Ivan Pavlovich Alimarin (

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

: Иван Павлович Алимарин, September 11, 1903 - December 17, 1989) was a

Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

analytical chemist Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter. In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separa ...

academician An academician is a full member of an artistic, literary, engineering, or scientific academy. In many countries, it is an honorific title used to denote a full member of an academy that has a strong influence on national scientific life. Accor ...

of the

Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (un ...

(1966), Laureate of the

State Prize of the USSR The USSR State Prize () was one of the Soviet Union’s highest civilian honours, awarded from its establishment in September 1966 until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. It recognised outstanding contributions in the fields of science, mathem ...

(1972), and

Hero of Socialist Labor The Hero of Socialist Labour () was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It represented the highest degree of distinction in the USSR and was awarded for exceptional achievements in Soviet ...

(1980). Alimarin's scientific activity covered several problems in

analytical chemistry Analytical skill, Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to Separation process, separate, identify, and Quantification (science), quantify matter. In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute t ...

, including mineral analysis, and impurity detection in

semiconductor A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Its conductivity can be modified by adding impurities (" doping") to its crystal structure. When two regions with different doping level ...

Biography

Chronology

* In 1923, Alimarin graduated from the Moscow Commercial College as a chemical technologist. * Between 1923 and 1953, Alimarin worked at the Institute of Applied Mineralogy. * Between 1926 and 1928, Alimarin studied at the Moscow Mining Academy. * Between 1929 and 1936, Alimarin developed colourimetric methods for the determination of

fluorine Fluorine is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at Standard temperature and pressure, standard conditions as pale yellow Diatomic molecule, diatomic gas. Fluorine is extre ...

silicon Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid (sometimes considered a non-metal) and semiconductor. It is a membe ...

, and

germanium Germanium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid or a nonmetal in the carbon group that is chemically ...

. * In 1935, Alimarin became a Candidate of Chemical Sciences. * Between 1935 and 1949, Alimarin researched co-deposition,

electrolysis In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses Direct current, direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the separation of c ...

on mercury

cathode A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device such as a lead-acid battery. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic ''CCD'' for ''Cathode Current Departs''. Conventional curren ...

s, electro-osmosis, extraction with organic

solvent A solvent (from the Latin language, Latin ''wikt:solvo#Latin, solvō'', "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a Solution (chemistry), solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas ...

s, and

distillation Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixt ...

of volatile compounds. * Between 1949 and 1989, Alimarin headed the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOHI) laboratory. The institution had several name changes during his time there. * In 1950, Alimarin successfully defended his

doctoral thesis A thesis (: theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.International Standard ISO 7144: D ...

, titled "Theoretical Foundations of the Analytical Chemistry of Niobium and Tantalum and new methods for Their Determination". * In 1953, Alimarin became a

corresponding member The corresponding member is one of the possible membership types in some organizations, especially in the learned societies and scientific academies. This title existed or exist in the Soviet Union, GDR, Polish People's Republic, Czechoslovak S ...

of the

. * Between 1953 and 1989, Alimarin headed the Department of Analytical Chemistry at

Moscow State University Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,. is a public university, public research university in Moscow, Russia. The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, a ...

(MSU). * Between 1963 and 1988, Alimarin was the editor-in-chief of the ''Journal of Analytical Chemistry''. * In 1966, Alimarin was awarded the title of

of the

. * In 1972, Alimarin was awarded the

USSR State Prize The USSR State Prize () was one of the Soviet Union’s highest civilian honours, awarded from its establishment in September 1966 until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. It recognised outstanding contributions in the fields of science, mathem ...

for his achievements in the analysis of high-purity materials at GEOHI. * In 1980, Alimarin became the

. * Alimarin died on December 17, 1989. He was buried in the Rogozhskoe Cemetery in Moscow.

Early years

Alimarin was born into a family of

civil servants The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership. A civil service offic ...

. His father was an

accountant An accountant is a practitioner of accounting or accountancy. Accountants who have demonstrated competency through their professional associations' certification exams are certified to use titles such as Chartered Accountant, Chartered Certif ...

