Uralic The Uralic languages ( ), sometimes called the Uralian languages ( ), are spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Other languages with speakers abo ...

is a language family located in Northern

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

, in the countries of

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

(where Uralic languages are spoken by the majority of the population), in other countries Uralic languages are spoken by a minority of the population, these languages are spoken in far-northern

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

(in most of the

Finnmark Finnmark (; ; ; ; ) is a counties of Norway, county in northern Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland's Lapland (Finland), Lapland region to the south, and Russia's Murmansk Oblast to the east, and by water, the Norweg ...

region and other regions of the far-north), in far-northern

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

(in some areas of

Norrland Norrland (, , originally ''Norrlanden'', meaning 'the Northlands') is the northernmost, largest and least populated of the three traditional lands of Sweden, consisting of nine provinces. Although Norrland does not serve any administrative p ...

), and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

(where Uralic languages are also spoken by a minority of its population, although there is a significant number of speakers in some

Federal subjects The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation () or simply as the subjects of the federation (), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions. According to the Cons ...

- republics and autonomous districts or autonomous okrugs of Northern Russia, these languages are spoken in

Udmurtia Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital city, capital is the types of inhabited localities in Russi ...

Komi Republic The Komi Republic (; ), sometimes simply referred to as Komi, is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia. Its capital city, capital is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of Syktyvka ...

Mordvinia Mordovia ( ),; Moksha language, Moksha and officially the Republic of Mordovia,; ; is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia, situated in Eastern Europe. Its capital city, capital is the types of inhabited localities in Russia, city of S ...

Mari-El Mari El,; ; officially the Mari El Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is in the European region of the country, along the northern bank of the Volga River, and administratively part of the Volga Federal District. The republic has a populat ...

Karelia Karelia (; Karelian language, Karelian and ; , historically Коре́ла, ''Korela'' []; ) is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Russia (including the Soviet Union, Soviet era), Finland, and Sweden. It is currentl ...

, in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and

Taymyr Autonomous Okrug Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (, '; Enets language, Enets: Таймыр Оша-Дюрак район, Nenets languages, Nenets: Таймыр Долганы-Ненэцие район) was a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of R ...

and also in the former area of

Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (; ) was an autonomous okrug of the Russian SFSR and the Russian Federation, administered by Perm Oblast. It was established on February 26, 1925 as an administrative division for Komi-Permyaks, a branch of the ...

, now part of the

Perm Krai Perm Krai (, ; ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (a Krais of Russia, krai), located in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is Perm, Russia, Perm. The population of the krai was 2,532,405 (2021 Russian census, 2021 ...

, other areas where Uralic languages are spoken in Russia are for example the

Kola Peninsula The Kola Peninsula (; ) is a peninsula in the extreme northwest of Russia, and one of the largest peninsulas of Europe. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is border ...

). In

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

, in some of the far-northern coastal areas of

Courland Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were ...

(

Kurzeme Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were ...

) region, a dead Uralic language was spoken: Livonian. Uralic languages are spoken by about 25 million people. The main Uralic languages in number of speakers are Hungarian (12-13 million), Finnish (5.4 million) and

Estonian Estonian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Estonia, a country in the Baltic region in northern Europe * Estonians, people from Estonia, or of Estonian descent * Estonian language * Estonian cuisine * Estonian culture See also

...

(1.1 million), that are also national and official languages of sovereign states.

Ancestral

Proto-Uralic Proto-Uralic is the unattested reconstructed language ancestral to the modern Uralic language family. The reconstructed language is thought to have been originally spoken in a small area in about 7000–2000 BCE (estimates vary), and then exp ...

Samoyedic

Proto-Samoyedic Proto-Samoyedic, or Proto-Samoyed, is the reconstructed ancestral language of the Samoyedic languages: Nenets (Tundra and Forest), Enets, Nganasan, Selkup, as well as extinct Kamas and Mator. Samoyedic is one of the principal branches of ...

