In
algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify ...
, given a continuous map ''f'': ''X'' → ''Y'' of
topological space
In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance. More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called po ...
s and a ring ''R'', the pullback along ''f'' on cohomology theory is a grade-preserving ''R''-algebra homomorphism:
:
from the
cohomology ring of ''Y'' with coefficients in ''R'' to that of ''X''. The use of the superscript is meant to indicate its contravariant nature: it reverses the direction of the map. For example, if ''X'', ''Y'' are manifolds, ''R'' the field of real numbers, and the cohomology is
de Rham cohomology, then the pullback is induced by the pullback of
differential forms.
The homotopy invariance of cohomology states that if two maps ''f'', ''g'': ''X'' → ''Y'' are homotopic to each other, then they determine the same pullback: ''f''
* = ''g''
*.
In contrast, a pushforward for de Rham cohomology for example is given by
integration-along-fibers.
Definition from chain complexes
We first review the definition of the cohomology of the dual of a chain complex. Let ''R'' be a commutative ring, ''C'' a chain complex of ''R''-modules and ''G'' an ''R''-module. Just as one lets
, one lets
:
where Hom is the special case of the Hom between a chain complex and a cochain complex, with ''G'' viewed as a cochain complex concentrated in degree zero. (To make this rigorous, one needs to choose signs in the way similar to the signs in the
tensor product of complexes.) For example, if ''C'' is the singular chain complex associated to a topological space ''X'', then this is the definition of the singular cohomology of ''X'' with coefficients in ''G''.
Now, let ''f'': ''C'' → ''C'' be a map of chain complexes (for example, it may be induced by a continuous map between topological spaces). Then there is
:
which in turn determines
:
If ''C'', ''C{{''' are singular chain complexes of spaces ''X'', ''Y'', then this is the pullback for singular cohomology theory.
References
*J. P. May (1999), ''A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology''.
*S. P. Novikov (1996), ''Topology I - General Survey''.
Cohomology theories