. Alimarin graduated from the Moscow City Elementary School in 1915 and entered the Moscow Commercial School, where he first displayed interest in the

natural science Natural science or empirical science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer ...

s. During his time at the Moscow Commercial School, Alimarin studied analytical chemistry from a book by

Nikolai Menshutkin Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin (; – ) was a Russian chemist who discovered the process of converting a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt via the reaction with an alkyl halide, now known as the Menshutkin reaction. Biography Mensh ...

. Alimarin's interest in chemistry was noticed by his petrography professor, whom he cites as an influence.

Further life

In the 1920s, Alimarin worked as a laboratory assistant and chemistry teacher at the Plekhanov Institute of National Economy. Alimarin supervised inorganic and analytical chemistry courses under the guidance of his professors. In 1923, after graduating from college, Alimarin was invited to the Institute of Applied Mineralogy (known today as the All-Union Institute of Mineral Raw Materials), where he would conduct most of his

petrochemical Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable s ...

research. In 1935, without defending his thesis, Alimarin received the degree of Candidate of Chemical Sciences and the title of Senior Researcher. At the same time, he took up employment at the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology (MITHT), where he worked as an assistant (1929-1935) and later as a laboratory head and

associate professor Associate professor is an academic title with two principal meanings: in the North American system and that of the ''Commonwealth system''. In the ''North American system'', used in the United States and many other countries, it is a position ...

(1935-1941). When

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

began, Alimarin was evacuated along with the entire Institute of Applied Mineralogy to the Chelyabinsk region. He continued his research until his return in 1943, upon which he was appointed head of the analytical chemistry department of the MITHT. At the same time, he continued to work at the Institute of Applied Mineralogy, where he created the first inorganic microanalysis laboratory in the USSR. Alimarin also founded a school for analytical chemistry during this time. In 1953, Alimarin was elected a corresponding member of the

USSR Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991. It united the country's leading scientists and was subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (u ...

. He acquired full membership in 1966. From 1953 onward, Alimarin worked as the head of the analytical chemistry department at MSU's faculty of chemistry, succeeding Professor Evgenii Przhevalsky. Alimarin and his students continued to develop the field of analytical chemistry.Ivan Pavlovich Alimarin. Essays. Memories. Materials. M.: Nauka, 1993. 158 с. ISBN 5-02-001636-5

Scientific activity

Developments in theoretical analytical chemistry

Alimarin was interested in the theoretical problems of analytical chemistry, including the composition and structure of

organometallic compounds Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals, an ...

and the theoretical bases of

chelate Chelation () is a type of bonding of ions and their molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom. These l ...

extraction and distribution

chromatography In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the Separation process, separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the ''mobile phase'', which carries it ...

. Many of the methods Alimarin developed are still employed today, both in laboratory and industrial settings.

Methods for determining trace elements in raw minerals

At the beginning of his scientific career, Alimarin carried out a series of studies on methods for determining the presence of trace

boron Boron is a chemical element; it has symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three ...

and

in minerals, since at the time there existed no efficient methods that accomplished this. In 1929, Alimarin proposed a colorimetric method for determining the presence of trace fluorine in minerals based on its capacity to form a stable

zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Zr and atomic number 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyis ...

-fluorine complex from zirconium-oxy-anthraquinone. He also developed efficient methods for the titrimetric determination of

in various minerals. Alimarin also developed similar methods for

niobium Niobium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Nb (formerly columbium, Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a light grey, crystalline, and Ductility, ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a Mohs scale of mineral hardness, Mohs h ...

tantalum Tantalum is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ta and atomic number 73. It is named after Tantalus, a figure in Greek mythology. Tantalum is a very hard, ductility, ductile, lustre (mineralogy), lustrous, blue-gray transition ...

titanium Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in ...

, zirconium,

scandium Scandium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Sc and atomic number 21. It is a silvery-white metallic d-block, d-block element. Historically, it has been classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lantha ...

gallium Gallium is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, elemental gallium is a soft, silvery metal at standard temperature and pressure. ...

, and

indium Indium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a silvery-white post-transition metal and one of the softest elements. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and its properties are la ...

