Q_o inhibitors (Q_oI), or quinone outside inhibitors, are a group of

fungicide Fungicides are pesticides used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in losses of yield and quality. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals, ...

s used in

agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created ...

. Some of these fungicides are among the most popular in the world. Q_oI are chemical compounds which act at the

quinol Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a ''para' ...

''outer'' binding site of the cytochrome ''bc''₁ complex. Most QI common names end in -strobin and so are often called strobs. Q_oI's are the resulting fusion of three fungicides families, the well-known family of strobilurins and two new families, represented by fenamidone and famoxadone. Some strobilurins are azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and trifloxystrobin.

Usage

QoI fungicides are used on a wide range of crops, such as cereals, vines, pome fruits, cucurbits, tomatoes, and potatoes. For example, they are used as fungicides for cereals, against ''Erysiphe graminis'' f.sp ''tritici'' responsible for the powdery mildew in

wheat Wheat is a group of wild and crop domestication, domesticated Poaceae, grasses of the genus ''Triticum'' (). They are Agriculture, cultivated for their cereal grains, which are staple foods around the world. Well-known Taxonomy of wheat, whe ...

or against '' Septoria tritici'', responsible for septoria leaf spot in wheat. They are also commonly used for

vine A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.Jackson; Benjamin; Da ...

culture, against '' Plasmopara viticola'', responsible for

downy mildew Downy mildew refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to the Peronosporaceae family. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of c ...

or in oïdium treatment.

List

* QIs: :* methoxy-acrylates: ::* azoxystrobin ::* coumoxystrobin ::* enoxastrobin ::* flufenoxystrobin ::* picoxystrobin ::* pyraoxystrobin :* methoxy-acetamides: ::* mandestrobin :* methoxy-carbamates: ::* pyraclostrobin ::* pyrametostrobin ::* triclopyricarb :* oximino-acetates: ::* kresoxim-methyl ::* trifloxystrobin :* oximino-acetamides: ::* dimoxystrobin ::* fenaminstrobin ::* metominostrobin ::* orysastrobin :* oxazolidine-diones: ::* famoxadone :* dihydro-dioxazines: ::* fluoxastrobin :* imidazolinones: ::* fenamidone :* benzyl-carbamates: ::* pyribencarb * QI subgroup A: :* tetrazolinones: ::* metyltetraprole

Resistance

Main group resistance

Almost all these fungicides are in the same cross-resistance group ( FRAC 11) and must be managed carefully to avoid the appearance of fungicide resistance. All group 11s are cross-resistant with each other. Some fungicide resistance has been observed in many crop pathogens (such as in the case of wheat powdery mildew), Resistance to group 11 is conferred by cytochrome b mutations G143A and F129L, and by other mechanisms.

Tetrazolinone resistance

The tetrazolinones consist of only one molecule, metyltetraprole. This constitutes FRAC 11A. 11A is not cross-resistant with 11 resistance conferred by G143A.

References

{{reflist, refs= {{cite web , title=quinone outside inhibitor (CHEBI:141153) , website=The European Bioinformatics Institute < EMBL-EBI , url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:141153 , access-date=2021-02-20

External links

Fungicides Resistance Action Committee, QoI
Includes information on QoI

working group A working group is a group of experts working together to achieve specified goals. Such groups are domain-specific and focus on discussion or activity around a specific subject area. The term can sometimes refer to an interdisciplinary collab ...

activities.
Gray Leaf Spot Resistance to Strobulurins
Fungicides Quinone outside inhibitors