(ancestral) ** Nganasan (Tavgy, Tavgi, Tawgi, Tawgi-Samoyed) (''Njaʔ'' / ''Ŋanasan Næ’'') ***''Avam'' ***''Vadey'' **

Mator Mator or Motor is an extinct Uralic languages, Uralic language belonging to the group of Samoyedic languages, extinct since around 1839. It was spoken in the northern region of the Sayan Mountains in Siberia, close to the Mongolian north bord ...

(Motor, Taigi, Karagas) (extinct) ***''Mator proper'' / ''Motor'' ***' ***' **Core Samoyedic ***Nenets-Enets ****

Nenets The Nenets (; ), in the past also called 'Samoyeds' or 'Yuraks', are a Samoyedic ethnic group native to Arctic Russia, Russian Far North. According to the latest census in 2021, there were 49,646 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them l ...

(Yurak) ***** Forest Nenets (''Nešaŋ wata'') *****

Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets is a Uralic language spoken in European Russia and North-Western Siberia. It is the largest and best-preserved language in the Samoyedic group. Tundra Nenets is closely related to the Nganasan and Enets language, and more distant ...

(''N’enytsia Wada'' / ''Nenyotsya’’ Wada'') ****Transitional Nenets-Enets ***** Yurats (extinct) ****

Enets The Enets (, ; singular: , ; also known as Yenetses, Entsy, Entsi, Yenisei or Yenisey Samoyeds) are a Samoyedic ethnic group who live on the east bank, near the mouth, of the Yenisei River. Historically they were nomadic people. As of 2002, most ...

(Yenets, Yenisei-Samoyed) ***** Forest Enets (''Bay Ona’ Bazaan'') ***** Tundra Enets (''Madu Ona’ Bazaan'') ***Selkup-Kamas **** Selkup (Ostyak-Samoyed) (''Šöl’ Qumyt Əty'') *****'' Northern Selkup'' *****''Central Selkup'' *****''Southern Selkup'' ''(not to be confused with Ket)'' ****

Kamas Kamas may mean * Kamas, Utah * Kamas (raga), a ragam in Carnatic music * KAMAS (program), an acronym for ''Knowledge and Mind Amplification System'', an outline processor * Kamasins, a Samoyedic people * Kamassian language, an extinct Samoyedic lan ...

(extinct) ***** ''Kamassian proper'' ***** '' Koibal/Koybal''

Ob-Ugric

*Proto-Ob-Ugric (ancestral) **

Mansi Mansi may refer to: * Mansi people, an Indigenous people of Russia ** Mansi language *Mansi (name), given name and surname *Mansi Junction railway station * Mansi Township, Myanmar ** Mansi, Myanmar, a town in the Kachin State of Myanmar (Burma) * ...

''(Vogul)'' (a group of related languages, not a single language) *** Southern Mansi (all extinct) ****''Chusovaya'' ''(spoken in the western slopes of the

Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains ( ),; , ; , or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural (river), Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

, to the east of

Kama river The Kama ( , ; ; ), also known as the Chulman ( ; ), is a long«Река КАМА»
Russian St ...

, in the European side)'' ****''Tagil'' ****''Tura'' ****''Tavda'' (Tavdin) ***Core Mansi **** Central Mansi ***** Western Mansi (extinct) (''Маньсь Льӓх'' , '' Man's' L'äh'') ******''Vishera'' ''(spoken in the western slopes of the

, to the east of

Kama river The Kama ( , ; ; ), also known as the Chulman ( ; ), is a long«Река КАМА»
Russian St ...

, in the European side)'' ******''Pelym'' ******''North Vagilsk'' ******''South Vagilsk'' ******''Lower Lozva'' ******''Middle Lozva'' ***** Eastern Mansi (Kondin) (extinct) (''Маньсь Лынгх'' , ''Man's' Liŋh'') ******''Lower Konda'' ******''Middle Konda'' ******''Upper Konda'' ******''Jukonda'' **** Northern Mansi (''Ма̄ньси Ла̄тыӈ '', '' Maan's'i Laatyŋ'') (base of the standard and literary Mansi language) *****''Upper Lozva'' *****''Sosva'' *****''Sygva'' *****''Ob'' **

Khanty The Khanty (), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (), are a Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as " Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the K ...

