Krishnadevaraya

Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529) was emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529 and the third ruler of the Tuluva dynasty. Widely regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history, he presided over the empire at its political and cultural zenith and is remembered as an iconic figure by many Indians. Following the decline of the Delhi Sultanate, he ruled the largest and most powerful empire in India during his time.Keay, John, India: A History, New York: Harper Collins, 2000, p. 302

Krishnadevaraya's reign was marked by military expansion and political consolidation. He became the dominant ruler of the Indian peninsula by defeating the sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate, and the Gajapatis of Odisha, making him one of the most powerful Hindu monarchs in Indian history. Major campaigns during his reign included the conquest of the Raichur Doab in 1512, the subjugation of Odisha in 1514, and a decisive victory against the Sultan of Bijapur in 1520. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory.

When the Mughal emperor Babur surveyed the rulers of northern India, he considered Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, ruling over the most extensive empire in the subcontinent. Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa, who visited his court, described him as an able administrator and an exceptional military commander who personally led campaigns and tended to wounded soldiers. The poet Mukku Timmana praised him as the "Destroyer of the Turks".Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature  William Joseph Jackson: p. 124 Krishnadevaraya was guided by his trusted prime minister Timmarusu, whom he credited as the architect of his rise to the throne, and was also advised by the witty poet Tenali Ramakrishna.

His reign is also regarded as a golden age of Telugu literature, and he was a distinguished patron of arts and scholarship. Krishnadevaraya himself composed the Telugu poetic work '' Amuktamalyada'', celebrated for its literary and devotional value. His court was home to the Ashtadiggajas—eight legendary Telugu poets—including Allasani Peddana and Mukku Timmana. Literary activity flourished not only in Telugu but also in Sanskrit, Kannada, and Tamil under his patronage, making his court a major cultural hub of the era.

Krishnadevaraya was conferred with several honorific titles such as ''Andhra Bhoja'' ("Bhoja of Andhra"), ''Karnatakaratna Simhasanadeeshwara'' ("Lord of the Jewelled Throne of Karnataka"), ''Mooru Rayara Ganda'' ("Lord of Three Kings"), ''Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana'' ("Lord of the Kannada Empire"), and ''Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka'' ("Protector of Cows and Brahmins").

Early life

Krishnadevaraya was the son of Tuluva Narasa NayakaProf K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, pp. 250, 258 and his queen Nagamamba. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He accessed the throne after the death of his half-brother Viranarasimha. He was married to Srirangapatna's princess Tirumala Devi and his royal dancer from Kodagu, Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi), Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince Rama Raya of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya.

Military career

His main enemies were the Bahmani Sultanate, the Deccan Sultanates, the Gajapatis of Odisha, who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade.

Success in the Deccan

The raid and plunder of Vijayanagara towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with them and Sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated. Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagara and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler. The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Krishnadevaraya. In 1513, Krishnadevaraya personally engaged in battle with Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah at Pangal. The Vijayanagar army suffered defeat at the hands of the Golconda forces, resulting in the capture of the Pangal fort from Vijayanagar. As a consequence, Raya was compelled to retreat.

War with Kalinga

The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising parts of Bengal, Andhra, and Odisha. Krishnadevaraya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into the coastal Andhra region, which was under the control of the Gajapati king Prataparudra Deva. The Vijayanagara army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512. The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation. Krishnadevaraya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi. The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaveedu. The armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties. Timmarusu discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack. This culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva. Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayaka took over as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter.

Krishnadevaraya planned an invasion of Kalinga, but Prataparudra learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat the former at the fort of Kalinganagar. Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom. Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krishnadevaraya. Krishnadevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagara and Gajapati Kingdoms.

Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the Portuguese in Goa in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to the Vijayanagara capital.

Final conflict and death

The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah, and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of .

The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Shah after a difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks, during the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya. It is said that 700,000 foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used. A Portuguese contingent commanded by Cristovão de Figueiredo with the use of fireweapons helped to conquer the fortress.

Krishnadevaraya was brutal towards Bahmani Generals of Raichur. Many Bahmani generals lost their lands. The other Muslim kings sent envoys to the emperor on hearing of his success and received a haughty reply. The king conveyed that if Adil Shah would come to him, do obeisance, and kiss his foot, his lands would be restored to him. The submission never took place. Krishnadevaraya then led his army as far north as Bijapur and occupied it. He imprisoned three sons of a former king of the Bahmani dynasty, who had been held captive by the Adil Shah and he proclaimed the eldest as king of the Deccan.

Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate.

In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the ''Yuvaraja'' (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned. Suspecting Timmarusu, Krishnadevaraya had him blinded. At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya.

Internal affairs

During his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds.A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India by B.N. Puri, M.N. Das p. 94 He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee. To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering the deforestation of some areas and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagara. Foreign travellers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagara spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign.

The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth.Medieval Indian History by Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis p. 82 Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit."

Art and literature

Krishnadevaraya was noted to be linguistically neutral as he ruled a multilingual empire. He is known to have patronised poets and issued inscriptions in languages as varied as Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil. Krishnadevaraya himself was a polyglot, fluent in Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil. The official language of the Vijayanagara court was Kannada.

Krishnadevaraya patronized literature in various languages. The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages. The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada. His Sanskrit works include ‘Madalasa Charita’, ‘Satyavadu Parinaya’, ‘Rasamanjari’ and ‘Jambavati Kalyana’.

