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The Myitsone Dam ( ; 'Confluence Dam') is a large
dam A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aqua ...
and
hydroelectric power Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is Electricity generation, electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's electricity, almost 4,210 TWh in 2023, which is more than all other Renewable energ ...
development project which was planned to be built in northern Myanmar (Burma). The proposed construction site is at the confluence of the Mali and N’mai rivers and the source of the Irawaddy River (Ayeyawady River). the project is suspended, but
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
has been lobbying for its revival. Had the dam been completed according to plans in 2017 it would have been the fifteenth largest hydroelectric power station in the world. The dam, planned to be long and high, was to be built by the Upstream Ayeyawady Confluence Basin Hydropower Company. The company is a joint venture of the China Power Investment Corporation (CPI), the Burmese Government's Ministry of Electric Power, and the Asia World Company. The dam was planned to have a generation capacity of 6,000
megawatt The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of Power (physics), power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantification (science), quantify the rate of Work ...
s and to produce electricity primarily for export to
Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...
, China. CPI contended that China would not be the electricity's primary market and stated that Myanmar would have first claim on the electricity generated, with the remainder or surplus sold for export. Opponents remained skeptical because most Burmese are not connected to the electrical grid, and doubted whether the dam would improve their livelihood. The dam project has been controversial in Burma due to its enormous flooded area, environmental impacts, location 60 miles from the Sagaing faultline, and uneven share of electricity output between the two countries. The Burmese public regards the Irrawaddy River as the birthplace of Burmese civilization. Although access to the Chinese market guarantees the dam's electricity sales, for many Burmese the Myitsone Dam represents growing Chinese influence in Burma which they perceive as "exploitative" to the country hitherto isolated by Western
economic sanctions Economic sanctions or embargoes are Commerce, commercial and Finance, financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of Coercion (international relations), coercion tha ...
. Even government officials have differing opinions on the project. On 30 September 2011, amid democratic reforms in the country, President
Thein Sein Thein Sein (; IPA: ; born 20 April 1944) is a Burmese politician and retired military general who served as the 9th President of Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. He previously served as prime minister from 2007 to 2010, and was considered by many ...
announced that the Myitsone Dam project was to be suspended during his tenure. Because the government appeared to have taken public opinion into account, the unexpected decision was seen as a reversal of the authoritarian rule since the coup in 1962.


Location

The dam site is below the confluence of the
Mali River The Mali River (Jingpho language, Jinghpaw: ''Mali Hka''; , ''Nam Kiu'') is a river that originates in the hills of Kachin State, in the northernmost border states of Myanmar, region of Myanmar. It flows approximately 320 km, before meeting ...
and the
N'Mai River The N'Mai River or N'Mai Hka (, ) is a river in northern Myanmar (Burma). The northern part of the river is sometimes referred to as the Nam Tamai. Course The N'Mai runs parallel to the Mali River, and has its source in the Himalayan glaciers of ...
about north of
Myitkyina Myitkyina (, ; Jingpho language, Jinghpaw: ''Myitkyina'', ; , ''Sèna'') is the capital city of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), located from Yangon, and from Mandalay. In Burmese language, Burmese it means "near the big river", and Myitkyina i ...
, the capital of
Kachin State Kachin State (; Jingpho language, Kachin: ) is the northernmost administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet and Yunnan, respectively), Shan State to the sou ...
, in northern Burma. The source of both the N'mai and Mali rivers is the Himalaya glaciers of northern Burma in the vicinity of 28° N. The easternmost of the two, N'mai river, is the larger stream and rises in the Languela Glacier north of Putao. It is not navigable due to its strong current, whereas the smaller western river, the Mali, is navigable, despite a few
rapids Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep stream gradient, gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. Flow, gradient, constriction, and obstacles are four factors that are needed for a rapid t ...
. The project site is in the politically unstable Kachin State. Since 1962, the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) has been waging war against Burmese military. Despite a ceasefire in 1994, clashes and bomb explosions occasionally occur near the dam site. In 2011, clashes between Burmese military and KIA intensified and the Burmese military ordered airstrikes in northern Kachin State.


