The Kubitzki system is a
system of plant taxonomy devised by
Klaus Kubitzki
Klaus Kubitzki (3 May 1933 – 5 December 2022) was a German botanist. He was Emeritus professor in the University of Hamburg, at the Herbarium Hamburgense. He is known for his work on the systematics and biogeography of the angiosperms, particu ...
, and is the product of an ongoing survey of
vascular plant
Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes (, ) or collectively tracheophyta (; ), are plants that have lignin, lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified Ti ...
s, entitled ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'', and extending to 15 volumes in 2018.
[Klaus Kubitzki (general editor). 1990 onward. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.](_blank)
/ref> The survey, in the form of an encyclopedia
An encyclopedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into article (publishing), articles or entries that are arranged Alp ...
, is important as a comprehensive, multivolume treatment of the vascular plants, with keys to and descriptions of all families and genera
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
, mostly by specialists in those groups. The Kubitzki system served as the basis for classification
Classification is the activity of assigning objects to some pre-existing classes or categories. This is distinct from the task of establishing the classes themselves (for example through cluster analysis). Examples include diagnostic tests, identif ...
in ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'', a dictionary
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged Alphabetical order, alphabetically (or by Semitic root, consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical-and-stroke sorting, radical an ...
of the vascular plants.angiosperm
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit ...
volumes closely resembles the Dahlgren system in Monocots and the Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...
in Dicots, but later volumes have been influenced by recent molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies.
The first volume of the series (''Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms'') covered lycophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms
The gymnosperms ( ; ) are a group of woody, perennial Seed plant, seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include Pinophyta, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetoph ...
, and was published in 1990. By 2010, there were nine published volumes, covering 39 of the 59 orders of flowering plants that are recognized in the APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a f ...
. The order Saxifragales
Saxifragales is an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the Superrosids, superrosid clade of the eudicots. It contains 15 Families (biology), families and around 100 genera, with nearly 2,500 species. Well-known and economically import ...
is covered except for the genus ''Medusandra
''Medusandra'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Peridiscaceae."Peridiscaceae" At: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see external links below) It has two species, '' ...
'', which was transferred to it from Malpighiales
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest Order (biology), orders of flowering plants. The order is very diverse, with well-known members including willows, Viola (plant), violets, aspens and Populus, poplars, Euphorbia pulcherrima, poinsett ...
in 2009.[Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life." ''American Journal of Botany'' 96(8):1551-1570.] Volume 10 (2011) covers the family Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae (), the myrtle family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All ...
and the orders Cucurbitales
The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togeth ...
and Sapindales. Volume 11 was published in 2014, and two further volumes in 2015. Volumes 2, and 5–7 address dicotyledons, while volumes 3, 4 and 13 address monocotyledons. Volumes 8–12 and 14 deal with eudicots
The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...
.
Because it is the result of a work in progress, the Kubitzki system is incomplete for those groups of plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...
s that have not yet been covered, and groups that have been completely covered are not revised in light of subsequent knowledge. Since the first volume was published in 1990, a great deal has been learned about plant taxonomy
Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things).
Plant taxonomy is closely allied ...
, mostly by phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...
analysis of DNA sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...
s. The classification of fern
The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissue ...
s has been completely overhauled in that time.[Eric Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2008. "Fern phylogeny" pages 395-416. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors). ''Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes''. Cambridge University Press. ][Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2006. "A classification for extant ferns". ''Taxon'' 55(3):705-731. ] And some of the gymnosperm
The gymnosperms ( ; ) are a group of woody, perennial Seed plant, seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include Pinophyta, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetoph ...
families have been revised.[James E. Eckenwalder. 2009. ''Conifers of the World''. Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA. .][Aljos Farjon. 2008. ''A Natural History of Conifers''. Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA.]
For the flowering plants, the later volumes of the Kubitzki System follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disc ...
last revised in 2009 ( APG III system
A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its open system (systems theory), environment, is described by its boundaries, str ...
