The Palaeonisciformes (Palaeoniscida) are an extinct order of early ray-finned fishes ( Actinopterygii). Palaeonisciformes ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' first appeared in the

fossil record A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

in the Late Silurian and last appeared in the Late

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

. The name is derived from the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

words παλαιός (''palaiós'', ancient) and ὀνίσκος (''oniskos'', 'cod-fish' or woodlouse), probably pertaining to the organization of the fishes' scales, similar to the exoskeletal plating of woodlice. In an early interpretation of the group, the Palaeonisciformes are divided in two suborders: Palaeoniscoidei (includes '' Palaeoniscum'' and fossil

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

with a broadly similar appearance) and Platysomoidei (includes '' Platysomus'' and other deep-bodied early actinopterygians). These groupings are considered paraphyletic today. In the

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

sense, Palaeonisciformes '' sensu stricto'' should only refer to the

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last ...

''Palaeoniscum'', the name giving taxon, and all other taxa that fall on the same lineage as ''Palaeoniscum''. Additionally, the term Palaeopterygii ("ancient fins") is sometimes used to group fossil and extant actinopterygians that are neither members of the monophyletic

Neopterygii Neopterygii (from Greek νέος ''neos'' 'new' and πτέρυξ ''pteryx'' 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant ...

nor the also monophyletic

Cladistia Cladistia is a clade of bony fishes whose only living members are the bichirs. Their major synapomorphies are a heterocercal tail in which the dorsal fin has independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated parasphenoid. Cladistia are the earliest ...

. Like the Palaeonisciformes ''sensu lato'', the Palaeopterygii are also a paraphyletic assemblage.

Historic background

The systematics of fossil and extant fishes has puzzled

ichthyologists Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October ...

since the time of Louis Agassiz, who first grouped all Palaeozoic ray-finned fishes together with

Chondrostei Chondrostei is a group of non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, while the term originally referred to a paraphyletic group of all non-neopterygian ray-finned fish, it was redefined by Patterson in 1982 to be a clade comprising the Acipenseriformes (w ...

(

sturgeons Sturgeon is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae. The earliest sturgeon fossils date to the Late Cretaceous, and are descended from other, earlier acipenseriform fish, which date back to the Early ...

paddlefish Paddlefish (family Polyodontidae) are a family of ray-finned fish belonging to order Acipenseriformes, and one of two living groups of the order alongside sturgeons (Acipenseridae). They are distinguished from other fish by their titular elongla ...

es),

gar Gars are members of the family Lepisosteidae, which are the only surviving members of the Ginglymodi, an ancient holosteian group of ray-finned fish, which first appeared during the Triassic, over 240 million years ago. Gars comprise seven livin ...

s, lungfishes, and acanthodians in his Ganoidei. Carl Hermann Müller later proposed to divide actinopterygians into three groups: Chondrostei,

Holostei Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by a single living species, the bowfin ('' Amia calva''), as well as the Ginglymodi, the sole living representatives being the gars ...

, and

Teleostei Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Te ...

. Later, Edward Drinker Cope included these three groups within

Actinopteri Actinopteri is the sister group of Cladistia in the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish). Dating back to the Permian period, the Actinopteri comprise the Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish) and the Neopterygii (bowfin, gars, and teleos ...

. The same classification is also used today, though the definitions of these groups have changed significantly over the years. The sister group to Actinopteri are the

, which include ''

Polypterus ''Polypterus'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the bichir family (Polypteridae) of order Polypteriformes. The type species is the Nile bichir (''P. bichir''). Fish in this genus live in various areas in Africa. ''Polypterus'' is the only kno ...