History

The Myitsone Dam is part of the Confluence Region Hydropower Project (CRHP), which includes seven dams with a total installed capacity of 20,000 MW. CRHP alone accounts for 41% of the total power capacity called for by a 30-year strategic plan. Outlined in 2001, the plan includes 64 hydropower plants and three coal power plants with combined installed capacity of more than . The Myanmar Electrical Power Enterprise and the Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry scheduled the ''Irawaddy Myitsone Dam Multipurpose Water Utilization Project'' in 2001. The survey phase was initiated in 2003. First the government contracted the Japanese
Kansai Electric Power Company , also known as , is an electric utility with its operational area of Kansai region, Japan (including the Keihanshin megalopolis). The Kansai region is Japan's second-largest industrial area, and in normal times, its most nuclear-reliant. Bef ...
to build a small
weather station A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasting, weather forecasts and to study the weather and clima ...
at Tang Hpre village, near the confluence. Chinese and Burmese contractors, including Yunnan Machinery Equipment Import & Export Company (YMEC), Kunming Hydropower Institute of Design, surveyed the dam site. In 2006, Suntac Technologies Co. Ltd., a Burmese
geographic information system A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and Geographic information system software, software that store, manage, Spatial analysis, analyze, edit, output, and Cartographic design, visualize Geographic data ...
(GIS) mapping contractor set up an office at the monastery in Tang Hpre village. They also set up a temporary camp at Washawng village to facilitate transport of survey equipment from the YMEC company in China. In October, the Asia World Company built a project implementation camp on a hilltop at the dam site downstream from the confluence. When the camp was complete, Chinese technicians stayed and surveyed the area for five months. In December 2006, the Ministry of Electric Power No. 1 and the China Power Investment Corporation signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) for a project at Myitsone and a project at Chibwe. The design phase began in 2007. The Changjiang Design Institute of China sent several groups of design personnel and conducted geological drilling, reservoir inspection, and hydrological measuring near the dam site. To supply electricity for dam construction projects, the small , Chibwe Nge hydropower project was built in April 2007. In May, the ''New Light of Myanmar'' reported that the Ministry of Power No. 1 and CPI would build seven hydropower dams on the N'Mai and Irawaddy rivers. On 16 June 2009, Myanmar Ambassador Thein Lwin and President of China Power Investment Corporation Lu Qizhou signed a memorandum of agreement between the Department of Hydropower Implementation and the China Power Investment Corporation for the development, operation, and transfer of the hydropower projects in Maykha, Malikha and upstream of Irrawaddy-Myitsone River basins. In late-2009, a team of 80 Burmese and Chinese scientists and environmentalists published a 945 page environmental impact study of the Myitsone Dam for China Power Investment. It concluded that the dam should never be built. The Burma Rivers Network, which opposes the dam, obtained a copy of the report and made it public. The Ministry of Electric Power-1 responded that it had done its own environmental assessment and that the dam would be built regardless. The official opening ceremony of the dam construction phase was held on 21 December.


Economics

The majority of the total US$3.6 billion construction cost was to be covered by the China Power Investment Corporation in a joint venture with the Ministry of Electric Power No. 1 of Myanmar and the Asia World Company. The Burmese government would get 10% of the electricity generated and 15% of the project shares for land use. In addition, the government would charge a
withholding tax Tax withholding, also known as tax retention, pay-as-you-earn tax or tax deduction at source, is income tax paid to the government by the payer of the income rather than by the recipient of the income. The tax is thus withheld or deducted from the ...
and an export tax on electricity exported to China. After a fifty year period, the government would totally own the project. The Burmese government would earn about US$54 billion via tax payments, power and shares, accounting for 60% of the total revenue of the Irrawaddy projects during the contracted 50 years, more than CPI's return on investment during the fifty years Chinese operation period according to the president of CPI. However, the government economic calculations have been criticized for not considering potential environmental and societal impacts.


Design

The dam was planned to be a concrete faced rock-fill dam high and long, and projected to produce 6,000 MW of electricity by 2017. This is equivalent to 27% of the output of the
Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam (), officially known as Yangtze River Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project () is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River near Sandouping in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, central China, downs ...
In China, the world's largest electricity-generating plant of any kind. Minister of Electric Power Zaw Min claimed that the dam was designed to withstand an earthquake of 8.0
Richter Scale The Richter scale (), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and pr ...
, a scale that has never been recorded to have occurred in that region, and the most devastating flood of a millennium.