), except for the recognition of smaller families. (For a complete listing of all volumes, see Klaus Kubitzki
Klaus Kubitzki (3 May 1933 – 5 December 2022) was a German botanist. He was Emeritus professor in the University of Hamburg, at the Herbarium Hamburgense. He is known for his work on the systematics and biogeography of the angiosperms, particu ...
)
Classification
Summary
Divisions
* '' Pteridophyta''
* ''Pinophyta
Conifers () are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All ...
''
** subdivision Coniferophytina
** subdivision Cycadophytina
* '' Magnoliophyta''
** class Monocotyledoneae
** class Dicotyledoneae
Pteridophyta
* 1 division '' Pteridophyta''
*: 1 class Psilotatae
*:: Psilotaceae
Psilotaceae is a family of ferns (class Polypodiopsida) consisting of two genera, ''Psilotum'' and ''Tmesipteris'' with about a dozen species. It is the only family in the order (biology), order Psilotales.
Description
Once thought to be descend ...
*: 2 class Lycopodiatae
*:: Isoetaceae
*:: Lycopodiaceae
The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 17 accepted genera and about 500 known species. This family originated about 380 mi ...
*:: Selaginellaceae
*: 3 class Equisetatae
*:: Equisetaceae
*: 4 class Filicatae
*:: Aspleniaceae
*:: Azollaceae
*:: Blechnaceae
*:: Cheiropleuriaceae
*:: Cyatheaceae
The Cyatheaceae are a family of ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae ...
*:: Davalliaceae
*:: Dennstaedtiaceae
*:: Dicksoniaceae
*:: Dipteridaceae
*:: Dryopteridaceae
The Dryopteridaceae are a Family (biology), family of leptosporangiate ferns in the Order (biology), order Polypodiales. They are known Common name, colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG&n ...
*:: Gleicheniaceae
*:: Grammitidaceae
*:: Hymenophyllaceae
*:: Hymenophyllopsidaceae
*:: Lomariopsidaceae
*:: Lophosoriaceae
*:: Loxsomataceae
*:: Marattiaceae
*:: Marsileaceae
*:: Matoniaceae
*:: Metaxyaceae
*:: Monachosoraceae
*:: Nephrolepidaceae
*:: Oleandraceae
*:: Ophioglossaceae
*:: Osmundaceae
*:: Plagiogyriaceae
*:: Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae is a Family (biology), family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genus, genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder ...
*:: Pteridaceae
*:: Salviniaceae
*:: Schizaeaceae
*:: Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900 species of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae. Alternatively, the family may be submerged in a ...
*:: Vittariaceae
Pinophyta
* 2 division ''Pinophyta
Conifers () are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms. Scientifically, they make up the division Pinophyta (), also known as Coniferophyta () or Coniferae. The division contains a single extant class, Pinopsida. All ...
'' or '' Gymnospermae''
**1 subdivision '' Coniferophytina''
*:: 1 class Ginkgoatae
*::: Ginkgoaceae
The Ginkgoaceae is a family of gymnosperms which appeared during the Mesozoic Era, of which the only extant representative is ''Ginkgo biloba'', which is for this reason sometimes regarded as a living fossil. Formerly, however, there were several ...
*:: 2 class Pinatae
*::: 1 order Pinales
*:::: Araucariaceae
Araucariaceae is a Family (biology), family of conifers with three living Genus, genera, ''Araucaria'', ''Agathis'', and ''Wollemia''. While the family's native distribution is now largely confined to the Southern Hemisphere, except for a few spe ...
*:::: Pinaceae
The Pinaceae (), or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as Cedrus, cedars, firs, Tsuga, hemlocks, Pinyon_pine, piñons,
larches, pines and spruces. The family is incl ...
*:::: Sciadopityaceae
*:::: Taxodiaceae
*:::: Cupressaceae
Cupressaceae or the cypress family is a family of conifers. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecio ...
