Retinol dehydrogenase 10 is an

enzyme An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different mol ...

that in humans is encoded by the ''RDH10''

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

chromosome 8 Chromosome 8 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 8 spans about 146 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 4.5 and 5.0% of the total DNA i ...

Function

RDH10 is a membrane-bound

NAD NAD or Nad may refer to: Geography * Nad, County Cork, a village in Ireland * North American Datum, a series of geographic coordinate systems * North Atlantic Drift, an Atlantic Ocean current * Hobli, a subdivision of a taluka in southern Ind ...

⁺-dependent

retinol dehydrogenase In enzymology, a retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) () is an enzyme that catalysis, catalyzes the chemical reaction :retinol + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons retinal + NADH + H+ Sometimes, in addition to or along with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, N ...

which belongs to the superfamily of

short-chain dehydrogenase The short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases family (SDR) is a very large family of enzymes, most of which are known to be NAD- or NADP-dependent oxidoreductases. As the first member of this family to be characterised was Drosophila alcohol dehydroge ...

s. RDH10 catalyzes the first oxidative step in

retinoic acid Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-''trans''-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A1 (all-''trans''-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. All-''trans ...

biosynthesis: :all-''trans''-retinol+ NAD⁺

\rightleftharpoons

all-''trans''-retinal + NADH + H⁺ Due to its preference for NAD⁺ rather than NADP⁺ as a cofactor, RDH10 functions near-exclusively in the oxidative direction under physiological conditions to increase levels of retinal and retinoic acid. RDH10 has also been shown to act on 11-''cis''-retinol via interactions with CRALBP and

RPE65 Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein (also known as RPE65) is a retinoid isomerohydrolase enzyme of the vertebrate visual cycle. RPE65 is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE, a layer of epithelial cells that nourish the ...

. RDH10 plays an essential role in organ, limb, and craniofacial development during

embryogenesis An embryo ( ) is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism. In organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male ...

Clinical significance

RDH10 loss of function mutations in mice are embryonically lethal. Despite its similarity to other retinol dehydrogenases, RDH10 is not associated with any known human retinal disease. RDH10 may partially compensate for loss of RDH5 function in fundus albipunctatus. RDH10 overexpression is associated with brain and spinal cord

glioma A glioma is a type of primary tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord. They are malignant but some are extremely slow to develop. Gliomas comprise about 30% of all brain and central nervous system tumors and 80% of ...

progression. Serum levels of RDH10 may serve as a biomarker for

type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent ...

metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a type of chronic liver disease. This condition is diagnosed when there is excessive fat build-up in the l ...

References

{{gene-stub NADH-dependent enzymes