In
mathematics, Maschke's theorem, named after
Heinrich Maschke
Heinrich Maschke (24 October 1853 in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) – 1 March 1908 Chicago, Illinois, USA) was a German mathematician who proved Maschke's theorem.
Maschke earned his Ph.D. degree from the University of Göttingen in ...
, is a theorem in
group representation
In the mathematical field of representation theory, group representations describe abstract groups in terms of bijective linear transformations of a vector space to itself (i.e. vector space automorphisms); in particular, they can be used to ...
theory that concerns the decomposition of representations of a
finite group into
irreducible pieces. Maschke's theorem allows one to make general conclusions about representations of a finite group ''G'' without actually computing them. It reduces the task of classifying all representations to a more manageable task of classifying
irreducible representations, since when the theorem applies, any representation is a
direct sum
The direct sum is an operation between structures in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is defined differently, but analogously, for different kinds of structures. To see how the direct sum is used in abstract algebra, consider a more ...
of irreducible pieces (constituents). Moreover, it follows from the
Jordan–Hölder theorem In abstract algebra, a composition series provides a way to break up an algebraic structure, such as a group or a module, into simple pieces. The need for considering composition series in the context of modules arises from the fact that many natura ...
that, while the decomposition into a direct sum of irreducible subrepresentations may not be unique, the irreducible pieces have well-defined
multiplicities. In particular, a representation of a finite group over a
field
Field may refer to:
Expanses of open ground
* Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes
* Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport
* Battlefield
* Lawn, an area of mowed grass
* Meadow, a grass ...
of
characteristic zero is determined up to
isomorphism by its
character.
Formulations
Maschke's theorem addresses the question: when is a general (finite-dimensional) representation built from irreducible
subrepresentation In representation theory, a subrepresentation of a representation (\pi, V) of a group ''G'' is a representation (\pi, _W, W) such that ''W'' is a vector subspace
In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear subspace, also kn ...
s using the
direct sum
The direct sum is an operation between structures in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is defined differently, but analogously, for different kinds of structures. To see how the direct sum is used in abstract algebra, consider a more ...
operation? This question (and its answer) are formulated differently for different perspectives on group representation theory.
Group-theoretic
Maschke's theorem is commonly formulated as a
corollary
In mathematics and logic, a corollary ( , ) is a theorem of less importance which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement. A corollary could, for instance, be a proposition which is incidentally proved while proving another ...
to the following result:
Then the corollary is
The
vector space of complex-valued
class functions of a
group
A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together.
Groups of people
* Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity
* Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...
has a natural
-invariant
inner product structure, described in the article
Schur orthogonality relations In mathematics, the Schur orthogonality relations, which were proven by Issai Schur through Schur's lemma, express a central fact about representations of finite groups.
They admit a generalization to the case of compact groups in general, and in ...
. Maschke's theorem was originally
proved for the case of representations over
by constructing
as the
orthogonal complement of
under this inner product.
Module-theoretic
One of the approaches to representations of finite groups is through
module theory
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a ring. The concept of ''module'' generalizes also the notion of abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the mo ...
. ''Representations'' of a group
are replaced by ''modules'' over its
group algebra