*:::: Phyllocladaceae
*:::: Podocarpaceae
Podocarpaceae is a large family of mainly southern hemisphere conifers, known in English as podocarps, comprising about 156 species of evergreen trees and shrubs.James E. Eckenwalder. 2009. ''Conifers of the World''. Portland, Oregon: Timber Pres ...
*::: 2 order Taxales
*:::: Cephalotaxaceae
*:::: Taxaceae
Taxaceae (), commonly called the yew family, is a coniferous family (biology), family which includes six Extant taxon, extant and two extinct genera, and about 30 species of plants, or in older interpretations three genera and 7 to 12 species.
...
**2 subdivision '' Cycadophytina''
*:: 1 class Cycadatae
*::: order Cycadales
*:::: Boweniaceae
The genus ''Bowenia'' includes two extant taxa, living and two fossil species of cycads in the family Stangeriaceae, sometimes placed in their own family Boweniaceae. They are entirely restricted to Australia.
Description
The chromosome count i ...
*:::: Cycadaceae
*:::: Stangeriaceae
*:::: Zamiaceae
*:: 2 class Gnetatae
*::: order Gnetales
Gnetophyta () is a division of plants (alternatively considered the subclass Gnetidae or order Gnetales), grouped within the gymnosperms (which also includes conifers, cycads, and ginkgos), that consists of some 70 species across the three Relict ...
*:::: Ephedraceae
Ephedraceae is a family of gymnosperms belonging to Gnetophyta, it contains only a single extant genus, ''Ephedra (plant), Ephedra'', as well as a number of extinct genera from the Early Cretaceous.
Taxonomy
File:Eamesia chinensis.png, ''Eame ...
*:::: Welwitschiaceae
*:::: Gnetaceae
Magnoliophyta
* 3 division '' Magnoliophyta'' or '' Angiospermae''
*: subdivision '' Magnoliophytina''
Monocotyledoneae
*::1 class '' Monocotyledoneae'' or Liliopsida omplete(with Rolf Dahlgren's collaboration)
4 Superorders
# Acoranae
# Alismatanae
# Lilianae
# Commelinanae
= Acoranae
=
*:::1 superorder Acoranae
*:::: Acoraceae
*::: Not included in any order
*:::: Nartheciaceae
= Alismatanae
=
*:::2 superorder Alismatanae
*::::1 order Arales
*::::: Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also ...
*::::: Lemnaceae
Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose fr ...
*::::2 order Alismatales
*::::: Butomaceae
*::::: Alismataceae
The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...
*::::: Limnocharitaceae
*::::: Hydrocharitaceae
*::::: Najadaceae
*::::: Aponogetonaceae
*::::: Scheuchzeriaceae
*::::: Juncaginaceae
*::::: Potamogetonaceae
*::::: Ruppiaceae
*::::: Posidoniaceae
*::::: Zosteraceae
*::::: Zannichelliaceae
*::::: Cymodoceaceae
Cymodoceaceae is a family of flowering plants, sometimes known as the "manatee-grass family", which includes only marine species.
The 2016 APG IV does recognize Cymodoceaceae and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. The ...
= Lilianae
=
*:::3 superorder Lilianae
*::::1 order Liliales
Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...
*::::: Campynemataceae
*::::: Luzuriagaceae
*::::: Alstroemeriaceae
*::::: Colchicaceae
Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; ...
*::::: Melanthiaceae
Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plant, flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered member ...
*::::: Trilliaceae
Trilliaceae was a family of flowering plants first named in 1846; however, most taxonomists now consider the genera formerly assigned to it to belong to the family Liliaceae. The APG IV system, of 2016 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), d ...
*::::: Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...
*::::: Calochortaceae
*::::: Petermanniaceae
*::::: Smilacaceae
*::::: Philesiaceae
*::::2 order Asparagales
Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...
*::::: Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...
*::::: Iridaceae
Iridaceae () is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris (plant), irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically importan ...