(Ostyak) (''Hantĭ jasaŋ'' / ''Khantõ Yasõŋ'' / ''Kantõk Yasõŋ'') (a group of related languages, not a single language) ***Western Khanty **** Northern Khanty *****''Obdorsk/Obdorian'' ''(Salekhard Khanty)'' *****''Berjozov'' ''(Synja, Muzhi, Shurishkar), Kazym, Sherkal'' ''(Ob dialects)'' ****Transitional Northern-Southern Khanty ***** Atlym-Nizyam Khanty ******''Atlym'' ******''Nizyam'' **** Southern Khanty (Irtysh Khanty) (extinct) *****''Upper Demjanka'' *****''Lower Demjanka'' *****''Konda'' *****''Cingali'' *****''Krasnojarsk'' ***Transitional Western-Eastern Khanty **** Salym Khanty *** Eastern Khanty **** Surgut Khanty ***** ''Jugan'' ***** ''Malij Jugan'' ***** ''Pim'' ***** ''Likrisovskoe'' ***** ''Tremjugan'' / ''Tromagan'' **** Far Eastern Khanty ***** ''Vakh'' ***** ''Vasjugan'' ***** ''Verkhne-Kalimsk'' ***** ''Vartovskoe''

Magyar

* Proto-Hungarian (Proto-Magyar) ** Old Hungarian (ancestral) *** Hungarian (Magyar) (''Magyar Nyelv'') ****''Northeast Hungary'' ''(Északkeleti)'' ****''

Palóc The Palóc are a subgroup of Hungarians in Northern Hungary and southern Slovakia. While the Palóc have retained distinctive traditions, including a very divergent dialect of Hungarian, the Palóc are also ethnic Hungarians by general consensu ...

'' ''(Northwest)'' ''(Hungarian dialect with Cuman = Polovtsian, Khazar, Kabar and Pecheneg Turkic substrates, especially in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, in

Jászság Jászság ("Jaszygia", ) is a historical, ethnographical and geographical region in Hungary. Its territory is situated in the north-western part of the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. The main town in the region is Jászberény. Jászság is inha ...

there is a Hungarian dialect with an Ossetian

Sarmatian The Sarmatians (; ; Latin: ) were a large confederation of Ancient Iranian peoples, ancient Iranian Eurasian nomads, equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic–Caspian steppe, Pontic steppe from about the 5th century BCE to the 4t ...

substrate)'' ****''Tisza–Körös'' ''(Tiszai)'' ****''Southern Great Plain'' ****''Southern Transdanubian'' ****''Central Transdanubian'' – ''Little Hungarian Plain'' ****''Western Transdanubian'' ****''Transylvanian Plain'' ****'' Székely'' ''(East Transylvanian)'' ****'' Csángó'' ''(West Moldavian Hungarian)''

Permic The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,00 ...

*Proto-Permic (ancestral) ** Udmurt (Votyak) (''Udmurt kyl'') ***''Southern Udmurt'' ***''Northern Udmurt'' ''(spoken along

Cheptsa River The Cheptsa (; ) is a river in the north part of Udmurtian Republic (Udmurtia) and eastern Kirov Oblast, in Russia. It flows through the city Glazov and flows into the Vyatka in Kirovo-Chepetsk, east of Kirov. It is long, and its drainage bas ...

)'' ***''

Besermyan The Besermyan, Biserman, Besermans or Besermens (, , ) are a numerically small Permians, Permian people in Russia. The Russian Empire Census of 1897 listed 10,800 Besermans. There were 10,000 Besermans in 1926, but the Russian Census (2002), Russ ...

