Friedrich Hermann Loew (19 July 1807 – 21 April 1879) was a German

entomologist Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (''éntomon''), meaning "insect", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study") is the branch of zoology that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology are known as entomologists. In ...

who specialised in the study of

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advance ...

, an order of insects including

flies Flies are insects of the Order (biology), order Diptera, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwin ...

mosquito Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...

es,

gnat GNAT is a free-software compiler for the Ada programming language which forms part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). It supports all versions of the language, i.e. Ada 2012, Ada 2005, Ada 95 and Ada 83. Originally its ...

s and

midge A midge is any small fly, including species in several family (biology), families of non-mosquito nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found (seasonally or otherwise) on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid ...

s. He described many world species and was the first specialist to work on the Diptera of the United States.

Biography

Early years

Hermann Loew was born in Weissenfels, Saxony a short distance south of Halle (Germany). The Loew family, though not wealthy, was well-placed. Loew's father was a functionary for the Department of Justice of the Duchy of

Saxony Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. Its capital is Dresden, and ...

who later became a ''Geheimer Regierungsrath'' of

Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...

. Between 1817 and 1829 Loew attended first the Convent School of Rossleben, then the

University of Halle-Wittenberg Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and i ...

, graduating in mathematics,

philology Philology () is the study of language in Oral tradition, oral and writing, written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also de ...

and

natural history Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is cal ...

Teacher, tutor and husband

Recognizing his abilities as a mathematician, the university, on his graduation, appointed him as a lecturer in the same subjects. In 1830 he went to Berlin and gave lessons in different higher grade schools including the ''Kadetten-Schule'' military school. Here he was private tutor to Prince Biron heir to the

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic states, Baltic region, then known as Livonia, that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominal vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of th ...

and the young Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) later one of the most famous

oculist Ophthalmology (, ) is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of eye diseases and disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Following a ...

s of all times. In 1834 Loew was appointed superior teacher (''Oberlehrer'') at the Friedrich-Wilhelm- Gymnasium in Posen, known today as St. John Cantius High School in Poznań, Poland where he taught mathematics and natural history. In the same year, he married the daughter of senior preacher Ehricht, a favourite sermoniser. Several of Loew's pupils at Posen became scientific celebrities, the most notable being the philosopher Kuno Fischer (1824–1907) and the mathematicians Leo Königsberger (1837–1921) and Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs (1835–1902). That they became such, gifted though they were, must have been due to Loew's extraordinary abilities and his popularity with students.

East Asia

In 1841-2 Loew accompanied Heinrich Kiepert (1818–1899), a celebrated

geographer A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts. The Greek prefix "geo" means "earth" a ...

, and August Schoenborn to the Near East. The results of this trip were later partly communicated to Hermann Carl Conrad Burmeister (1807–1892),

Philipp Christoph Zeller Philipp Christoph Zeller (8 April 1808 – 27 March 1883) was a German entomologist. Zeller was born at Steinheim an der Murr, Württemberg, two miles from Marbach, the birthplace of Schiller. The family moved to Frankfurt (Oder) where Ph ...

and to

Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, natural history, naturalist, List of explorers, explorer, and proponent of Romanticism, Romantic philosophy and Romanticism ...

(1769–1859), but the remainder (the greatest part), were used in Loew's own later publications. August Schoenborn,

philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also defined as the study of ...

and

, was also a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Posen, and author of

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

school books. He eventually became Loew's brother-in-law. Humboldt was of course the author of the chattily readable "Kosmos", an account of the visible universe, and the most celebrated German naturalist explorer of his day. Many other countries were visited en route including places in the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

Politics

In 1848 Loew was elected to the German Parliament in

Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...

. Elected to the first German Parliament when 40 years old, Loew resisted the separatist longings of the Poles from his outpost (Posen) near the frontier of

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

. He belonged to Heinrich von Gagern's Imperial Party, a grouping which fostered

Liberalism in Germany This article aims to give a historical outline of liberalism in Germany (). The liberalism, liberal political party, parties dealt with in the timeline below are, largely, those which received sufficient support at one time or another to have bee ...

and pursued a policy of fusion for the German states.

