. Its strategic location between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamkhegh
The Mamkhegh or Mamheg ( or ; ) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Originally, the Mamkhegs lived in the territory between the Belaja and Kurdžips Rivers, in the territory of modern Majkop and environs in the Russian republics of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Due to the Caucasian War, the Mamkheghs were forced to leave their territories in the expulsion of the Circassians. Most of the survivors left for the Ottoman Empire. Those who remained took Russian citizenship and founded a village called Mamxeg, which survives today in the Shovgenovsky District of modern Adygea. History Legends say that they moved from the Black Sea coast to the upper reaches of the . At first, Mamkhegs were just three big families: Shnah, Mami, and Tlizhho. When the population significantly increased (naturally and after immigration from Abadzeh lands) they moved to a territory between the Belaja and K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilayet Arshtkhoy
Vilayet Arshtkhoy, Vilayet Arshty, Arshtinskiy Vilayet, was an Ingush administrative unit of the North Caucasian Imamate. It was established on the territory of Orstkhoy society with the center being the village of Arshty. Etymology The name Vilayet Arshtkhoy derives from the Arabic ''Wilaya'' and the self-name of Orstkhoy — ''Arshtkhoy''. History Vilayet Arshtkhoy which was known in the Russian Empire as ''Arshtinskoe Naibstvo'', was established in March 1840 on the territory of Orstkhoy Society with the center of it being the village of Arshty, when the Karabulak (Orstkhoy) and Galashian societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to Imam Shamil Imam Shamil (; ; ; ; ; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim .. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil (; ; ; ; ; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim sheikh of the Naqshbandi Sufis. Family and early life Imam Shamil was born in 1797 into an Avar Muslim family. He was born in the small village ( aul) of Gimry (present-day Dagestan, Russia). Some sources state that he had a paternal Kumyk lineage. He was originally named Ali, but following local tradition, his name was changed to ''Shamuyil'' (, equivalent to ''Samuel'') when he became ill. This name is pronounced ''Shamil'' in the Caucasus, and contemporary sources called him by this name (either or in Arabic), although in his writings he always used the form ''Shamuyil''. His father, Dengau, was a landlord, and this position allowed Shamil and his close friend Ghazi Muhammad to study many subjects, including Arabic and logic. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingush People
Ingush (, pronounced ), historically known as ''Durdzuks'', ''Gligvi'' and ''Kists (ethnonym), Kists'', are a Northeast Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Republic of Ingushetia in central Caucasus, but also inhabitanting Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania, Prigorodny District and town of Vladikavkaz of modern-day North-Ossetia. The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language. Ethnonym Ingush The ethnonym of the "Ingush" came from the name of the medieval Ghalghai village (''aul'') of Angusht, which by the end of the 17th century was a large village in the Tarskoye, Tarskoye Valley. The toponym "Angusht" itself is a composition of three words: "an" (''sky'' or ''horizon''), "gush" (''visible'') and the suffix of place "tĕ" (indication of position or location), literally translating as a "place where the horizon is seen". Ghalghai The endonym of Ingush people is ''Ghalghai'' (, ), which most often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lezgins
Lezgins ( or ) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native to southern Dagestan, a republic of Russia, and northern Azerbaijan, who speak the Lezgin language. Their social structure is firmly based on equality and deference to individuality. Lezgin society is structured around ''djamaat'' () and has traditionally been egalitarian and organised around many autonomous local clans, called sykhyls (сихилар). The land of the Lezgins has been subject to multiple invaders throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Lezgins has contributed much to the Lezgin community ethos and helped shape its national character. Due to constant attacks from the invaders, the Lezgins have developed a national code of honor and conduct, Lezgiwal, passed down from generation to generation by parents and society. It implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and the will to safeguard the honor of women. Etymology The e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chechens
The Chechens ( ; , , Old Chechen: Нахчой, ''Naxçoy''), historically also known as ''Kistin, Kisti'' and ''Durdzuks'', are a Northeast Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." They are the largest ethnic group in the region and refer to themselves as Nokhchiy (; singular Nokhchi, Nokhcho, Nakhchuo or Nakhche). The vast majority of Chechens are Muslims and live in Republic of Chechnya, Chechnya, an Republics of Russia, autonomous republic within the Russian Federation. The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avars (Caucasus)