'' (bichirs), '' Erpetoichthys'' and their fossil relatives. All together are grouped as Actinopterygii. A few additional classification schemes were proposed over the years. Lev Berg erected the superorder Palaeonisci, in which he included early actinopterygians that belonged to neither Chondrostei nor Polypteri (Cladistia). Mostly following Berg, Jean-Pierre Lehman grouped the Actinopterygii into 26 orders, among others the Palaeonisciformes with the two suborders Palaeoniscoidei and Platysomoidei. Numerous genera of early actinopterygians have been referred to either Palaeonisciformes or to one of its suborders based on superficial resemblance with either ''Palaeoniscum'' (Palaeoniscoidei) or ''Platysomus'' (Platysomoidei), especially during the early and middle parts of the 20th century. Palaeonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei, and Platysomoidei have therefore become wastebasket taxa. They are not natural groups, but instead paraphyletic assemblages of the early members of several ray-finned fish lineages. Palaeoniscoidei have traditionally encompassed most

Paleozoic The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. The name ''Paleozoic'' ( ;) was coined by the British geologist Adam Sedgwick in 1838 by combining the Greek words ''palaiós'' (, "old") and ' ...

actinopterygians, except those that exhibit atypical body forms (such as the deep-bodied Platysomoidei, or those assigned securely to any of the living groups of ray-finned fishes. The same can also be said about the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Palaeoniscidae ''sensu lato'', to which several genera not closely related to ''Palaeoniscum'' have been referred in the past. The grouping of "palaeonisciforms" was based largely on shared plesiomorphic features, such as the forward position of the eye, the large gape or the presence of rhombic scales. However, such symplesiomorphies are not informative with regard to

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spe ...

, but rather an indication of common ancestry. In modern biology,

taxonomists In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

group taxa based on shared

apomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

( synapomorphies) in order to detect monophyletic groups (natural groups). They use computer software (e.g., PAUP) to determine the most likely

evolutionary relationships Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation t ...

between taxa, thereby putting previous hypotheses of such relationships to the test. As a consequence, many genera have been subsequently removed from Palaeonisciformes and referred to distinct orders (e.g.,

Saurichthyiformes Saurichthyiformes is an extinct order of ray-finned fish which existed in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe and North America, during the late Permian to early Middle Jurassic. Saurichthyiiformes comprise two families, Saurichthyidae and ...

). The term Palaeonisciformes has mostly disappeared from the modern literature or is nowadays only used to refer to the "primitive"

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

of a taxon (e.g., "palaeonisciform skull shape" or "palaeoniscoid body shape"). In order to make the Paleonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei or Palaeoniscidae monophyletic, these terms should only be used in a strict sense, i.e., when referring to the clade of actinopterygians that includes ''Palaeoniscum'' and the taxa closely related to it. A monophyletic clade including several taxa classically referred to the Palaeonisciformes (e.g., '' Aesopichthys'', '' Birgeria'', '' Boreosomus'', '' Canobius'', '' Pteronisculus'', '' Rhadinichthys'') was recovered in the

cladistic analysis Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived chara ...

by Lund et al. This clade, coined Palaeoniscimorpha, is also used in subsequent publications. Recent cladistic analyses also recovered

clades A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

containing several genera that have historically been grouped within Palaeonisciformes, while excluding others. Due to the delicate nature of fossils of ray-finned fishes and the incomplete knowledge of several taxa (especially with regard to the internal cranial anatomy), there is still no consensus about the evolutionary relationships of several early actinopterygians previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes.

Classification

The following list includes

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

that have been referred to Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae, respectively), usually because of superficial resemblance with '' Palaeoniscum freieslebeni''. Many of these species are poorly known and have never been included in any

. Their inclusion in Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae) is in most cases doubtful and requires confirmation by cladistic studies. Which taxa should be included in Palaeonisciformes ''sensu stricto'' (or Palaeoniscidae ''sensu stricto'') and which ones moved to other orders or

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...