Tragedy, Disappointment and a return to teaching

Disillusioned by the failure to realise German unity and distressed by the death of his 21-year-old daughter from the plague, in 1850, Loew left politics. In 1850 he was appointed director of the royal

Realschule Real school (, ) is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (''realna gimnazija''), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (''realskole''), Sweden (''realskola''), F ...

Mesritz (a Realschule is a school emphasizing technical and scientific studies). Due to the efforts of Loew, the Mesritz Realschule was later to become a gymnasium (a more classical sort of school, though still scientific). While at Mesritz Loew gave up politics so as not to be in conflict with the educational department, and resisted offers of a seat in the Prussian Landtag (Federal state parliament) for the district of Mesritz-Bomst.

Bad health

Severe health problems between 1851 and 1854 forced retirement. In 1868 he received a pension and took up the study of Diptera full-time after moving to

Guben Guben (Polish language, Polish and Sorbian languages, Sorbian: ''Gubin'') is a town on the Lusatian Neisse river in Lower Lusatia, in the States of Germany, state of Brandenburg, in eastern Germany. Located in the Spree-Neiße Districts of German ...

. Here he worked incessantly on Diptera. In 1870 he was elected city councillor and vice-president of the city council in Guben and held a seat in the legislature in Berlin for the Sorau-Guben district between 1873 and 1876.

Last years

The imminent end of Loew was signaled on a summer holiday in Blankenburg in

Thuringia Thuringia (; officially the Free State of Thuringia, ) is one of Germany, Germany's 16 States of Germany, states. With 2.1 million people, it is 12th-largest by population, and with 16,171 square kilometers, it is 11th-largest in area. Er ...

when he had a paralytic stroke after which he sought treatment in the Diaconissen-Haus in Halle, Saxony, and died on 21 April 1879. Only three of his seven children survived him. His obituary in the Vassisches Zeitung described him as a "distinguished pedagogue, naturalist pioneer of German Unity".

Loew's character

Lutheran Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...

protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...

, Loew's motto was "Gott Helfe" – God helps or God may help. Loew was an obsessive worker. Something of his nature can be judged from his refusing to eat warm food to pay off the loans incurred during his education, and from his extraordinary

calligraphy Calligraphy () is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instruments. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an e ...

, with its machine-like precision. There is never any difficulty with reading a Loew label, characteristically justified to the side margins. Loew shared such personality traits with the neurotically-obsessive fellow entomologist

Alexander Henry Haliday Alexander Henry Haliday (1806–1870, also known as Enrico Alessandro Haliday, Alexis Heinrich Haliday, or simply Haliday) was an Ireland, Irish entomologist. He is primarily known for his work on Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Thysanoptera, but wor ...

Work

Hermann Loew was undoubtedly the dominant dipterist from the 1840s and the following three decades. Although predominantly a describer — delineating the taxonomically useful characters of more than 4,000 species mainly from the

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. Th ...

and North America, but also from the

Afrotropics The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...

and the Far East — Loew made important contributions to higher

taxonomy image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...

. Hermann Loew is best known with regard to Diptera paleontology for his work with Baltic amber inclusions. He was the first investigator to seriously interest himself in the Diptera of amber and his 1850 work on the amber Diptera from the Baltic region was the major foundation for all future study on amber Diptera.

Loew's collections

Loew's personal Baltic amber collection is in the

Natural History Museum A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history scientific collection, collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, Fungus, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleo ...

, London.

Types Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Ty ...

of fossil species based on material in the Klebs Collection are now in Göttingen. Fossil types based on specimens from the Berendt collection are in the Paläontologisches Museum, in the present day the ''Museum für Naturkunde'' (the Natural History Museum of Berlin). Types of recent Diptera are in the ''Museum für Naturkunde'', Berlin, except for the North American species, which are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a suburb in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, located directly across the Charles River from Boston. The city's population as of the 2020 United States census, ...