Power generation

The Myitsone Dam is the largest of the seven large dams currently planned on the Mali, N'Mai, and Irawaddy Rivers. The China Power Investment Corporation is project manager of the Confluence Region Hydropower Projects. The seven dams combined total design installed capacity is 20,000 MW of electricity. The dam is to provide electricity primarily to the
China Southern Power Grid China Southern Power Grid Company Limited (CSG; ) is one of the two Chinese state-owned enterprises established in 2002 in a power system reform promulgated by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, State Council, the other being ...
via its subsidiary, the Yunnan Power Grid Company, in
Yunnan Province Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...
and then on to the power hungry eastern coastal areas of
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, in conformity with the Chinese central government's "West to East Transmission Policy". The hydropower project was being implemented under an agreement signed in late-2006 with the state-owned China Power Investment Corporation and Burma's Ministry of Electric Power No 1. The dam and reservoir planning and construction is managed by the Burmese government in cooperation with the China Southern Power Grid and several subcontractors. The dam would also supply 10% of its generated electricity to the Myanmar power grid if needed. The Chipwi Nge Hydropower Project, which was installed to provide electricity for construction projects, began supplying electricity to
Myitkyina Myitkyina (, ; Jingpho language, Jinghpaw: ''Myitkyina'', ; , ''Sèna'') is the capital city of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), located from Yangon, and from Mandalay. In Burmese language, Burmese it means "near the big river", and Myitkyina i ...
, Chipwi, and the Myitsone Resettlement Village. However, few villagers have electrical devices. "We don't need to buy candles, this is the only useful thing" a villager said. They would prefer to have their productive land back.


Social impact

The dam is expected to flood including 47 villages near the construction site and about 11,800 local people would be relocated in the newly built resettlement villages. The activists in exile stated that the dam would submerge historical temples, churches, and cultural heritage sites important to Kachin identity and history and the natural heritage of the Kachin people in Myitsone area would be lost. In response, the government reported in the state-run newspaper, '' New Light of Myanmar'', that relocated villages from the project area had been provided with all forms of aids including water, electric power, and buildings and that the government also helped in relocation of religious buildings. CPI reported a total expense of 4.1 billion kyats in compensation and US$25 million in resettlement funding. The government stated that the remote region would benefit greatly from the new roads and access to electricity. Local communities pointed out other issues such as the dam's location on earthquake-prone zone. They opposed the dam site because it is less than from the major Sagaing fault line, posing a risk to basin inhabitants if an
earthquake An earthquakealso called a quake, tremor, or tembloris the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak they ...
weakened the dam or caused landslides in the reservoir. If the Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam broke during an earthquake, it would endanger the lives of hundred of thousands of people downstream in Kachin State's largest city, Myikyina. In response, the government said that the dam would withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 on the
Richter scale The Richter scale (), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and pr ...
. In an interview with
Xinhua News Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: ),J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English or New China News Agency, is the official State media, state news agency of the China, People's Republic ...
, Lu Qizhou, President of China Power Investment Corporation said that Myitsone Hydropower Station follows the standard of fortification intensity 9, two points above the intensity of Zipingbu Hydropower Station that withstood
2008 Sichuan earthquake An earthquake occurred in the province of Sichuan, China at 14:28:01 China Standard Time on May 12, 2008. Measuring at 8.0 (7.9–8.3 ), the earthquake's epicenter was located boxing the compass, west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial ...
of 8.0 Richter scale. On the other hand, Burmese scientists who carried out the environmental assessment recommended building two smaller dams farther upstream instead of building in an earthquake-prone zone.