*::::: Doryanthaceae
''Doryanthes'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant Family (biology), family Doryanthaceae. The genus consists of two species, ''Doryanthes excelsa, D. excelsa'' (gymea lily) and ''Doryanthes palmeri, D. palmeri'' (giant spear lily), both en ...
*::::: Lanariaceae
*::::: Ixioliriaceae
*::::: Hypoxidaceae
*::::: Johnsoniaceae
*::::: Hemerocallidaceae
*::::: Tecophilaeaceae
Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species.
The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (u ...
*::::: Blandfordiaceae
*::::: Asteliaceae
*::::: Boryaceae
*::::: Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 4 ...
*::::: Xanthorrhoeaceae
*::::: Aphyllanthaceae
*::::: Anemarrhenaceae
*::::: Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
*::::: Agapanthaceae
*::::: Alliaceae
*::::: Themidaceae
*::::: Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae (), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. This family includes both ...
*::::: Hyacinthaceae
*::::: Lomandraceae
*::::: Herreriaceae
*::::: Hostaceae
*::::: Anthericaceae
*::::: Agavaceae
*::::: Eriospermaceae
*::::: Ruscaceae
*::::: Behniaceae
*::::: Dracaenaceae
*::::: Convallariaceae
*::::: Nolinaceae
*::::3 order Triuridales
*::::: Triuridaceae
*::::4 order Dioscoreales
*::::: Dioscoreaceae
*::::: Trichopodaceae
*::::: Taccaceae
*::::: Burmanniaceae
*::::: Corsiaceae
*::::5 order Pandanales
*::::: Pandanaceae
*::::: Cyclanthaceae
*::::: Velloziaceae
*::::: Acanthochlamydaceae
*::::: Stemonaceae
*::::: Pentastemonaceae
= Commelinanae
=
*:::4 superorder Commelinanae
*::::1 order Principes
''Principes'' (: ''princeps'') were Spear, spearmen, and later Swordsmanship, swordsmen, in the Roman army of the mid-Republic, armies of the early Roman Republic. They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy, and could affo ...
*::::: Palmae
*::::2 order Dasypogonales
*::::: Dasypogonaceae
*::::3 order Bromeliales
*::::: Bromeliaceae
*::::: ? Rapateaceae (see also Xyridales)
*::::4 order Commelinales
*::::: Commelinaceae
*::::: Pontederiaceae
*::::: Philydraceae
*::::: Haemodoraceae
*::::5 order Xyridales
*::::: Mayacaceae
*::::: Xyridaceae
*::::: Eriocaulaceae
The Eriocaulaceae are a family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distri ...
*::::: ? Rapateaceae
*::::6 order Zingiberales
The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morpholog ...
*::::: Musaceae
*::::: Strelitziaceae
*::::: Lowiaceae
*::::: Heliconiaceae
*::::: Costaceae
*::::: Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...
*::::: Cannaceae
*::::: Marantaceae
*::::: ? Hanguanaceae (possibly related to Zingiberales or Commelinales)
*::::7 order Typhales
*::::: Typhaceae
*::::8 order Juncales
*::::: Juncaceae
Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and ...
*::::: Thurniaceae
*::::: Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...
*::::9 order Poales
The Poales are a large order (biology), order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, grasses, bromeliads, Juncaceae, rushes and Cyperaceae, sedges. 14 plant families are currently recogniz ...
*::::: Flagellariaceae
*::::: Restionaceae
*::::: Ecdeiocoleaceae
*::::: Anarthriaceae
*::::: Centrolepidaceae
*::::: Joinvilleaceae
*::::: Poaceae
Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivate ...
*:::: ''incertae sedis
or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
'' in monocots
*::::: Hydatellaceae
Dicotyledoneae
*::2 class '' Dicotyledoneae'' or Magnoliopsida ncomplete*:::1 subclass Magnoliidae
*::::1 superorder Magnolianae (lower magnoliids)
*::::::1 order Magnoliales
The Magnoliales are an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Magnoliales include: magnolias, Liriodendron, tulip trees, Annona squamosa, custard apples, Asimina triloba, American pawpaw, cherimoyas, Cananga odorata, ylang-ylang, Sours ...