'' ''(spoken by the strongly Turkified

s)'' ** Komi (''Komi kyv'') *** Komi-Permyak (''Perem Komi kyv'') ****''Southern'' *****''/v/ type'' ******''Kudymkar-Inva'' ******''Lower Inva'' *****''Southern (/l/ type)'' ******''On'' ******''Nerdva'' ****''Northern'' *****''/l/ type'' ******''Upper Lupya'' ******''Mysy'' ''(former rural council)'' ******''Kosa-Kama'' ******''Kochevo'' ******''Zyuzdino'' ''(Afanasyevo)'' ******''Yazva'' *** Komi-Yodzyak (Yodzyak, Komi-Jazva, Vishera) (''Komi-Yodz kyl'') *** Komi-Zyryan (Komi, Komi-Zyrian, Zyrian) (basis of the standard literary language) (''Komi kyv'') ****''Old Komi'' ''(written in the

Old Permic script The Old Permic script (, ), sometimes known by its initial two characters as Abur or Anbur, is a "highly idiosyncratic adaptation" of the Cyrillic script once used to write medieval Komi (a member of the Permic branch of Finno-Ugric languages ...

)'' (extinct) ****''Syktyvkar'' ****''Lower Vychegda'' ****''Central Vychegda'' ****''Luza-Letka'' ****''Upper Sysola'' ****''Upper Vychegda'' ****''Pechora'' ****''Izhma'' ''(spoken by the

Izhma Komi The Izhma Komi (Russian: '; endonym: ; Nenets: нысма, ''nysma'') is a sub-group of the much larger Komi people, who traditionally reside in the north of the Komi Republic, primarily in the Izhemsky District, but also in the Nenets Autonom ...

)'' ****''Vym'' ****''Udora''

Mari

( Mari

dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ...

) *Proto-Mari (ancestral) ** Mari (

Cheremis The Mari ( ), also formerly known as the Cheremis or Cheremisses, are a Finno-Ugric people in Eastern Europe, who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. They live mostly in the Mari El republic, with significant min ...

) (''Marii jõlme'') (a group of related languages, not a single language) *** Eastern-Meadow Mari ****

Eastern Mari Eastern Mari may refer to: * Eastern Mari people * Meadow Mari language Meadow Mari, also known as Meadow-Eastern Mari or Eastern Mari, is a standardised dialect of the Mari language used by about half a million people mostly in European Russia ...

**** Meadow Mari (''Olykmarla'') *****''Meadow Mari Proper'' *****''Sernur-Morkin'' *****''Volga'' *****''Yoshkar-Olin'' ***Transitional Meadow Mari-Hill Mari **** Northwestern Mari (''Jůtnṳ̊mäl-käsvel Mare jÿlmÿ'') *****''Yaransk dialect'' ''(the largest by number of speakers and spread territory, Northwestern Mari standardized variety)'' ******''Kiknur subdialect'' ******''Tuzha subdialect'' ******''Sanchursk subdialect'' *****''Tonshaevo dialect'' *****''Lipsha dialect'' *****''Sharanga dialect'' *** Hill Mari / Western Mari (''Kyryk Mary jÿlmÿ'') ****''Kozymodemyan'' ****''Yaran''

Mordvinic

Moksha-Erzya-Shoksha dialects in Mordovia map

*Proto-Mordvinic (ancestral) ** Erzya (''Eŕźań keľ'') ***''Central group'' ''(E-I)'' ***''Western group'' ''(E-II)'' ***''Northern group'' ''(E-III)'' ***''Southeastern group'' ''(E-IV)'' ***''

Shoksha Shoksha (, ) is an ethnographic group of Erzya people. It is named after the village of in Tengushevsky District, Mordovia.Шаронов С. М., ''Шокша: Историко-этногрофический очерк'', Saransk, 2004, They ...

'' ''(E-V)'' **

Moksha ''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...

(''Mokšəń käľ'') ***''Central group'' ''(M-I)'' ***''Western group'' ''(M-II)'' ***''South-Eastern group'' ''(M-III)''

Finnic

( Finnic

) *

Proto-Finnic Proto-Finnic or Proto-Baltic-Finnic is the common ancestor of the Finnic languages, which include the national languages Finnish language, Finnish and Estonian language, Estonian. Proto-Finnic is not attested in any texts, but has been linguisti ...