Developments in microanalysis

Alimarin developed microanalytic methods for determining the presence of

nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, or factitious air, among others, is a chemical compound, an Nitrogen oxide, oxide of nitrogen with the Chemical formula, formula . At room te ...

and

iron oxide An iron oxide is a chemical compound composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust. Iron ...

in minerals and water, and of

silicic acid In chemistry, a silicic acid () is any chemical compound containing the element silicon attached to oxide () and hydroxyl () groups, with the general formula or, equivalently, . Orthosilicic acid is a representative example. Silicic acids are ra ...

in silicates before the

war War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organi ...

. During his time in Chelyabinsk, Alimarin developed similar methods for

tin Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn () and atomic number 50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force, and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, a bar of tin makes a sound, the ...

tungsten Tungsten (also called wolfram) is a chemical element; it has symbol W and atomic number 74. It is a metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in compounds with other elements. It was identified as a distinct element in 1781 and first ...

molybdenum Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin ''molybdaenum'') and atomic number 42. The name derived from Ancient Greek ', meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals hav ...

cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. ...

vanadium Vanadium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an ...

and mercury. He also made contributions to

metallurgy Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys. Metallurgy encompasses both the ...

and created a

microanalysis Microanalysis is the chemical identification and quantitative analysis of very small amounts of chemical substances (generally less than 10 mg or 1 ml) or very small surfaces of material (generally less than 1 cm2). One of the pioneer ...

laboratory. After his return from Chelyabinsk, Alimarin continued his work in microanalysis, using various methods borrowed from

physical chemistry Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mech ...

. More microanalysis laboratories were created at GEOHI and the Department of Analytical Chemistry of MSU under his direction. He also proposed coulometric microtitrations and introduced the study of

ion-selective electrode An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE), is a simple membrane-based potentiometric device which measures the activity of ions in solution. It is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the change in the concent ...

s for determining the presence of trace elements in small-volume solutions. He also worked on the development of

electron microscopy An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination. It uses electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing i ...

in cooperation with the Institute of Technical Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Among the results of this collaboration was the development of a quantitative method for the X-ray spectral microanalysis of thin layers (of up to 100 nm) in a

transmission electron microscope Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a gr ...

, which allowed for determining the chemical composition of microscopic objects without their destruction with an absolute

detection limit The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the ...

of up to 10⁻¹⁸ g.

Analysis of highly pure substances

A significant part of Alimarin's scientific activity was focused on developing methods for separating and determining the concentration of small and ultra-small concentrations of elements, i.e. "trace" analytical chemistry. An important application of these studies is analyzing the purity of substances used in

nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant (NPP), also known as a nuclear power station (NPS), nuclear generating station (NGS) or atomic power station (APS) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical of thermal power st ...

radio electronics Radio is the technology of communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 3 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connected to ...

and

optical fibres An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at ...

. Alimarin's teams at GEOHI and MSU created methods for the analysis of high-purity substances, which allowed them to find a large number of impurities with detection limits of 10⁻⁵-10⁻⁹%. These methods involved activation analysis, inversion voltammetry,

luminescence Luminescence is a spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. A luminescent object emits ''cold light'' in contrast to incandescence, where an obje ...

laser spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectrosc ...

, catalytic reactions, extraction chromatography, co-deposition with atomic emission, atomic absorption,

spectrophotometric Spectrophotometry is a branch of electromagnetic spectroscopy concerned with the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. Spectrophotometry uses photometers, known as spe ...

determination, as well as certain combined methods. These methods represented an important advance in

quality control Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "a part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements". This approach plac ...

and remain relevant in the science of obtaining the pure substances themselves. In 1972, Alimarin was awarded the USSR State Prize for his work in this field.

Nuclear chemistry and radio analysis

Alimarin began working on nuclear chemistry in 1950. His studies served as seminal papers on the development of radioanalytical methods for determining the presence of trace elements, such as activation analysis, isotope dilution and radiometric titration.