*::::::: Himantandraceae
*::::::: Eupomatiaceae
*::::::: Austrobaileyaceae
''Austrobaileya'' is the sole genus in the plant family Austrobaileyaceae – the family is thus 'monotypic' as it includes a single child taxon. It is one of the basal angiosperm families, the most ancient group of flowering plants. The genu ...
*::::::: Degeneriaceae
*::::::: Magnoliaceae
The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: '' Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees).
Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), ...
*::::::: Annonaceae
The Annonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest ...
*::::::: Myristicaceae
*::::::: ? Canellaceae
*::::::: ? Lactoridaceae
*::::::: Amborellaceae
*::::::: Trimeniaceae
*::::::: Chloranthaceae
*::::::: Monimiaceae
The Monimiaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the magnoliid Order (biology), order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Gar ...
*::::::: Gomortegaceae
*::::::: Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant Family (biology), family that includes the bay laurel, true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genus (biology), genera worldwide. They are dicotyled ...
*::::::: Hernandiaceae
*::::::: Calycanthaceae
*::::::2 order Illiciales
*::::::: Winteraceae
*::::::: ? Canellaceae
*::::::: Illiciaceae
*::::::: Schisandraceae
*::::::3 order Aristolochiales
*::::::: Aristolochiaceae
*::::::: Hydnoraceae
Hydnoroideae is a subfamily of holoparasitism, parasitic flowering plants in the order Piperales. Traditionally, and as recently as the APG III system it given family rank under the name Hydnoraceae. It is now submerged in the Aristolochiaceae. I ...
*::::::: ?Rafflesiaceae
The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are e ...
*::::::4 order Piperales
*::::::: Saururaceae
*::::::: Piperaceae
The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family (biology), family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two mai ...
*::::2 superorder Ranunculanae (higher magnoliids)
*::::::1 order Nelumbonales
*::::::: Nelumbonaceae
*::::::2 order Ranunculales
Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group k ...
*::::::: Lardizabalaceae
Lardizabalaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants.
The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, ...
*::::::: Berberidaceae
The Berberidaceae are a family (biology), family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order (biology), order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority ...
*::::::: Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the ...
*::::::: Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae (, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family (biology), family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide.
The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 spec ...
*::::::: ? Circaeasteraceae
*::::::: Pteridophyllaceae
*::::::: Papaveraceae
The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family (biology), family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan dis ...
*::::::: Fumariaceae
*::::3 superorder Nymphaeanae
*:::::: order Nymphaeales
The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-divergin ...
*::::::: Cabombaceae
*::::::: Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate climate, temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 know ...
*::::::: ? Ceratophyllaceae
*::::4 superorder Caryophyllanae
*:::::: order Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants with well-known members including cacti, carnations, beets, quinoa, spinach, amaranths, pigfaces and ice plants, oraches and saltbushes, goosefoots, sundews, Venu ...
(including.: Centrospermae Eichler Several people are named Eichler:
* August W. Eichler (1839–1887), German botanist
* Caroline Eichler (1808/9–1843), German inventor, first woman to be awarded a patent (for her leg prosthesis)
* Eunice Eichler (1932–2017), New Zealand Salvat ...
)
*::::::: Family with an asterisk: *, included in Expanded Caryophyllales in Volume V.
*::::::: Family with the sign +, only recognized in Volume V, but not in Volume II.
*::::::: Nepenthaceae *
*::::::: Droseraceae
Droseraceae is a family of carnivorous flowering plants, also known as the sundew family. It consists of approximately 180 species in three extant genera, the vast majority being in the sundew genus '' Drosera''. The family also contains the wel ...