, the South African material, which is in the University of Halle, Zoological Museum, and the Alaskan species, which are in the Finnish Museum of Natural History in Helsinki. Other Loew specimens, including types, are in the Natural History Museum in Stockholm and in the Natural History Museum, London (Lepidoptera from

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

). Small numbers of specimens are in the Natural History Museum in

Dublin Dublin is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, pa ...

, Ireland and in the Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford.

The Loew collection in the ''Museum für Naturkunde'', Berlin

Otites bucephala Meigen total dorsal left

Aside from Diptera collected by Loew himself, mostly from the area around Posen and Meseritz (then in Prussia but now in Poland) and elsewhere in what is now Germany. The collection contains much material collected by other, mostly anonymous German entomologists from Germany and other parts of Europe. There is also material collected in (not by Loew): "Brasilien, Bismark Arch pelagoRalum, Bogota, Columbien, Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Carolina, Chile, Sumatra, Soekaranda, Montivide Askhaabad, Transcaspian, Amboine, Klein-Asien-Asia Minor, Arab fel., Andalusia, Griechenland, Santiago, Lapland, N. Kamerun Cameroons, Kaukasus, Texas, Aegyptea". In these respects the collection, though impressive in most respects differs little from that of other contemporary assemblages. The collection, however, contains: * Specimens sent by Alexander Henry Haliday which was either type (in the modern sense) or which he considered representative of his own taxa * Specimens sent by Alexander Henry Haliday comp. exemp. Linnaeus or comp. exemp. Meigen (following Halidays examination of these collections in London (Linnaeus) and Paris (Meigen)) * Specimens sent by

Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera. Biography Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...

either type or representative of Zetterstedt taxa * Specimens sent by

Rasmus Carl Stæger Rasmus Carl Stæger (3 November 1800 – 9 February 1875) was a Denmark, Danish attorney, civil servant, politician and entomologist. Biography Stæger was born and died in Copenhagen, Denmark. He took his legal degree in 1817. Over the course of ...

illustrative of Stæger’s description * Specimens sent by

Camillo Rondani Camillo Rondani (21 November 1808 – 17 September 1879) was an Italian entomology, entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera. Early life, family and education Camillo Rondani was born in Parma when the city was part of the French Empi ...

‘comparito con il tipo’ * Synonymic notes, either on or with pinned specimens

Insects named for Loew

* ''Trichosoma loewii'' Zeller, 1846 (Lepidoptera) (now '' Ocnogyna loewii'') * '' Albulina loewii'' (Zeller, 1847) — large jewel blue (Lepidoptera) * '' Scymnus loewii'' Mulsant, 1850 — Loew's ladybird (

Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...

* '' Aleuropteryx loewii'' Klapálek, 1894 (

Neuroptera The insect order (biology), order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera is grouped together with the Megaloptera (alderflies, f ...

) * ''Acrotelus loewii'' Reuter, 1885 (

Heteroptera The Heteroptera are a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the order Hemiptera. They are sometimes called "true bugs", though that name more commonly refers to the Hemiptera as a whole. "Typical bugs" might be used as a more unequivocal al ...

Miridae The Miridae are a large and diverse insect family at one time known by the Synonym (taxonomy), taxonomic synonym Capsidae. Species in the family may be referred to as capsid bugs or "mirid bugs". Common names include plant bugs, leaf bugs, and g ...

) — renamed to '' Acrotelus caspicus'' * '' Damioseca loewii'' Carvalho * '' Phytomyza loewii'' Hendel, 1923 ( Agromyzidae) * '' Meromacrus loewii'' (Williston, 1892) ( Syrphidae) * '' Trapezostigma loewii'' (Kaup, 1866) (

Odonata Odonata is an order of predatory flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies (as well as the '' Epiophlebia'' damsel-dragonflies). The two major groups are distinguished with dragonflies (Anisoptera) usually being bulkier with ...

Libellulidae The chasers, darters, skimmers, and perchers and their relatives form the Libellulidae, the largest family of dragonflies. It is sometimes considered to contain the Corduliidae as the subfamily Corduliinae and the Macromiidae as the subfamily M ...

