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A Grotrian diagram, or term diagram, shows the allowed
Hyperphysics: Atomic Energy Level Diagrams
Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus
Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus (Addenda)
Volume III
Volume IV
Electronic structure of atoms
Diagrams Spectroscopy Atomic physics Photochemistry {{spectroscopy-stub
A Grotrian diagram, or term diagram, shows the allowed electronic transition
In atomic physics and chemistry, an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom. The time scale of a qua ...
s between the energy level
A quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound state, bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical mechanics, classical pa ...
s of atoms. They can be used for one-electron and multi-electron atoms. They take into account the specific selection rules
In physics and chemistry, a selection rule, or transition rule, formally constrains the possible transitions of a system from one quantum state to another. Selection rules have been derived for electromagnetic transitions in molecules, in atoms, in ...
related to changes in angular momentum
Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of Momentum, linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a Conservation law, conserved quantity – the total ang ...
of the electron. The diagrams are named after Walter Grotrian
Walter Robert Wilhelm Grotrian (21 April 1890 in Aachen; † 3 March 1954 in Potsdam) was a German astronomer and astrophysicist.
In 1928 he introduced the Grotrian diagram in atomic spectroscopy, showing the allowed transitions between atomi ...
, who introduced them in his 1928 book ''Graphische Darstellung der Spektren von Atomen und Ionen mit ein, zwei und drei Valenzelektronen'' ("Graphical representation of the spectra of atoms and ions with one, two and three valence electrons").
See also
*Jablonski diagram
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states and often the vibrational levels of a molecule, and also the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped hor ...
(for molecules)
References
External links
Hyperphysics: Atomic Energy Level Diagrams
Volumes with Grotrian diagrams of most elements
''Atomic energy-level and Grotrian diagrams'' by Stanley Bashkin and John O. Stoner Jr.Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus
Volume I: Hydrogen - Phosphorus (Addenda)
Volume III
Volume IV
Grotrian diagrams
Electronic structure of atoms
Diagrams Spectroscopy Atomic physics Photochemistry {{spectroscopy-stub