*
*::::::: Drosophyllaceae *
*::::::: Simmondsiaceae *
*::::::: Rhabdodendraceae
''Rhabdodendron'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rhabdodendraceae. It comprises three species of Tropics, tropical South American trees.
It is placed in its own family (biology), family, Rhabdodendraceae, which has only been recogni ...
*
*::::::: Asteropeiaceae *
*::::::: Physenaceae *
*::::::: Ancistrocladaceae
''Ancistrocladus'' is a genus of woody lianas in the Monotypic taxon, monotypic family ''Ancistrocladaceae''. The branches climb by twining other stems or by scrambling with hooked tips. They are found in the tropics of the Old World.
Classific ...
*
*::::::: Dioncophyllaceae *
*::::::: Frankeniaceae *
*::::::: Tamaricaceae *
*:::::: clade
In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...
Centrospermae
*::::::: Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranth ...
*::::::: Molluginaceae
*::::::: Aizoaceae
The Aizoaceae (), or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly known as 'ice plants' or 'carpet weeds'. The Aizoaceae are also referred to a ...
*::::::: Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, maki ...
*::::::: Chenopodiaceae
Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type (biology), type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 ...
*::::::: Halophytaceae
*::::::: Stegnospermaceae
*::::::: Achatocarpaceae
*::::::: Phytolaccaceae
*::::::: Nyctaginaceae
*::::::: Cactaceae
A cactus (: cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae (), a family of the order Caryophyllales comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, ...
*::::::: Portulacaceae
*::::::: Didiereaceae
*::::::: Basellaceae
Basellaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera:
* ''An ...
*::::::: Hectorellaceae
*::::::: Barbeuiaceae +
*::::::: Sarcobataceae +
*::::::: Petiveriaceae +
*::::::: Agdestidaceae +
*::::5 superorder Hamamelidanae
*::::::1 order Trochodendrales
*::::::: Trochodendraceae
*::::::: Eupteleaceae
*::::::: Cercidiphyllaceae
*::::::: ? Myrothamnaceae
*::::::2 order Hamamelidales
*::::::: Platanaceae
*::::::: Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system ...
*::::::3 order Fagales
The Fagales are an order of flowering plants in the rosid group of dicotyledons, including some of the best-known trees. Well-known members of Fagales include: beeches, chestnuts, oaks, walnut, pecan, hickory, birches, alders, hazels, hornb ...
*::::::: Fagaceae
The Fagaceae (; ) are a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with around 1,000 or more species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species ...
*::::::: Betulaceae
*::::::: Ticodendraceae
*::::::4 order Juglandales
*::::::: Rhoipteleaceae
*::::::: Juglandaceae
The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia.
The nine or ten genera in the family have ...
*::::::: Myricaceae
*::::::5 order ? Casuarinales
*::::::: Casuarinaceae
The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and the Pacific ...
*::::6 superorder Polygonanae
*:::::: order Polygonales
*::::::: Polygonaceae
The Polygonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants known Common name, informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The Botanical name, name is Basionym, based on the genus ''Polygonum'', ...
*::::7 superorder Plumbaginanae
*:::::: order Plumbaginales
*::::::: Plumbaginaceae
*::::8 superorder Malvanae
*:::::: order Malvales
*::::::: Neuradaceae
*::::::: Tepuianthaceae
*::::::: Thymelaeaceae
*::::::: Dipterocarpaceae
*::::::: Diegodendraceae
*::::::: Sphaerosepalaceae
*::::::: Cistaceae
*::::::: Sarcolaenaceae
*::::::: Bixaceae
*::::::: Cochlospermaceae
*::::::: Muntingiaceae
*::::::: Malvaceae
----
In volumes 5,6,7,8 no groups above the taxonomic rank of order were recognized.