(ancestral) **Inland Finnic ***

South Estonian South Estonian, or Võro-Seto, is a Finnic language spoken in south-eastern Estonia, encompassing the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto dialects. Diachronically speaking, Estonian and South Estonian are in separate branches of the Finnic langua ...

(''Lõuna Eesti kiil'') ****''Eastern South Estonian'' *****''

Kraasna Krasnogorodsk (; ) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Krasnogorodsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the Sinyaya River south of Pskov. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnogorodsk Urban S ...

'' (extinct) *****''

Ludza Ludza (; , , , , ''Ludza'') is a town in the Latgale region of eastern Latvia. Ludza is the oldest town in Latvia and this is commemorated by a key in its coat of arms. Ludza is the administrative centre of Ludza Municipality that is located near ...

'' (extinct) *****''

Seto Seto may refer to: Places *Seto, Aichi, production place of Japanese pottery and venue of Expo 2005 * Seto, Ehime, facing the Seto Inland Sea * Seto, Okayama, adjacent to Okayama, in Okayama Prefecture *Seto Inland Sea of Japan *Setomaa (''Seto ...

'' *****''

Võro Võro may refer to: * Võro people, an ethnic group of Estonia * Võro language, a language belonging to the Baltic-Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages of Estonia * Võro Institute, the governing organization of the Võro language * Õil ...

'' ****''

Leivu Gauja Estonians (, ''Leivu maarahvas'' or ''leivud''; – 'Vidzeme Estonians' or ''leivi'') were Estonians who lived along Gauja river in Latvia. History Gauja Estonians are most likely native to their homelands. There are mentions of Chudes liv ...

'' (extinct) ****'' Mulgi'' ****''

Tartu Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after Tallinn. Tartu has a population of 97,759 (as of 2024). It is southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres (152 miles) northeast of Riga, Latvia. Tartu lies on the Emajõgi river, which connects the ...

'' **Coastal Finnic ***Gulf of Riga Finnic **** Livonian (''Līvõ kēļ'' / ''Rānda keel'') (extinct) *****''Courland Livonian'' ''(extinct)'' ''(with revival attempts)'' *****''Salaca Livonian'' ''(extinct)'' ***Gulf of Finland Finnic ****Central Finnic *****

...

(North Estonian) (''Eesti keel'') ******''Central Estonian'' (basis of

Standard Estonian Estonian ( ) is a Finnic language and the official language of Estonia. It is written in the Latin script and is the first language of the majority of the country's population; it is also an official language of the European Union. Estonian is sp ...

but not identical) ******''Eastern Estonian'' ******''Insular Estonian'' ******''Western Estonian'' ***** Northeastern coastal Estonian (?) (''Kirderannikumurre'') ******''Alutaguse dialect'' ******''Coastal'' *****

Votic Votic or Votian (, ) , is a Finnic language spoken by the Vots of Ingria, belonging to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Votic is spoken only in Krakolye (now part of Ust-Luga) and Luzhitsy, two villages in Kingiseppsky District in ...

(''Vad’d’a tšeeli'' / ''Mā tšeeli'' / / ''Vadyaa cheli'') (nearly extinct) ******''Eastern Votic'' (extinct) ******''Western Votic'' ******'' Krevinian'' (extinct) ******'' Kukkuzi'' ****Northern Finnic ***** Finnish (''Suomi'' / ''Suomen kieli'') ******'' Standard Finnish'' - ''Yleiskieli'' ****** Fingelska ******''

Colloquial Finnish Colloquial or spoken Finnish () is the unstandardized spoken variety of the Finnish language, in contrast with the standardized form of the language (). It is used primarily in personal communication and varies somewhat between the different diale ...