Environmental impact

As with other large dam projects, the Myitsone Dam construction would alter the
hydrological Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydro ...
characteristics of the river and prevent
sediment Sediment is a solid material that is transported to a new location where it is deposited. It occurs naturally and, through the processes of weathering and erosion, is broken down and subsequently sediment transport, transported by the action of ...
from enriching the historically highly productive agricultural floodplains downstream. This can affect fertility as far downstream as the Irrawaddy Delta, the major rice producing area of
Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
. The government responded that officials had taken sediment accumulation into consideration, and that the Myitsone Dam would discharge accumulated sediment. Other consequences of flooding the reservoir include loss of farmland and loss of spawning habitat as some migratory fish will be able to swim upstream after dam completion. This would lead to lost income for fishermen according to Kachin environmental activist groups in exile. On the other hand, research by Biodiversity And Nature Conservation Association (BANCA) contradicts the activists' statement. BANCA's research asserts that commercial fishing is not reported from the project area. But it confirms that some resident aquatic species will be affected by the change in hydrological conditions. Ecological concerns focus on the inundation of an area that is the border of the Indo-Burma and South Central China
biodiversity hotspot A biodiversity hotspot is a ecoregion, biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened by human habitation. Norman Myers wrote about the concept in two articles in ''The Environmentalist'' in 1988 and 1990, after ...
. The Mali and N'mai River confluence region falls within the Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin
rainforest Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree Canopy (biology), canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can be generally classified as tropi ...
s. Nevertheless, the dam would increase the shipping capacity of
Irrawaddy River The Irrawaddy River (, , Ayeyarwady) is the principal river of Myanmar, running through the centre of the country. Myanmar’s most important commercial waterway, it is about 1,350 miles (2,170 km) long. Originating from the confluence of the ...
. The floods, currently an annual occurrence, would only occur once every twenty years. Since hydropower is renewable and green energy, the energy produced by the dam would decrease the need for polluting sources of energy such as
fossil fuel A fossil fuel is a flammable carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the buried remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants or microplanktons), a process that occurs within geolog ...
s. The construction and the maintenance of the dam would employ a large number of people.


Opposition

In Burma, the Irrawaddy River, on the bank of which major historic cities such as
Bagan Bagan ( ; ; formerly Pagan) is an ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar. From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that w ...
were built, is considered as the birthplace of Burmese civilization. For that reason, The Burmese public protests against the dam project, which would inevitably alter hydrological characteristics of the historic river. Moreover, the growing Chinese influence in Burma is seen as exploitative by Burmese people, due to its association with previous military junta. On the other hand, local villages have opposed the project since its proposal in 2001. According to the environmental organization International Rivers, in 2007, 12 local leaders from
Kachin State Kachin State (; Jingpho language, Kachin: ) is the northernmost administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet and Yunnan, respectively), Shan State to the sou ...
sent a letter to Senior General Than Shwe and the junta's Ministry of Electric Power, asking for the project to be cancelled. The Burma Rivers Network also sent a letter to the Chinese government asking Chinese companies operating in Burma to conduct environmental and social impact assessments, to release information publicly, and to consider the opinions of affected communities in the decision-making process. In a parliamentary session, government minister Zaw Min responded that an environmental impact study had been carried out by the Biodiversity And Nature Conservation Association (BANCA) at a cost of US$1.25 million and stated that Myitsone Dam Project was started only when the government had studied the possible environmental impacts. However, the results of BANCA's assessment were not disclosed publicly. Outside Burma, activists in exile have actively carried out protests in various countries. In February 2010, the UK-based Kachin National Organization (KNO) protested against construction of the dam in front of the Burmese Embassies in the UK, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that the US embassy in Yangon funded some of the activist groups. Within the country an activist was detained for what local authorities said were unrelated charges. Land rights activist and politician Daw Bauk Ja was arrested for
medical negligence Medical malpractice is a legal cause of action that occurs when a medical or health care professional, through a negligent act or omission, deviates from standards in their profession, thereby causing injury or death to a patient. The negligen ...
in 2013, though the case against her had been withdrawn years earlier. Skirmishes have been broken out between the Kachin Independence Army and the Burmese military over the dam issue since June 2011. On 17 April 2010, three bombs exploded close to the site of dam, reportedly killing four Chinese workers. The Burmese government blamed the Kachin Independence Army for planting the bombs. KIA has denied having anything to do with the Myitsone bombing. Domestic campaigns against the project are brought together by political activists including
Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish language, Swedish and ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the Will and testament, will of Sweden, Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Nobe ...
laureate
Aung San Suu Kyi Aung San Suu Kyi (born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese politician, diplomat, author, and political activist. She was awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize. She served as State Counsellor of Myanmar and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar), Ministe ...
, conservationists, scholars, poets, and journalists. Local media openly criticized the lack of transparency in dam project. Journalists argued that the deal was agreed by previous government without considering public opinions. Despite the opposition, Minister Zaw Min for the Ministry of Electric Power responded that the government would continue this project up to the completion. In September 2011 he conceded that despite promised benefits from the project, it may be appropriate to minimize the environmental impacts by redesigning the tunnel, lowering the dam's height, and reducing its water storage capacity, and reassessing environmental impacts. He also agreed that final decision should depend on the environmental impact assessment report by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry and the study by the Engineer Group.