*:::::: order Capparales
*::::::: Bataceae
*::::::: Salvadoraceae
*::::::: Tropaeolaceae
*::::::: Limnanthaceae
*::::::: Caricaceae
*::::::: Moringaceae
*::::::: Setchellanthaceae
*::::::: Akaniaceae
*::::::: Gyrostemonaceae
*::::::: Resedaceae
*::::::: Pentadiplandraceae
*::::::: Tovariaceae
*::::::: Koeberliniaceae
*::::::: Cruciferae or Brassicaceae
*::::::: Capparaceae
*::::::: Emblingiaceae
*::: Not placed in any order, but related to Capparales
*::::::: Tapisciaceae
*:::::: order Celastrales
*::::::: Parnassiaceae
*::::::: Lepidobotryaceae
*::::::: Celastraceae
*:::::: order Oxalidales
*::::::: Oxalidaceae
*::::::: Connaraceae
*::::::: Cephalotaceae
*::::::: Brunelliaceae
*::::::: Cunoniaceae
*::::::: Elaeocarpaceae
*:::::: order Rosales (# revised position, formerly in Urticales in Vol. 2)
*::::::: Rosaceae (including Guamatela)
*::::::: Dirachmaceae
*::::::: Rhamnaceae
*::::::: Barbeyaceae #
*::::::: Elaeagnaceae
*::::::: Ulmaceae #
*::::::: Moraceae #
*::::::: Cecropiaceae (including Cannabaceae) #
*::::::: Urticaceae #
*:::::: order Cornales
*::::::: Hydrostachyaceae
*::::::: Curtisiaceae
*::::::: Grubbiaceae
*::::::: Cornaceae
*::::::: Hydrangeaceae
*::::::: Loasaceae
*:::::: order Ericales
*::::::: Theophrastaceae
*::::::: Samolaceae
*::::::: Maesaceae
*::::::: Myrsinaceae
*::::::: Primulaceae
*::::::: Actinidiaceae
*::::::: Balsaminaceae
*::::::: Marcgraviaceae
*::::::: Pellicieraceae
*::::::: Tetrameristaceae
*::::::: Ericaceae
*::::::: Clethraceae
*::::::: Cyrillaceae
*::::::: Roridulaceae
*::::::: Sarraceniaceae
*::::::: Diapensiaceae
*::::::: Lissocarpaceae
*::::::: Polemoniaceae
*::::::: Fouquieriaceae
*::::::: Scytopetalaceae
*::::::: Lecythidaceae
*::::::: Napoleonaeaceae
*::::::: Styracaceae
*::::::: Ebenaceae
*::::::: Sladeniaceae
*::::::: Theaceae
*::::::: Ternstroemiaceae
*::::::: Sapotaceae
*::::::: Symplocaceae
*:::::: order Lamiales
*::::::: Bignoniaceae
*::::::: Buddlejaceae
*::::::: Byblidaceae
*::::::: Callitrichaceae
*::::::: Carlemanniaceae
*::::::: Cyclocheilaceae
*::::::: Gesneriaceae
*::::::: Globulariaceae
*::::::: Hippuridaceae
*::::::: Labiatae
*::::::: Lentibulariaceae
*::::::: Martyniaceae
*::::::: Myoporaceae
*::::::: Nesogenaceae
*::::::: Oleaceae
*::::::: Pedaliaceae
*::::::: Phrymaceae
*::::::: Plantaginaceae
*::::::: Plocospermataceae
*::::::: Scrophulariaceae
*::::::: Stilbaceae
*::::::: Tetrachondraceae
*::::::: Trapellaceae
*::::::: Verbenaceae
*:::::: order Asterales
*::::::: Alseuosmiaceae
*::::::: Argophyllaceae
*::::::: Compositae or Asteraceae
*:::::::: subfamily Barnadesioideae
*:::::::: subfamily Mutisioideae
*:::::::: subfamily Carduoideae
*:::::::: subfamily Cichorioideae
*:::::::: subfamily Asteroideae
*::::::: Calyceraceae
*::::::: Campanulaceae
*::::::: Carpodetaceae
*::::::: Goodeniaceae
*::::::: Menyanthaceae
*::::::: Pentaphragmataceae
*::::::: Phellinaceae
*::::::: Rousseaceae
*::::::: Stylidiaceae
In volume 9 the supraordinal groups Rosidae and Asteridae were recognized.