'' - ''Puhekieli'' - ''spoken language'' *******''Western dialects'' ********'' Southwestern dialects'' ''(Lounaismurteet)'' *********''Southern dialect group'' *********''Northern dialect group'' ********''Southwestern transitional dialects'' *********''Pori region dialects'' *********''Ala-Satakunta dialects'' *********''dialects of Turku highlands'' *********''Somero region dialects'' *********''Western Uusimaa dialects'' ********'' Tavastian dialects'' ''(Hämäläismurteet)'' *********''Ylä-Satakunta dialects'' *********''Heart Tavastian dialects'' *********''Southern Tavastian dialects'' *********''Southeastern Tavastian dialects'' **********''Hollola dialect group'' **********''Porvoo dialect group'' **********''Iitti dialect group'' ********''Southern Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' ''(Eteläpohjalaiset murteet)'' ********''Middle and Northern Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' ''(Keski- ja Pohjoispohjalaiset murteet)'' *********''Middle Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' *********''Northern Botnian (Ostrobothnian) dialects'' ********''

Peräpohjola dialects The Peräpohjola dialects () are a group of Finnish dialects traditionally spoken in the regions of Lapland, Norrbotten and Finnmark. However, due to primarily historical, political and sociological reasons, some traditional Peräpohja dialects h ...

'' ''(Peräpohjalaiset murteet)'' ''Far-Northern dialects'' *********''Tornio dialects'' ''("Meänkieli" in Sweden) (

Tornedalian Tornedalians (; ; ) are an ethnic minority native to the Torne Valley (Meänmaa) region in northern Sweden and Finland. Tornedalians were officially recognized as a national minority in Sweden in 2000. Tornedalians divide themselves into three di ...

/ Tornedalian Finnish)'' *********''Kemi dialects'' *********''Kemijärvi dialects'' *********''Jällivaara dialects'' ''("Meänkieli" in Sweden)'' ''(

/ Tornedalian Finnish)'' *********''Ruija dialects'' ''("

Kven language Kven ( or ; or ; or ; ) is a Finnic language or a group of Finnish dialects spoken in the northernmost parts of Norway by the Kven people. For political and historical reasons, it received the status of a minority language in 2005 within the ...

" in Northern Norway)'' ''( Kven Finnish)'' ''(Kvääni / Kväänin kieli / Kainu / Kainun kieli)'' *******''Eastern dialects'' ********''

Savonian dialects The Savo dialects (also called Savonian dialects or Savo Finnish) () are forms of the Finnish language spoken in Savo and other parts of Eastern Finland. Finnish dialects are grouped broadly into Eastern and Western varieties; Savo dialects are o ...

'' ''(Savolaismurteet)'' *********''Northern Savonian dialects'' *********''Southern Savonian dialects'' *********''Middle dialects of Savonlinna region'' *********''Eastern Savonian dialects or the dialects of North Karelia'' *********'' Kainuu dialects'' *********''Central Finland dialects'' *********''Päijänne Tavastia dialects'' *********''Keuruu-Evijärvi dialects'' *********''Savonian dialects of Värmland (Sweden)'' ''(once spoken by the

Forest Finns Forest Finns (, Bokmål, Norwegian bokmål: ''skogfinner'', Nynorsk, Norwegian nynorsk: ''skogfinnar'', ) were Finns, Finnish migrants from Savonia (historical province), Savonia and Northern Tavastia (historical province), Tavastia in Finland w ...

- Metsäsuomalaiset)'' *********'' Värmland Savonian dialect'' (extinct) ********''Southeastern dialects'' ''(Kaakkoismurteet)'' *********''Proper Southeastern dialects'' *********''Middle dialects of Lemi region'' *********''

Ingrian dialects Ingrian dialects () are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken in Russia, Finland and Sweden. In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns left in Russia. The Ingrian di ...

'' ''(in Russia)'' ***** Ingrian (''Ižoran keel'') ******''Hevaha'' (extinct) ******''Lower Luga'' ******''Kukkozi dialect'' (?) (nearly extinct) ******''Orodezhi (Upper Luga)'' (extinct) ******''Soikkola dialect'' ***** Karelian (''Karjala'' / ''Kariela'' / ''Karjalan kielii'') (not to be confused with the Karelian dialects of Finnish although there is some

between the two) ******

Livvi Livvi-Karelian (Alternate names: ''Liygi'', ''Livvi'', ''Livvikovian'', ''Olonets'', ''Southern Olonetsian'', ''Karelian''; ) is a supradialect of Karelian, which is a Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Olonets Karelians (self-app ...