) — common glider dragonfly * ''Pterophorus loewii'' (Zeller, 1847) (now '' Stenoptilia zophodactylus'') (Lepidoptera,

Pterophoridae The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings, giving them the shape of a narrow winged airplane. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are ...

) * '' Plejus loewii'' — Loew's blue plejus (

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...

) * '' Argyra loewii'' Kowarz, 1879 (

Dolichopodidae Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 8,000 described species in about 250 genera. The genus '' Dolichopus'' is the most speciose, with some 600 species. Dolichopodidae generally a ...

) * '' Ocnaea loewi'' Cole, 1919 (

Acroceridae The Acroceridae are a small family of odd-looking flies. They have a hump-backed appearance with a strikingly small head, generally with a long proboscis for accessing nectar. They are rare and not widely known. The most frequently applied common ...

) * '' Campiglossa loewiana'' (Hendel,1927) ''Paroxyna loewiana''(

Tephritidae The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae. The family Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus '' Drosophila'' (in the family Drosophilidae ...

) * '' Loewiella'' Williston (

Asilidae The Asilidae are the robber fly family, also called assassin flies. They are powerfully built, bristly flies with a short, stout proboscis enclosing the sharp, sucking Insect mouthparts#Hypopharynx, hypopharynx. The name "robber flies" reflects t ...

) * '' Loewia'' Egger, 1856 (

Tachinidae The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true fly, flies within the insect order Fly, Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1,300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in t ...

) * '' Muscina angustifrons'', 1858 (Muscidae)