Suspension

On 30 September 2011, in an address to the parliament, Burma's president
Thein Sein Thein Sein (; IPA: ; born 20 April 1944) is a Burmese politician and retired military general who served as the 9th President of Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. He previously served as prime minister from 2007 to 2010, and was considered by many ...
announced that the Myitsone Dam project would be halted during the term of his government. The letter from the president consisted of ten points including, The decision was universally acclaimed by environmentalists, political activists and the locals alike. It is considered as "a rare reversal" in that for the first time, the government had listened to the people in face of public opposition. Western nations including EU and the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
welcomed the President's decision. In response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei stated that the Chinese government has urged the Burmese government to protect the legal and legitimate rights and interests of Chinese companies. He reminded that the Myitsone Dam is a jointly invested project between China and Myanmar, and one that has been thoroughly examined by both sides. He also confirmed that the matters would be resolved through friendly consultation. The president of CPI, Lu Qizhou, has warned that a halt in construction could lead to legal action. In October 2011, Myanmar Foreign Minister traveled to Beijing to settle the dispute.


Aftermath

On 2 April 2012, Weekly Eleven news, a private Burmese news journal, broke news of ongoing activities by CPI and Asia World on the Myitsone project site. In April 2012, a leaked government document stated that work on the dam has continued, with work to officially resume within 6 months. The letter is a request for the
Kachin State Kachin State (; Jingpho language, Kachin: ) is the northernmost administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet and Yunnan, respectively), Shan State to the sou ...
government to provide temporary ID cards for 500 engineers and the tax-free import of 10,000 tons of construction equipment (cement, trucks, bulldozers, excavators). The Kachin State government responded that the letter is a forgery. However, uncertainties exist as Chinese workers remain present in the area. In March 2012, villagers who had been evicted from the dam work site in 2009 to 2010 and had returned to reclaim their original homes, were forcibly evicted by the Burmese army. The TangHpre villagers demonstrated again when the Chinese Diplomat and Myanmar governance Organization met to restart the Myitsone Dam Project in Palm Spring Hotel on 4 July 2016.


Analysis

Although the President Thein Sein's decision has been widely applauded, experts caution that Sino-Burma relation could be ultimately harmed by the suspension. Nicholas Farrelly, a Southeast Asia specialist at the
Australian National University The Australian National University (ANU) is a public university, public research university and member of the Group of Eight (Australian universities), Group of Eight, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton, A ...
in
Canberra Canberra ( ; ) is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the Federation of Australia, federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's list of cities in Australia, largest in ...
said that while there would inevitably be some short-term damage to bilateral relations, pragmatism would override any potential for long-term animosity. The issue is further exacerbated by the massacre of 13 Chinese sailors near Burma-Thailand border. However, should the project be terminated entirely, the Burmese government would face legal and financial liability associated with the investments and prior agreements. Internationally, the suspension is considered as one of the democratic reforms along with other engagements such as dialogues with pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and release of some political prisoners. Marie Lall, a BBC South Asia analyst attributes Burma's bid for the ASEAN chair in 2014, the needs to reform the economy for
ASEAN Free Trade Area The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local trade and manufacturing in all ASEAN countries, and facilitating economic integration with regional and international all ...
and the government's desire to win the election in 2015 as the main motives of the reforms.


References


External links

* (2008) Chiang Mai: Kachin Environment Organization]
''Damming the Irrawaddy'' (Burmese)

''Damming the Irrawaddy'' (Chinese)
{{stack, {{Portal, Water, Renewable energy Dams in Myanmar Dam controversies Proposed hydroelectric power stations Hydroelectric power stations in Myanmar Kachin State Concrete-face rock-fill dams Proposed renewable energy power stations in Myanmar