(

Olonets Karelian Livvi-Karelian (Alternate names: ''Liygi'', ''Livvi'', ''Livvikovian'', ''Olonets'', ''Southern Olonetsian'', ''Karelian''; ) is a supradialect of Karelian, which is a Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Olonets Karelians (self-app ...

) (''Livvi'' / ''Livvin kieli'') ******

Karelian proper Karelian Proper () is a supradialect of the Karelian language, which is a Finnic language. Karelian Proper is one of two/three Karelian dialects, along with Livvi-Karelian and Ludic. Karelian Proper is a direct descendent of the Old Karelian ...

(''Karjala'' / ''Kariela'' / ''Karjalan kielii'') *******''Northern Karelian'' ''(Viena)'' *******''Southern Karelian'' ***** Vepsian ****** Ludic (''Lüüdi'' / ''Lüüdi kiel'') *******''Northern Ludic'' *******''Central Ludic'' *******''Kuuďärv Ludic'' ****** Veps (''Vepsän kelʹ'' / ''Vepsän kel) *******''Northern Veps'' ''(Onega Veps)'' *******''Central Veps'' *******''Southern Veps''

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ne ...

(

Sami Acronyms * SAMI, ''Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange'', a closed-captioning format developed by Microsoft * Saudi Arabian Military Industries, a government-owned defence company * South African Malaria Initiative, a virtual expertise ne ...

) * Proto-Sami (ancestral) **Eastern Sami ***Mainland **** Inari Sami (''Anarâškielâ'') **** Kemi Sami (extinct) **** Skolt Sami (''Sääʹmǩiõll'' / ''Nuõrttsääʹmǩiõll'') **** Akkala Sami (extinct) (''Са̄мь кел'' / ''Ӓ̄һкельса̄мь кел'') **** Kainuu Sami (extinct) ***Peninsular (Kola Sámi) ****

Kildin Sami Kildin may refer to: * Kildin Island Kildin (also Kilduin; , North Sami: Gieldasuolu) is a small Russian island in the Barents Sea, off the Russian shore and about 120 km from Norway. Administratively, Kildin belongs to the Murmansk Obla ...

(''Са̄мь кӣлл'' / ''Кӣллтса̄мь кӣлл'') ****

Ter Sami Ter or TER may refer to: Places * River Ter, in Essex, England * Ter (river), in Catalonia * Ter (department), a region in France * Torre (river), (Slovene: ''Ter''), a river in Italy * Ter, Ljubno, a settlement in the Municipality of Ljubno ob Sa ...

(''Са̄ме кӣлл'' / ''Тарьеса̄ме кӣлл'') **Western Sami languages ***Northwestern ****

Northern Sami Northern may refer to the following: Geography * North, a point in direction * Northern Europe, the northern part or region of Europe * Northern Highland, a region of Wisconsin, United States * Northern Province, Sri Lanka * Northern Range, a ...

(''Davvisámegiella'') *****''Torne Sami'' *****''Finnmark Sami'' *****''Sea Sami'' ****Northwestern proper *****

Lule Sami Lule Sámi (, , ) is a Uralic- Sámi language spoken around the Lule River in Sweden and in the northern parts of Nordland county in Norway. In Norway it is especially seen in Hamarøy Municipality (formerly Tysfjord Municipality), where Lule ...

(''Julevsámegiella'') ******''Northern dialects:'' ''Sörkaitum, Sirkas and Jåkkåkaska in Sweden, Tysfjord in Norway'' ******''Southern dialects:'' ''Tuorpon in Sweden'' ******''Forest dialects:'' ''Gällivare and Serri in Sweden'' ***** Pite Sami (''Bidumsámegiella'') ******''Northern dialects:'' ''Luokta-Mávas in Sweden'' ******''Central dialects:'' ''Semisjaur-Njarg in Sweden'' ******''Southern dialects:'' ''Svaipa in Sweden'' ***Southwestern ****

Ume Sami ''Prunus mume'', the Chinese plum or Japanese apricot, is a tree species in the family Rosaceae. Along with bamboo, the plant is intimately associated with art, literature, and everyday life in China, from where it was then introduced to Kor ...