The Avars (), also known as Maharuls' (), are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group. The Avars are the largest of several ethnic groups living in the Russian republic of Dagestan. The Avars reside in the North Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Alongside other ethnic groups in the North Caucasus region, the Avars live in ancient villages located approximately 2,000 meters above sea level. The Avar language spoken by the Caucasian Avars belongs to the family of Northeast Caucasian languages. Sunni Islam has been the prevailing religion of the Avars since the 14th century. Ethnonyms According to 19th-century Russian historians, the Avars' neighbors usually referred to them with the exonym Tavlins (''tavlintsy''). Vasily Potto wrote, "The words in different languages have the same meaning... fmountain dwellers rhighlanders."''В. А. Потто.'Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биогр� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caucasian Imamate
The Caucasian Imamate, also known as the North Caucasus Imamate (), was a state founded by Muslim imams in the early-to-mid 19th century across Dagestan and Chechnya. It emerged during the Caucasian War (1817–1864) as a resistance movement against the Russian Empire's expansion into the region. The Imamate sought to unify the diverse peoples of the North Caucasus under a centralized Islamic governance structure, implementing sharia law to consolidate political and military opposition to Russian rule. Russia, aiming to secure its southern frontiers and stabilize communication routes to its newly acquired territories in the South Caucasus (modern-day Georgia (country), Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), sought to annex the North Caucasus. The Imamate became the primary force opposing this conquest, enduring decades of conflict before its eventual dissolution following the capture of its final leader, Imam Shamil, in 1859. Background The Northeast Caucasus historically compri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhaney
The Zhaney (; ), or Jane, were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Modern descendants live in Adygea. History The Zhaney were a very powerful Circassian tribe in the past. They lived the north of the Natukhai tribe's land on the coast of the Black Sea and Azov Sea in Eastern Europe. A map of the 17th century also shows they lived right by the coast of the lower flow of Kubans, beyond Taman and Atchu. As a result of the bloody Russian–Circassian War and the subsequent genocide, the Zhaney tribe was almost wholly destroyed, as only 3 families survived, those being Zhane, Zhanov, and Zhenetl'. See also * Other Circassian tribes: * Abzakh * Besleney * Bzhedug * Hatuqwai * Kabardian * Mamkhegh * Natukhai * Shapsug The Shapsug ( , , , , ) (also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassians, Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yegeruqwai
The Yegeruqway (; Russian: Егерукаевцы, ''Yegerukaevtsy'') were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. There is also a small town with a form of the same name Egerukhay (Russian: Егерухай, ''Yegerukhaj'') in the Koshekhablsky District, Adygea, Russia. The Yegeruqway currently reside in said town, other places of habitation include Khatazhukay and Dzherokay. See also Other Adyghe tribes: * Abzakh * Besleney * Bzhedug * Hatuqwai * Kabardian * Mamkhegh * Natukhai * Shapsug The Shapsug ( , , , , ) (also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassians, Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups of the Black Sea Adyghe (Причерноморск ... * Temirgoy * Ubykh * Zhaney References Destroyed Circassian tribes Adygea {{Caucasus-ethno-group-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubykh People
The Ubykh ( ; ; ; ) are an ethnic group of the Circassian nation, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai and Shapsug, the Ubykh formed the Circassian Assembly ( Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ) in 1860. Historically, they spoke a distinct Ubykh language, which never existed in written form and went extinct in 1992 when Tevfik Esenç, the last speaker, died. History The Ubykh used to inhabit the capital of Circassia, Sache (Circassian: ''Шъачэ'', lit. seaside) — present-day Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. The province of the Ubykh tribe was situated between the Shapsug tribe near Tuapse and the Sadz (Dzhigets) in the north of Gagra. The Ubykh tribe were mentioned in book IV of Procopius' '' De Bello Gothico'' (''The Gothic War''), under the name βροῦχοι (''Bruchi''), a corruption of the native term tʷaχ. In the 1667 book of Evliya Çelebi, the Ubykh were mentioned as Ubúr without ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