, respecitively, is a matter of ongoing research. * Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay, 1902 ''sensu stricto'' alaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971ref name="mikko"> ** Family †Palaeoniscidae Vogt, 1852 *** Genus ?†'' Agecephalichthys'' Wade, 1935 **** Species †''Agecephalichthys granulatus'' Wade, 1935 *** Genus ?†'' Atherstonia'' Woodward, 18989 'Broometta''_Chabakov,_1927.html" ;"title="Broometta.html" ;"title="'Broometta">'Broometta'' Chabakov, 1927">Broometta.html" ;"title="'Broometta">'Broometta'' Chabakov, 1927**** Species †''Atherstonia scutata'' Woodward, 1889 [''Atherstonia cairncrossi'' Broom, 1913; '' Amblypterus capensis'' Broom, 1913; ''Broometta cairncrossi'' Chabakov, 1927] **** Species †''Atherstonia minor'' Woodward, 1893 *** Genus ?†''Cryphaeiolepis'' Traquair, 1881 **** Species †''Cryphaeiolepis scutata'' Traquair, 1881 *** Genus ?†'' Cteniolepidotrichia'' Poplin & Su, 1992 **** Species †''Cteniolepidotrichia turfanensis'' Poplin & Su, 1992 *** Genus †'' Dicellopyge'' Brough, 1931 **** Species †''Dicellopyge macrodentata'' Brough, 1931 **** Species †''Dicellopyge lissocephalus'' Brough, 1931 *** Genus ?†'' Duwaichthys'' Liu ''et al.'', 1990 **** Species †''Duwaichthys mirabilis'' Liu ''et al.'', 1990 *** Genus ?†'' Ferganiscus'' Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 **** Species †''Ferganiscus osteolepis'' Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999 *** Genus †'' Gyrolepis'' Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858 **** Species †''G. albertii'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. gigantea'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. maxima'' Agassiz, 1833 **** Species †''G. quenstedti'' Dames, 1888 **** Species †''G. tenuistriata'' Agassiz, 1833 *** Genus †'' Gyrolepidoides'' Cabrera, 1944 **** Species †''G. creyanus'' Schaeffer, 1955 **** Species †''G. cuyanus'' Cabrera, 1944 **** Species †''G. multistriatus'' Rusconi, 1948 *** Genus ?†'' Palaeoniscinotus'' Rohon, 1890 **** Species †''P. czekanowskii'' Rohon, 1890 *** Genus †'' Palaeoniscum'' de Blainville, 1818 'Palaeoniscus''_Agassiz,_1833_non_Von_Meyer,_1858;_''Palaeoniscas.html" ;"title="Palaeoniscus.html" ;"title="'Palaeoniscus">'Palaeoniscus'' Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; ''Palaeoniscas">Palaeoniscus.html" ;"title="'Palaeoniscus">'Palaeoniscus'' Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; ''Palaeoniscas'' Rzchak, 1881; ''Eupalaeoniscus'' Rzchak, 1881; ''Palaeomyzon'' Weigelt, 1930; ''Geomichthys'' Sauvage, 1888] **** Species †''P. angustum'' (Rzehak, 1881) [''Palaeoniscas angustus'' Rzehak, 1881] **** Species †''P. antipodeum'' (Egerton, 1864) 'Palaeoniscus antipodeus'' Egerton, 1864**** Species †''P. antiquum'' Williams, 1886 **** Species †''P. arenaceum'' Berger, 1832 **** Species †''P. capense'' (Bloom, 1913) 'Palaeoniscus capensis'' Bloom, 1913**** Species †''P. comtum'' (Agassiz, 1833) 'Palaeoniscus comtus'' Agassiz, 1833**** Species †''P. daedalium'' Yankevich & Minich, 1998 **** Species †''P. devonicum'' Clarke, 1885 **** Species †''P. elegans'' (Sedgwick, 1829) 'Palaeoniscus elegans'' Sedgwick, 1829**** Species †''P. freieslebeni'' de Blainville, 1818 'Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni'' (de Brainville, 1818); ''Palaeoniscus freieslebeni'' (de Brainville, 1818)**** Species †''P. hassiae'' (Jaekel, 1898) 'Galeocerdo contortus hassiae'' Jaekel, 1898; ''Palaeomyzon hassiae'' (Jaekel, 1898)**** Species †''P. kasanense'' Geinitz & Vetter, 1880 **** Species †''P. katholitzkianum'' (Rzehak, 1881) 'Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus'' Rzehak, 1881**** Species †''P. landrioti'' (le Sauvage, 1890) 'Palaeoniscus landrioti'' le Sauvage, 1890**** Species †''P. longissimum'' (Agassiz, 1833) 'Palaeoniscus longissimus'' Agassiz, 1833**** Species †''P. macrophthalmum'' (McCoy, 1855) 'Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus'' McCoy, 1855**** Species †''P. magnum'' (Woodward, 1937) 'Palaeoniscus magnus'' Woodward, 1937**** Species †''P. moravicum'' (Rzehak, 1881) 'Palaeoniscas moravicus'' Rzehak, 1881**** Species †''P. promtu'' (Rzehak, 1881) 'Palaeoniscas promtus'' Rzehak, 1881**** Species †''P. reticulatum'' Williams, 1886 **** Species †''P. scutigerum'' Newberry, 1868 **** Species †''P. vratislavensis'' (Agassiz, 1833) 'Palaeoniscus vratislavensis'' Agassiz, 1833*** Genus †'' Palaeothrissum'' de Blainville, 1818 **** Species †''P. elegans'' Sedgwick, 1829 **** Species †''P. macrocephalum'' de Blainville, 1818 **** Species †''P. magnum'' de Blainville, 1818 *** Genus ?†'' Shuniscus'' Su, 1983 **** Species †''Shuniscus longianalis'' Su, 1983 *** Genus ?†'' Suchonichthys'' Minich, 2001 **** Species †''Suchonichthys molini'' Minich, 2001 *** Genus ?†'' Trachelacanthus'' Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 **** Species †''Trachelacanthus stschurovskii'' Fischer De Waldheim, 1850 *** Genus ?†'' Triassodus'' Su, 1984 **** Species †''Triassodus yanchangensis'' Su, 1984 *** Genus ?†'' Turfania'' Liu & Martínez, 1973 **** Species †''T. taoshuyuanensis'' Liu & Martínez, 1973 **** Species †''T. varta'' Wang, 1979 *** Genus ?†'' Turgoniscus'' Jakovlev, 1968 **** Species †''Turgoniscus reissi'' Jakovlev, 1968 *** Genus ?†'' Weixiniscus'' Su & Dezao, 1994 **** Species †''Weixiniscus microlepis'' Su & Dezao, 1994 *** Genus ?†'' Xingshikous'' Liu, 1988 **** Species †''Xingshikous xishanensis'' Liu, 1988 *** Genus ?†'' Yaomoshania'' Poplin ''et al.'', 1991 **** Species †''Yaomoshania minutosquama'' Poplin ''et al.'', 1991