Chromatography and electrochemistry

Alimarin carried out numerous ionic, gas-liquid and liquid-liquid

studies at MSU to identify patterns of ion

sorption Sorption is a physical and chemical process by which one substance becomes attached to another. Specific cases of sorption are treated in the following articles: ; Absorption: "the incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a d ...

on surface-modified sorbents. Based on these studies, new chromatographic methods were developed for separating several elements and many accompanying ion exchangers modified with organic reagents (heterocyclic azo compounds). Effective sorption-photometric methods were developed for the concentration and determination of palladium,

copper Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu (from Latin ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orang ...

and some other elements. Under the leadership of Alimarin, MSU and GEOHI developed a method for the determination of ultra-low concentrations of substances in 1960. This method is known today as inversion voltammetry. Alimarin also developed an oscillographic version of inversion polarography, which was 2-3 times more effective than the standard method of his time. Alimarin was also involved in the development of potentiometry and

coulometry In analytical electrochemistry, coulometry is the measure of charge (Coulomb, coulombs) transfer during an Electrochemistry, electrochemical Redox, redox reaction. It can be used for precision measurements of charge, but coulometry is mainly used ...

methods at MSU. At GEOHI, Alimarin developed controlled potential coulometry for determining the presence of trace

platinum Platinum is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a density, dense, malleable, ductility, ductile, highly unreactive, precious metal, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name origina ...

Luminescence analysis

Alimarin began research on

photoluminescence Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). It is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is initiated by photoexcitation (i.e. phot ...

in 1963 at MSU. He developed highly sensitive (

10⁻⁴-10⁻⁷%) methods for determining the presence of

tellurium Tellurium is a chemical element; it has symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur, all three of which are chalcogens. It is occasionally fou ...

uranium Uranium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Ura ...

thorium Thorium is a chemical element; it has symbol Th and atomic number 90. Thorium is a weakly radioactive light silver metal which tarnishes olive grey when it is exposed to air, forming thorium dioxide; it is moderately soft, malleable, and ha ...

and other elements in semiconductor materials, ores, waters, and chemical reagents. In the following years, Alimarin studied low-temperature luminescence (cryo-luminescence) in aqueous solutions and extracts of halide complexes of

transition metal In chemistry, a transition metal (or transition element) is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12), though the elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded. The lanthanide and actinid ...

s. His methods are sometimes used to analyze the composition of semiconductor materials in

electronics Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other Electric charge, electrically charged particles. It is a subfield ...

Contributions to the
history of science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient history, ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural science, natural, social science, social, and formal science, formal. Pr ...

Alimarin's works on the history of Russian science emphasized the importance of

Mikhail Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; , ; – ) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of ...

and

Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ( ; ) was a Russian chemist known for formulating the periodic law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements. He used the periodic law not only to correct the then-accepted properties of some known ele ...

's studies. Alimarin also considered the study of

and the

platinum group The platinum-group metals (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). The six platinum-group ...

to be important in analytical chemistry. Alimarin co-authored a 1967 paper covering the developments of Russian analytical chemistry in the first half of the 19th century. Alimarin also advocated for the development of analytical chemistry and believed it to be a promising field of study. Alimarin presented his views on the general issues of analytical chemistry, such as its name and its importance, in a 1983 article titled "Modern Understanding of the Science of analytical chemistry".

Pedagogy

Alimarin held various teaching positions throughout his career. His lectures at the MITHT and later at the MSU focused on the practical aspects of analytical chemistry. Alimarin taught a general analytical chemistry course for second-year students at the Faculty of Chemistry at MSU and a special course on modern methods for students specializing in analytical chemistry. Over 80 doctorate theses were completed with Alimarin's guidance. Another 18 doctoral theses were defended with his advisory participation. Aliman also co-authored a textbook on analytical chemistry.

Legacy

The Department of Analytical Chemistry at MITHT is named after him.

References

Literature

* * * * * * * * *

External links

* * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Alimarin, Ivan Soviet chemists 1903 births 1989 deaths Scientists from Moscow

Biography

Chronology

Early years

Further life

Scientific activity

Developments in theoretical analytical chemistry

Methods for determining trace elements in raw minerals

Developments in microanalysis

Analysis of highly pure substances

Nuclear chemistry and radio analysis

Chromatography and electrochemistry

Luminescence analysis

Contributions to the history of science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient history, ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural science, natural, social science, social, and formal science, formal. Pr ...

Pedagogy

Legacy

References

Literature

External links

Contributions to the
history of science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient history, ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural science, natural, social science, social, and formal science, formal. Pr ...