The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror."

Telugu literature

The rule of Krishnadevaraya is known as golden age of Telugu
literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada.

During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada. In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). This period of the Empire is known as the "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature it produced.
* Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and given the title of ''Andhra Kavita Pitamaha'' (the father of Telugu poetry). ''Svarocisha Sambhava'' or ''Manucharita'', his popular prabandha work, was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya
* Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam
* Madayyagari Mallana wrote ''Rajasekhara Charitramu''
* Dhurjati wrote '' Kalahasti Mahatyamu'' and '' Kalahastisvara Satakamu''
* Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote ''Sakalakatha Sangraha'' and ''Ramaabhyudayamu''
* Pingali Surana wrote ''Raghava Pandaviyamu'', ''Kalapurnodayam'' and ''Prabhavate Pradyamana''
::– ''Raghavapandaveeyamu'' is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
::– ''Kalapurnodayam'' ("full bloom of art") has been considered the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature
* Battumurthy, alias Ramarajabhushanudu, wrote ''Kavyalankarasangrahamu'', ''Vasucharitra'', ''Narasabhupaliyam'' and ''Harischandranalopakhyanamu'', a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti
* Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote ''Udbhataradhya Charitramu,'' a Shaivite work. However, he later converted to Vaishnavism and wrote the Vaishnava devotional texts ''Panduranga Mahatmyamu'', and ''Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu.'' Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.

Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote ''Kavikarna Rasayana'', Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote ''Radhamadhavavilasa'' and ''Vishnumayavilasa'', the poet Molla, who wrote a version of the ''Ramayana'', Kamsali Rudrakavi, who wrote ''Nirankusopakhyana'', and Addamki Gangadhara, who wrote ''Tapatlsamvarana'' and '' Basavapurana''. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work on veterinary science called ''Haya lakshanasara''.

Kannada literature

He patronised several Kannada poets. Among them Mallanarya, who wrote ''Veera-shaivamruta'', ''Bhava-chinta-ratna'' and ''Satyendra Chola-kathe''; Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote ''Bhagavatha'' and Timmanna Kavi wrote a eulogy of his king in ''Krishna Raya Bharata''.Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp. 157–189Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp. 355–366 Vyasatirtha, the noted Dvaita saint from Mysore (of the Madhva tradition) was the emperor's ''Rajaguru'' ("royal guru").Krishna Deva Raya considered the saint his ''Kula-devata'' and highly honored him. ''A Concise History of Karnataka'' p. 178, Dr. S.U. Kamath

''Haridasas of Karnataka'', Madhusudana Rao CR, ''History of South India'', p. 324, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri The writing ''Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari'' in Kannada is a recently discovered work.''A Concise History of Karnataka'', Dr. S.U. Kamath, p. 157 The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishnadevaraya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.

Purandara Dasa, "widely considered the father of Carnatic music" was closely associated with the empire. He extolled the Madhwa philosophy in his compositions and was a disciple of the ''Rajaguru'' of the emperor. According to Sambamoorthy, he was born as Srinivasa and had his formal initiation by Vyasatirtha took place around 1525 when he was about 40 years of age, when he was given the name Purandara Dasa. Purandara Daasa traveled extensively in southern India composing and rendering them in praise of his god Purandara Vittala. He spent his last years in Hampi where he rendered his compositions in Krishnadevaraya's court.

Tamil literature

Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa, and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by.Dr. S.U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', pp. 157–189, ''History of South India'', pp. 331–354, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri

Sanskrit literature

In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote ''Bhedojjivana'', ''Tatparyachandrika'', ''Nyayamrita'' (a work directed against the Advaita philosophy) and ''Tarkatandava''. Krishnadevaraya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote ''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya'' and ''Rasamanjari'' and ''Jambavati Kalyana''.Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp. 239–280Prof K.A.N. Sastri, ''History of South India'' pp. 309–330

Religion and culture

Krishnadevaraya respected all sects of Hinduism. He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship. He rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai. He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems. Krishnadevaraya made Venkateshwara his patron deity. He visited the temple seven times. Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishnadevaraya. A statue of Krishnadevaraya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala. These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he had rows of mandapas built.

Sri Vaishnavas claim that Krishnadevaraya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava tradition and that's why he wrote a Telugu work on Andal, a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called the Amuktamalyada. They claim that Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishnadevaraya's ''rajaguru,'' and he was considered influential. But the Madhva text ''Vyasayogicarita'' the biography of Madhva seer Vyasatirtha says that the ''kulaguru'' of Krishnadevaraya. A manuscript from Madras Oriental Manuscript Library which is from a book written by Krishnadevaya himself in which Krishnadevaraya himself wrote that Vyasatirtha is his Rajaguru."

See also

* Tuluva dynasty

Notes

References

Sources

*
* Smith, Vincent, ''Oxford History of India'', 4th ed., pp. 306–307, 312–313.
*
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar'', 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

External links

The Golden Era of Telugu Literature
from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation






* A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagara): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the ''Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'' written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell)

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Indian monarchs
Vijayanagara emperors
People from Karnataka
Tuluva dynasty
1529 deaths
Indian Hindus
Hindu monarchs
Culture of Andhra Pradesh
16th-century Indian monarchs
Indian military leaders
Vijayanagara poets
1471 births