Other families attributed to Palaeonisciformes

This list includes

that at one time or another were placed in the order Palaeonisciformes. The species included in these families are often poorly known, and a close relationship with the family Palaeoniscidae is therefore doubtful unless confirmed by cladistic analyses. These families are therefore better treated as Actinopterygii ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

'' for the time being. The

of early actinopterygians is a matter of ongoing studies. * † Acropholidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977 * † Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1969 * † Brazilichthyidae Cox & Hutchinson, 1991 * † Centrolepididae Gardier, 1960 * † Coccolepididae Berg, 1940 corrig. * † Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963 * † Cryphiolepididae MoyThomas, 1939 corrig. * † Dwykiidae Gardiner, 1969 * † Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939 * † Igornichthyidae Heyler, 1977 * † Irajapintoseidae Beltan, 1978 * † Monesedeiphidae Beltan, 1989 * † Moythomasiidae Kazantseva, 1971 * † Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963 * † Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963 * † Thrissonotidae Berg, 1955 * † Tienshaniscidae Lu & Chen, 2010 * † Turseodontidae Bock, 1959 corrig. * † Uighuroniscidae Jin, 1996 * † Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931

Timeline of genera

'' Andreolepis hedei'', previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes, has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (

Late Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleoz ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

, Sweden,

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

, and Latvia. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the Carboniferous, after the end- Devonian Hangenberg extinction. ImageSize = width:1200px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-542 till:-45 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-542 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-542 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cambrian value:rgb(0.49,0.63,0.33) id:earlycambrian value:rgb(0.62,0.72,0.52) id:middlecambrian value:rgb(0.65,0.81,0.525) id:latecambrian value:rgb(0.70,0.878,0.584) id:ordovician value:rgb(0,0.57,0.44) id:earlyordovician value:rgb(0,0.62,0.49) id:middleordovician value:rgb(0.27,0.7,0.57) id:lateordovician value:rgb(0.55,0.78,0.667) id:silurian value:rgb(0.70,0.88,0.71) id:llandovery value:rgb(0.6,0.84,0.7) id:wenlock value:rgb(0.7,0.88,0.76) id:ludlow value:rgb(0.75,0.9,0.81) id:pridoli value:rgb(0.9,0.96,0.88) id:devonian value:rgb(0.8,0.55,0.22) id:earlydevonian value:rgb(0.90,0.71,0.43) id:middledevonian value:rgb(0.96,0.81,0.51) id:latedevonian value:rgb(0.96,0.89,0.71) id:carboniferous value:rgb(0.4,0.65,0.6) id:mississippian value:rgb(0.4,0.56,0.4) id:pennsylvanian value:rgb(0.8,0.77,0.53) id:permian value:rgb(0.94,0.25,0.24) id:earlypermian value:rgb(0.89,0.46,0.36) id:middlepermian value:rgb(0.95,0.56,0.45) id:latepermian value:rgb(0.97,0.74,0.66) id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:triassic value:rgb(0.51,0.17,0.57) id:earlytriassic value:rgb(0.6,0.22,0.61) id:middletriassic value:rgb(0.73,0.53,0.71) id:latetriassic value:rgb(0.78,0.65,0.8) id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89) id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97) id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar :NAM20 bar :NAM21 bar :NAM22 bar :NAM23 bar :NAM24 bar :NAM25 bar :NAM26 bar :NAM27 bar :NAM28 bar :NAM29 bar :NAM30 bar :NAM31 bar :NAM32 bar :NAM33 bar :NAM34 bar :NAM35 bar :NAM36 bar :NAM37 bar :NAM38 bar :NAM39 bar :NAM40 bar :NAM41 bar :NAM42 bar :NAM43 bar :NAM44 bar :NAM45 bar :NAM46 bar :NAM47 bar :NAM48 bar :NAM49 bar :NAM50 bar :NAM51 bar :NAM52 bar :NAM53 bar :NAM54 bar :NAM55 bar :NAM56 bar :NAM57 bar :NAM58 bar :NAM59 bar :NAM60 bar :NAM61 bar :NAM62 bar :NAM63 bar :NAM64 bar :NAM65 bar :NAM66 bar :NAM67 bar :NAM68 bar :NAM69 bar :NAM70 bar :NAM71 bar :NAM72 bar :NAM73 bar :NAM74 bar :NAM75 bar :NAM76 bar :NAM77 bar :NAM78 bar :NAM79 bar :NAM80 bar :NAM81 bar :NAM82 bar :NAM83 bar :NAM84 bar :NAM85 bar :NAM86 bar :NAM87 bar :NAM88 bar :NAM89 bar :NAM90 bar :NAM91 bar :NAM92 bar :NAM93 bar :NAM94 bar :NAM95 bar :NAM96 bar :NAM97 bar :NAM98 bar :NAM99 bar :NAM100 bar :NAM101 bar :NAM102 bar :NAM103 bar :NAM104 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -542 till: -513 color:earlycambrian text: Early from: -513 till: -501 color:middlecambrian text: M. from: -501 till: -488.3 color:latecambrian text: L. from: -488.3 till: -471.8 color:earlyordovician text: E. from: -471.8 till: -460.9 color:middleordovician text: M. from: -460.9 till: -443.7 color:lateordovician text: L. from: -443.7 till: -428.2 color:llandovery text: L. from: -428.2 till: -422.9 color:wenlock text: W. from: -422.9 till: -418.7 color:ludlow text: L. from: -418.7 till: -416 color:pridoli text: P from: -416 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text: E. from: -397.5 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text: M. from: -385.3 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text: L. from: -359.2 till: -318.1 color:mississippian text: Miss. from: -318.1 till: -299 color:pennsylvanian text: Penn. from: -299 till: -270.6 color:earlypermian text: Early from: -270.6 till: -260.4 color:middlepermian text: M. from: -260.4 till: -251 color:latepermian text: L. from: -251 till: -245 color:earlytriassic text: E. from: -245 till: -228 color:middletriassic text: Mid. from: -228 till: -199.6 color:latetriassic text:

Late Late may refer to: * LATE, an acronym which could stand for: ** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia ** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law ** Local average treatment effect, ...