*::: Not included in any order
*:::: Sabiaceae
*:::::: order Proteales
*::::::: Proteaceae
*::::::: Platanaceae (revised position, formerly in Hamamelidales in Vol. 2)
*::::::: Nelumbonales (revised position, formerly in Nelumbonales in Vol. 2)
*:::::: order Buxales
*::::::: Buxaceae
*::::::: Didymelaceae
*:::::: order Gunnerales
*::::::: Gunneraceae
*::::::: Myrothamnaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
*::: Not included in any order
*:::: Dilleniaceae
*:::::: order Saxifragales
Saxifragales is an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the Superrosids, superrosid clade of the eudicots. It contains 15 Families (biology), families and around 100 genera, with nearly 2,500 species. Well-known and economically import ...
*::::::: Altingiaceae (newly recognized family, included in Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system ...
in Vol. 2)
*::::::: Aphanopetalaceae
*::::::: Cercidiphyllaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
*::::::: Crassulaceae
*::::::: Daphniphyllaceae
*::::::: Grossulariaceae
*::::::: Haloragaceae
*::::::: Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system ...
(revised position, formerly in Hamamelidales in Vol. 2)
*::::::: Iteaceae
*::::::: Paeoniaceae
*::::::: Penthoraceae
*::::::: Peridiscaceae (except ''Medusandra'')
*::::::: Pterostemonaceae
*::::::: Saxifragaceae
*::::::: Tetracarpaeaceae
*:::::: order Vitales
*::::::: Leeaceae
*::::::: Vitaceae
*:::::: order Zygophyllales
*::::::: Krameriaceae
*::::::: Zygophyllaceae
*::: Not included in any order
*:::: Huaceae
*:::::: order Geraniales
*::::::: Geraniaceae
*::::::: Ledocarpaceae
*::::::: Melianthaceae
*:::::: order Crossosomatales (Guamatela placed in Rosaceae in volume 6)
*::::::: Aphloiaceae
*::::::: Crossosomataceae
*::::::: Geissolomataceae
*::::::: Ixerbaceae
*::::::: Stachyuraceae
*::::::: Staphyleaceae
*::::::: Strasburgeraceae
*::: Not included in any order
*:::: Picramniaceae
*:::::: order Berberidopsidales
*::::::: Aextoxicaceae
*::::::: Berberidopsidaceae
In volume 10 are treated the Orders Sapindales and Cucurbitales; and the Myrtaceae Family (belonging to Myrtales).
*:::::: order Sapindales
*::::::: Biebersteiniaceae
*::::::: Nitrariaceae
*::::::: Tetradiclidaceae
*::::::: Sapindaceae
*::::::: Kirkiaceae
*::::::: Anacardiaceae
*::::::: Burseraceae
*::::::: Rutaceae
*::::::: Simaroubaceae
*::::::: Meliaceae
*:::::: order Cucurbitales
The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togeth ...
*::::::: Anisophylleaceae
*::::::: Coriariaceae
*::::::: Corynocarpaceae
*::::::: Cucurbitaceae
*::::::: Datiscaceae
*::::::: Begoniaceae
*:::::: order Myrtales
*::::::: Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae (), the myrtle family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All ...
See also
* Klaus Kubitzki
Klaus Kubitzki (3 May 1933 – 5 December 2022) was a German botanist. He was Emeritus professor in the University of Hamburg, at the Herbarium Hamburgense. He is known for his work on the systematics and biogeography of the angiosperms, particu ...
References
External links
Fern Classification
At
Publications and Data Sets
At
Kathleen Pryer's Lab
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kubitzki System
Systems of plant taxonomy, system, Kubitzki