Works

* 1837: ''Dipterologische Notizen.'' In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 1, S. 1–10, Wien 1837. * 1840: ''Über die im Großherzogtum Posen aufgefundenen Zweiflügler eprint: Bemerkungen über die in der Posener Gegend einheimischen Arten mehrerer Zweiflügler-Gattungen. Posen, 1840, S. 1–40'' In: ''Isis.'' S. 512–584, Jena 1840. * 1844: ''Beschreibung einiger neuer Gattungen der europäischen Dipterenfauna.'' In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 5, S. 114–130, 154–173, 165–168, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1844. * 1844: ''Dioctria hercyniae, eine neue Art''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 5, S. 381–382, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1844. * 1847: ''Dipterologisches''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 8, S. 368–376, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1847. * 1847: ''Über die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica)''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 2, S. 384–568, 585–591, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1847. * 1847: ''Nomina systematica generum dipterorum, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis, etymologia et familiis ad quas pertinent.'' In: Agassiz: ''Nomenclator zoologicus''. Solothurn 1847, Fasc. 9/10 * 1848: ''Ueber die europäischen Arten der Gattung Eumerus''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 9, S. 118–128, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1848. * 1848: ''Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica)''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 3, S. 386–495, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1848. * 1849: ''Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica)''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 4, S. 1–155, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1849. * 1850: ''Ueber den Bernstein und die Bernsteinfauna''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1850.'' S. 1–4, 1–44, Berlin 1850. * 1851: ''Bemerkungen über die Familie Asiliden''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1851.'' S. 1–22, Berlin 1851. * 1851: ''Nachträge zu den europäischen Asiliden''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 5, S. 407–416, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1851. * 1852: ''Diagnosen der Dipteren von Peter's Reise in Mossambique''. In: ''Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1852.'' S. 658–661, Berlin 1852. * 1853: ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Erster Beitrag''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1853.'' S. 1–37, Berlin 1853. * 1854: ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Zweiter Beitrag''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1854.'' S. 1–24, Berlin 1854. * 1855: ''Vier neue griechische Diptera''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 16, S. 39–41, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1855. * 1856: ''Diptera.'' In: Rosenhauer: ''Die Thiere Anadalusien nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt''. Blaesing, Erlangen 1856. * 1856: ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Vierter Beitrag''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1856.'' S. 1–57, Berlin 1856. * 1857: ''Dipterologische Mittheilungen''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 1, S. 33–56, S. 36–37, Wien 1857. * 1857: ''Dipterologische Notizen''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 1, S. 1–10, Wien 1857. * 1857: ''Dischistus multisetosus und Saropogon aberrans, zwei neue europäische Dipteren''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 18, S. 17–20, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1857. * 1858: ''Bericht über die neueren Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der Dipterologie''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 2, S. 325–349, Berlin 1858. * 1858: ''Beschreibung einiger japanischer Dipteren''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 2, S. 100–112, Wien 1858. * 1858: ''Bidrag till kännendomen om Afrikas Diptera''. In: ''Öfvers. Svenska Vet. — Akad. Förhandl.'' Band 14(9), 1857, S. 337–383 (342–367). * 1859: ''Bidrag till kännendomen om Afrikas Diptera''. In: ''Öfvers. Svenska Vet. — Akad. Förhandl.'' Band 15, 1858, S. 335–341 (337–339). * 1859: ''Ueber die europäischen Helomyzidae und die in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten derselben''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 13, 1859, S. 3–80.
online
* 1860: ''Die Dipteren-Fauna Südafrikas. Erste Abtheilung''. In: ''Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Sachsen und Thüringen.'' Band 2, 1858–1861, S. 56–402, S. 128–244, Halle. * 1860: ''Drei von Herrn Dr.Friedr.Stein in Dalmatien entdeckte Dipteren''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 4, S. 20–24, Wien 1860. * 1861: ''Diptera aliquot in insula Cuba collecta''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 5, S. 33–43, Wien 1861. * 1861: ''Die europäischen Arten der Gattung Stenopogon''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 5, S. 8–13, Wien 1861. * 1862: ''Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 6, S. 185–232, S. 188–193, Berlin 1862. * 1862: ''Diptera'' In: ''Zweiflügler'' In: Wilhelm C. H. Peters: ''Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl Sr Maj. des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842–1848 ausgeführt. 5. Insecten u. Amphibien''. Reimer, Berlin 1862. * 1862: ''Ueber einige bei Varna gefangene Dipteren''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 6, S. 161–175, Wien 1862. * 1862: ''Ueber griechische Dipteren''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 6, S. 69–89, Berlin 1862. * 1863: ''Enumeratio dipterorum quae C.Tollin ex Africa merdionali (Orangestaat, Bloemfontein) misit''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 7, S. 9–16, Wien 1863. * 1865: ''Ueber einige bei Kutais in Imeretien gefangene Dipteren''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 9, S. 234–242, Berlin 1865. * 1866: ''Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 10, S. 1–54, S. 15–37, Berlin 1866. * 1868: ''Cilicische Dipteren und einige mit ihnen concurrirende Arten''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 12, S. 369–386, Berlin 1868. * 1869: ''Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen.'' Band I. Halle 1869, S. 61–121. * 1870: ''Diptera.'' In: L. von Heyden: ''Entomologische Reise nach dem südlichen Spanien der Sierra Guadarrrama und Sierra Morena, Portugal und den Cantabrischen Gebirge mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten''. Berlin 1870, S. 211–212. * 1870: ''Lobioptera speciosa Meig. und decora nov.sp.''. In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 35, S. 9–14, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1870. * 1870: ''Ueber die von Herrn Dr.G.Seidlitz in Spanien gesammelten Dipteren''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 14, S. 137–144, Berlin 1870. * 1871: ''Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen.'' Band II. Halle 1871, S. 70–196. * 1872: ''Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 16, S. 49–115, S. 62–74, Berlin 1872. * 1873: ''Bemerkungen über die von Herrn F. Walker im 5. Bande des Entomologist beschriebenen ägyptischen und arabischen Dipteren''. In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 42, S. 105–109, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1873. * 1873: ''Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen.'' Band III. Halle 1873, S. 120–144. * 1874: ''Diptera nova a Hug.Theod.Christopho collecta''. In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 43, Neue Folge Band 9, S. 413–420, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1874. * 1874: ''Neue nordamerikanische Dasypogonina''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' 18, S. 353–377, Berlin 1874. * 1874: ''Ueber die Arten der Gattung Blepharotes Westw.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 10, 44, S. 71–75, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1874. * 1881: Stein: ''Die Löw’sche Dipteren-Sammlung''. In: ''Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 42, S. 489–491, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1881. Longer list of works see the references i
Sabrosky's Family Group Names in Diptera
and also the German version of this page.