from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text: E. from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text: M. from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text: L. from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text: Early from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:

bar:eratop from: -542 till: -488.3 color:cambrian text: Cambrian from: -488.3 till: -443.7 color:ordovician text:

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya. T ...

from: -443.7 till: -416 color:silurian text: Silurian from: -416 till: -359.2 color:devonian text: Devonian from: -359.2 till: -299 color:carboniferous text: Carboniferous from: -299 till: -251 color:permian text:

from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:

Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system (stratigraphy), system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Year#Abbreviations yr and ya, Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 ...

from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...

from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:

PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:llandovery bar:NAM1 from: -422.9 till: -421.5 text:

Andreolepis ''Andreolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric fish, which lived around 420 million years ago. It was described by Walter Gross in 1968 based on scales found in the Hemse Formation in Gotland, Sweden. It is placed in the monogeneric family ...

color:llandovery bar:NAM2 from: -422.9 till: -418.7 text: Naxilepis color:llandovery bar:NAM3 from: -422.9 till: -416 text: Lophosteus color:llandovery bar:NAM4 from: -422.9 till: -397.5 text: Ligulalepis color:earlydevonian bar:NAM5 from: -416 till: -397.5 text: Dialiipina color:earlydevonian bar:NAM6 from: -416 till: -359.2 text: Osorioichthys color:middledevonian bar:NAM7 from: -397.5 till: -391.8 text: Stegotrachelus color:middledevonian bar:NAM8 from: -397.5 till: -385.3 text: Orvikuina color:middledevonian bar:NAM9 from: -397.5 till: -359.2 text:

Moythomasia ''Moythomasia'' (named for James Alan Moy-Thomas) is an extinct genus of early ray-finned fish from the Devonian period of Europe and Australia. ''Moythomasia'' was a small freshwater fish, long. It had relatively large eyes, presumably to fin ...

color:latedevonian bar:NAM10 from: -385.3 till: -374.5 text: Mimia color:latedevonian bar:NAM11 from: -364.3 till: -359.2 text: Tegeolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM12 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Whiteichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM13 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Watsonichthyes color:mississippian bar:NAM14 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Wardichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM15 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Styracopterus color:mississippian bar:NAM16 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Protamblyptera color:mississippian bar:NAM17 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Platysomus color:mississippian bar:NAM18 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paramesolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM19 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paragonatodus color:mississippian bar:NAM20 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Paradrydenius color:mississippian bar:NAM21 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Nematoptychius color:mississippian bar:NAM22 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Mesolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM23 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Gonatodus color:mississippian bar:NAM24 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Elonichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM25 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Drydenius color:mississippian bar:NAM26 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Cosmoptychius ''Cosmoptychius'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM27 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cornuboniscus color:mississippian bar:NAM28 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Cheirodopsis color:mississippian bar:NAM29 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text:

Brachypareion ''Brachypareion'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Tournaisian stage of the Mississippian epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM30 from: -359.2 till: -345.3 text: Acrolepis color:mississippian bar:NAM31 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Sundayichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM32 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Strepeoschema color:mississippian bar:NAM33 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Phanerosteon color:mississippian bar:NAM34 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Kentuckia color:mississippian bar:NAM35 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Canobius color:mississippian bar:NAM36 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Bendenius color:mississippian bar:NAM37 from: -359.2 till: -318.1 text: Aetheretmon color:mississippian bar:NAM38 from: -359.2 till: -299 text: Rhadinichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM39 from: -359.2 till: -299 text:

Cycloptychius ''Cycloptychius'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that existed in the Late Devonian epoch and the Carboniferous period in what is now France, Russia and the United Kingdom. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony f ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM40 from: -345.3 till: -328.3 text: Willomorichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM41 from: -345.3 till: -328.3 text: Dwykia color:mississippian bar:NAM42 from: -345.3 till: -318.1 text: Borichthys color:mississippian bar:NAM43 from: -318.1 till: -323.63 text: Wendyichths color:mississippian bar:NAM44 from: -318.1 till: -323.63 text: Cyranorhis color:mississippian bar:NAM45 from: -318.1 till: -318.1 text:

Paramblypterus ''Paramblypterus'' is an extinct genus of bony fish. This taxon would often fall under predation from Paleozoic tetrapods such as '' Sclerocephalus'' See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of ite ...

color:mississippian bar:NAM46 from: -318.1 till: -270.6 text: Coccocephalichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM47 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text: Nozamichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM48 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text: Illiniichthys color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM49 from: -308.23 till: -306.5 text:

Haplolepis ''Haplolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the late Moscovian stage of the Pennsylvanian epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. Li ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM50 from: -299 till: -294.6 text: Charleuxia color:earlypermian bar:NAM51 from: -299 till: -270.6 text: Uydenia color:earlypermian bar:NAM52 from: -299 till: -270.6 text: Palaeothrissum color:earlypermian bar:NAM53 from: -299 till: -270.6 text: Eigilia color:earlypermian bar:NAM54 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Westollia color:earlypermian bar:NAM55 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Igornella color:earlypermian bar:NAM56 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Decazella color:earlypermian bar:NAM57 from: -280 till: -270.6 text:

Burbonella ''Bourbonnella'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric freshwater bony fish that lived during the late Mississippian (geology), Mississippian (Carboniferous) and Asselian (Cisuralian/early Permian epoch) in what is now Burgundy (Autun, France), Rh ...

color:earlypermian bar:NAM58 from: -280 till: -270.6 text: Aedulla color:middlepermian bar:NAM59 from: -270.6 till: -260.4 text: Palaeoniscum color:middlepermian bar:NAM60 from: -270.6 till: -260.4 text:

Boreolepis ''Boreolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Wuchiapingian age (Lopingian/late Permian epoch) in what is now Clavering Island, Greenland, and Vologda Oblast, Russia. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM61 from: -260 till: -251 text: Trachelacanthus color:latepermian bar:NAM62 from: -260 till: -251 text: Tienshaniscus color:latepermian bar:NAM63 from: -260 till: -251 text: Sinoniscus color:latepermian bar:NAM64 from: -260 till: -251 text: Rhabdolepis color:latepermian bar:NAM65 from: -260 till: -251 text: Paralogoniscus color:latepermian bar:NAM66 from: -260 till: -251 text: Neuburgella color:latepermian bar:NAM67 from: -260 till: -251 text: Korutichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM68 from: -260 till: -251 text: Inichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM69 from: -260 till: -251 text: Gardinerichthys color:latepermian bar:NAM70 from: -260 till: -251 text:

Eurynotoides ''Eurynotoides'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations ...

color:latepermian bar:NAM71 from: -260 till: -251 text: Chichia color:latepermian bar:NAM72 from: -260 till: -251 text: Amblypterus color:latepermian bar:NAM73 from: -260 till: -251 text: Amblypterina color:latepermian bar:NAM74 from: -260 till: -228 text: Urosthenes color:earlytriassic bar:NAM75 from: -251 till: -245 text:

Stichopterus ''Stichopterus'' is an extinct genus of chondrostean ray-finned fish that lived during the Early Cretaceous epoch in Asia. It has been found in Russia (Murtoi Formation) and Mongolia. The type species, ''Stichopterus woodwardi'', was named an ...

color:earlytriassic bar:NAM76 from: -251 till: -245 text: Sakamenichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM77 from: -251 till: -245 text: Pteronisculus color:earlytriassic bar:NAM78 from: -251 till: -245 text: Helichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM79 from: -251 till: -245 text: Evenkia color:earlytriassic bar:NAM80 from: -251 till: -245 text: Dictyopype color:earlytriassic bar:NAM81 from: -251 till: -245 text: Daedalichthys color:earlytriassic bar:NAM82 from: -251 till: -245 text: Broovalia color:earlytriassic bar:NAM83 from: -251 till: -245 text: Atopocephala color:earlytriassic bar:NAM84 from: -251 till: -228 text: Boreosomus color:earlytriassic bar:NAM85 from: -251 till: -175.6 text: Birgeria color:earlytriassic bar:NAM86 from: -249.7 till: -199.6 text: Gyrolepis color:middletriassic bar:NAM87 from: -245 till: -237 text: Dorsolepis color:middletriassic bar:NAM88 from: -245 till: -237 text: Caruichthys color:middletriassic bar:NAM89 from: -245 till: -228 text: Gyrolepidoides color:middletriassic bar:NAM90 from: -245 till: -228 text: Aegicephalichthys color:latetriassic bar:NAM91 from: -203.6 till: -199.6 text: Scanilepis color:latetriassic bar:NAM92 from: -203.6 till: -199.6 text:

Fukangichthys ''Fukangichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic epoch. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM93 from: -199.6 till: -196.5 text: Browneichthys color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM94 from: -199.6 till: -194.2 text:

Cosmolepis ''Cosmolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM95 from: -196.5 till: -189.6 text: Plesiococcolepis color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM96 from: -196.5 till: -189.6 text: Centrolepis color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM97 from: -196.5 till: -175.6 text:

Chondrosteus ''Chondrosteus'' is a genus of extinct actinopterygian (ray-finned fish) belonging to the family Chondrosteidae. It lived during the Sinemurian (early Early Jurassic) in what is now England. ''Chondrosteus'' is remotely related to sturgeons and ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM98 from: -196.5 till: -140.2 text:

Coccolepis ''Coccolepis'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish in the family Coccolepididae. Originally including most species within the family, it is now restricted to two species from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany. The ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM99 from: -183 till: -180.53 text:

Strongylosteus ''Strongylosteus'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the early Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic epoch.Hennig, E. (1925). ''Chondrosteus Hindenburgi'' Pomp.---Ein «Stör» des württembergischen Ölschiefers ...

color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM100 from: -183 till: -164.7 text:

Gyrosteus ''Gyrosteus'' is an extinct genus of very large ray-finned fish belonging to the family Chondrosteidae. It comprises the type species, ''Gyrosteus mirabilis'', which lived during the early Toarcian (Late Early Jurassic) in what is now northern E ...

color:middlejurassic bar:NAM101 from: -167.7 till: -161.2 text:

Hulettia ''Hulettia'' is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States, measuring approximately three to four inches in length. This fish genus contains one species, ''H. americana''. Its body was covere ...

color:latejurassic bar:NAM102 from: -150.8 till: -149.03 text: Songanella color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM103 from: -145.5 till: -130 text: Psilichthys color:latecretaceous bar:NAM104 from: -83.5 till: -70.6 text: Asarotus PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -542 till: -513 color:earlycambrian text: Early from: -513 till: -501 color:middlecambrian text: M. from: -501 till: -488.3 color:latecambrian text: L. from: -488.3 till: -471.8 color:earlyordovician text: E. from: -471.8 till: -460.9 color:middleordovician text: M. from: -460.9 till: -443.7 color:lateordovician text: L. from: -443.7 till: -428.2 color:llandovery text: L. from: -428.2 till: -422.9 color:wenlock text: W. from: -422.9 till: -418.7 color:ludlow text: L. from: -418.7 till: -416 color:pridoli text: P from: -416 till: -397.5 color:earlydevonian text: E. from: -397.5 till: -385.3 color:middledevonian text: M. from: -385.3 till: -359.2 color:latedevonian text: L. from: -359.2 till: -318.1 color:mississippian text: Miss. from: -318.1 till: -299 color:pennsylvanian text: Penn. from: -299 till: -270.6 color:earlypermian text: Early from: -270.6 till: -260.4 color:middlepermian text: M. from: -260.4 till: -251 color:latepermian text: L. from: -251 till: -245 color:earlytriassic text: E. from: -245 till: -228 color:middletriassic text: Mid. from: -228 till: -199.6 color:latetriassic text:

bar:era from: -542 till: -488.3 color:cambrian text: Cambrian from: -488.3 till: -443.7 color:ordovician text:

from: -251 till: -199.6 color:triassic text:

from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:

from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:

References

External links

* * *
Palaeonisciformes
at

University of Bristol , mottoeng = earningpromotes one's innate power (from Horace, ''Ode 4.4'') , established = 1595 – Merchant Venturers School1876 – University College, Bristol1909 – received royal charter , type ...

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q144538 Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders Paraphyletic groups