(''Ubmejesámiengiälla'') *****''Northwestern'' *****''Southeastern'' ****

Southern Sami Southern may refer to: Businesses * China Southern Airlines, airline based in Guangzhou, China * Southern Airways, defunct US airline * Southern Air, air cargo transportation company based in Norwalk, Connecticut, US * Southern Airways Express ...

(''Åarjelsaemien gïele'') *****''Åsele dialect'' ''(Northern dialect)'' *****''Jämtland dialect'' ''(Southern dialect)''

Unclassified extinct languages

Uralic languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear: * Merya (spoken by the Merya, may have been a western branch of the Mari or close to the Mordvinic languages, may have been a transitional language between the Volga and the Baltic Finns) *

Meshchera The Meshchera or Meshchyora () were a Finno-Ugric tribe in the Volga region between the Oka River and the Klyazma river, today called the Meshchera Lowlands, who assimilated with the neighbouring tribes around the 16th century. History The f ...

(spoken by the

, may have been related to the

Mordvinic languages The Mordvinic languages, also known as the Mordvin, Mordovian or Mordvinian languages (, ''mordovskiye yazyki''), are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language, both spoken in Mordovia ...

or to the

Permic languages The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,0 ...

) * Muromian (spoken by the

Muroma The Volga Finns are a historical group of peoples living in the vicinity of the Volga, who speak Uralic languages. Their modern representatives are the Mari people, the Erzyas, Erzya and the Mokshas, Moksha (commonly grouped together as Mordvins) ...

, may have been a language close to the Merya and a transitional language between the Volga and the Baltic Finns)

References

* ''Abondolo, Daniel M.'' (editor). 1998. ''The Uralic Languages''. London and New York: Routledge. . * ''Collinder, Björn''. 1955. ''Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary: An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Languages.'' (Collective work.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Viksell. (Second, revised edition: Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977.) * ''Collinder, Björn''. 1957. ''Survey of the Uralic Languages.'' Stockholm. * ''Collinder, Björn''. 1960. ''Comparative Grammar of the Uralic Languages.'' Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell * ''Comrie, Bernhard''. 1988. "General Features of the Uralic Languages." In ''The Uralic Languages'', edited by Denis Sinor, pp. 451–477. Leiden: Brill. * ''Décsy, Gyula''. 1990. ''The Uralic Protolanguage: A Comprehensive Reconstruction.'' Bloomington, Indiana. * ''Hajdu, Péter''. 1963. ''Finnugor népek és nyelvek.'' Budapest: Gondolat kiadó. * '' Helimski, Eugene''. Comparative Linguistics, Uralic Studies. Lectures and Articles. Moscow. 2000. () * '' Laakso, Johanna''. 1992. ''Uralilaiset kansat'' ('Uralic Peoples'). Porvoo – Helsinki – Juva. . * ''Korhonen, Mikko''. 1986. ''Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918''. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. . * '' Napolskikh, Vladimir''. The First Stages of Origin of People of Uralic Language Family: Material of Mythological Reconstruction. Moscow, 1991. () * ''Rédei, Károly'' (editor). 1986–88. ''Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch'' ('Uralic Etymological Dictionary'). Budapest. *

External classification

* ''Sauvageot, Aurélien''. 1930. ''Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques'' ('Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo-Altaic Languages'). Paris.

Linguistic issues

* ''Künnap, A.'' 2000. ''Contact-induced Perspectives in Uralic Linguistics.'' LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 39. München: LINCOM Europa. . * ''Wickman, Bo.'' 1955. ''The Form of the Object in the Uralic Languages.'' Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln.

External links

"The Finno-Ugrics"
''The Economist'', December 20, 2005 * Kulonen, Ulla-Maija
Origin of Finnish and related languages.
''thisisFINLAND'', Finland Promotion Board. Cited 30.10.2009.

References

{{Countries and languages lists