References

*Anonym 1878–1879 oew, F. H.''Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankf.a.M.'' 1878–79: 7. *Anonym 1879 iographien''Zool. Anz.'' 2: 336. *Anonym 1879 oew, F. H.''Entomologist's Monthly Magazine'' (3) 16: 46. *Anonym 1879 oew, F. H.''Ent. Nachr.'' (F. Karsch) 5: 146. *Anonym 1879 oew, F. H.''Naturaliste Canad.'' 1: 63. *Anonym 1969 oew, H.''Ann. Natal Mus.'' 19. *Carus Sterne 1879 oew, F. H.''Dtsch. ent. Ztschr.'' 23: 419–423. *Essig, E. O. 1931 A History of Entomology. New York, Macmillan Company : VI+1–1029, 691–694, Portr. *Evenhuis, N. L. 1992 The publication and dating of Hermann Loew’s school-program Diptera articles. ''Archives of Natural History'' 19 (3): 375–378. *Evenhuis, N. L. 1997 ''Litteratura taxonomica dipterorum'' (1758–1930). Volume 1 (A–K); Volume 2 (L–Z). Leiden, Backhuys Publishers 1; 2 VII+1–426; 427–871 2: 486–496, Portrait. *Hesselbart, G., Oorschot, H. van & Wagener, S. 1995 ''Die Tagfalter der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der angrenzend en Länder''. Bocholt, Selbstverlag S. Wagener. 99. * Kowarz, F. 1879: oew, F. H.''Verh. k.k. zool.bot. Ges. Wien, Sitzungsber.'' 29: 45–47. *Kraatz, G., 1879 Loew's Fliegensammlung ''Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift'' 1879: 23–2

*Krause, E. 1879 oew, F. H.''Dtsch. Entomol. Z.'' 23: 419–423. *Musgrave, A. 1932 ''Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930.'' Sydney *Nonveiller, G. 1999 ''The Pioneers of the research on the Insects of Dalmatia.'' Zagreb, Hrvatski Pridodoslovni Muzej, 390pp. *Osborn, H. 1937 ''Fragments of Entomological History Including Some Personal Recollections of Men and Events.''Columbus, Ohio, Published by the Author. *Osborn, H. 1952 ''A Brief History of Entomology Including Time of Demosthenes and Aristotle to Modern Times with over Five Hundred Portraits.'' Columbus, Ohio, The Spahr & Glenn Company. *Osten-Sacken, C. R. 1884 oew, F. H.''Verh. k.k. zool.bot. Ges. Wien, Sitzungsber''. 34: 455–464. *Osten-Sacken, C. R. 1903 ''Record of my life and work in entomology.'' Cambridge (Mass.) 29–35, 44–45, 99–137,144–153, 158–164. * Paul Gustav Eduard Speiser, Speiser, P. 1907: oew, F. H.''Ent. Wochenbl.'' 24: 129–130. *Stone, A. 1980 ''History of Nearctic Dipterology''. in Griffiths, G. C. D. (Ed.). ''Flies of the Nearctic Region''. Stuttgart, Schweizerbart 1(1) XIII+1–62, 36–37. *van Rossum, A. J. 1908 Hermann Löew Lerdacht. ''Ent. Berichten'' 2: 217. * Zeller, P. 1847 Verzeichnis der vom Professor Dr. Loew in der Türkei und Asien gesammelten ''Lepidoptera Isis von Oken'' 1: 3–39.

Footnotes

External links

Systema Dipterorum
Provides complete Friedrich Hermann Loew Diptera Bibliography
EOL
''

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'' Taxa described by Loew.Complete and many supported by images.Type Loew into the search box
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Digitised works by Hermann Loew at

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Loew, Hermann 1807 births 1879 deaths Dipterists German entomologists German Lutherans People from Weißenfels Scientists from the Province of Saxony Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni 19th-century Lutherans Zoologists from the Kingdom of Prussia