equal-temperament

An equal temperament is a musical temperament or tuning system that approximates just intervals by dividing an octave (or other interval) into steps such that the ratio of the frequencies of any adjacent pair of notes is the same. This system yields pitch steps perceived as equal in size, due to the logarithmic changes in pitch frequency.

In classical music and Western music in general, the most common tuning system since the 18th century has been 12 equal temperament (also known as ''12 tone equal temperament'', ' or ', informally abbreviated as ''12 equal''), which divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equal on a logarithmic scale, with a ratio equal to the 12th root of 2, (\sqrt 2/math> ≈ 1.05946). That resulting smallest interval, the width of an octave, is called a semitone or half step. In Western countries the term ''equal temperament'', without qualification, generally means '.

In modern times, is usually tuned relative to a standard pitch of 440 Hz, called A 440, meaning one note, , is tuned to 440 hertz and all other notes are defined as some multiple of semitones away from it, either higher or lower in frequency. The standard pitch has not always been 440 Hz; it has varied considerably and generally risen over the past few hundred years.

Other equal temperaments divide the octave differently. For example, some music has been written in and , while the Arab tone system uses

Instead of dividing an octave, an equal temperament can also divide a different interval, like the equal-tempered version of the Bohlen–Pierce scale, which divides the just interval of an octave and a fifth (ratio 3:1), called a "tritave" or a "pseudo-octave" in that system, into 13 equal parts.

For tuning systems that divide the octave equally, but are not approximations of just intervals, the term equal division of the octave, or ' can be used.

Unfretted string ensembles, which can adjust the tuning of all notes except for open strings, and vocal groups, who have no mechanical tuning limitations, sometimes use a tuning much closer to just intonation for acoustic reasons. Other instruments, such as some wind, keyboard, and fretted instruments, often only approximate equal temperament, where technical limitations prevent exact tunings.
Some wind instruments that can easily and spontaneously bend their tone, most notably trombones, use tuning similar to string ensembles and vocal groups.

General properties

In an equal temperament, the distance between two adjacent steps of the scale is the same interval. Because the perceived identity of an interval depends on its ratio, this scale in even steps is a geometric sequence of multiplications. (An arithmetic sequence of intervals would not sound evenly spaced and would not permit transposition to different keys.) Specifically, the smallest interval in an equal-tempered scale is the ratio:

:$\ r^n = p\$
:\ r = \sqrt

where the ratio divides the ratio (typically the octave, which is 2:1) into equal parts. (''See Twelve-tone equal temperament below.'')

Scales are often measured in cents, which divide the octave into 1200 equal intervals (each called a cent). This logarithmic scale makes comparison of different tuning systems easier than comparing ratios, and has considerable use in ethnomusicology. The basic step in cents for any equal temperament can be found by taking the width of above in cents (usually the octave, which is 1200 cents wide), called below , and dividing it into parts:
:$\ c = \frac\$

In musical analysis, material belonging to an equal temperament is often given an integer notation, meaning a single integer is used to represent each pitch. This simplifies and generalizes discussion of pitch material within the temperament in the same way that taking the logarithm of a multiplication reduces it to addition. Furthermore, by applying the modular arithmetic where the modulus is the number of divisions of the octave (usually 12), these integers can be reduced to pitch classes, which removes the distinction (or acknowledges the similarity) between pitches of the same name, e.g., is 0 regardless of octave register. The MIDI encoding standard uses integer note designations.

General formulas for the equal-tempered interval

Twelve-tone equal temperament

12 tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 intervals of equal size, is the musical system most widely used today, especially in Western music.

History

The two figures frequently credited with the achievement of exact calculation of equal temperament are Zhu Zaiyu (also romanized as Chu-Tsaiyu. Chinese: ) in 1584 and Simon Stevin in 1585. According to F.A. Kuttner, a critic of giving credit to Zhu, it is known that Zhu "presented a highly precise, simple and ingenious method for arithmetic calculation of equal temperament mono-chords in 1584" and that Stevin "offered a mathematical definition of equal temperament plus a somewhat less precise computation of the corresponding numerical values in 1585 or later."

The developments occurred independently.

Kenneth Robinson credits the invention of equal temperament to Zhu

and provides textual quotations as evidence.

In 1584 Zhu wrote:
: I have founded a new system. I establish one foot as the number from which the others are to be extracted, and using proportions I extract them. Altogether one has to find the exact figures for the pitch-pipers in twelve operations.

Kuttner disagrees and remarks that his claim "cannot be considered correct without major qualifications". Kuttner proposes that neither Zhu nor Stevin achieved equal temperament and that neither should be considered its inventor.

China

Chinese theorists had previously come up with approximations for , but Zhu was the first person to mathematically solve 12 tone equal temperament, which he described in two books, published in 1580

and 1584.

Needham also gives an extended account.

Zhu obtained his result by dividing the length of string and pipe successively by , and for pipe length by , such that after 12 divisions (an octave), the length was halved.

Zhu created several instruments tuned to his system, including bamboo pipes.

Europe

Some of the first Europeans to advocate equal temperament were lutenists Vincenzo Galilei, Giacomo Gorzanis, and Francesco Spinacino, all of whom wrote music in it.

Simon Stevin was the first to develop 12  based on the twelfth root of two, which he described in ''van de Spiegheling der singconst'' (), published posthumously in 1884.

Plucked instrument players (lutenists and guitarists) generally favored equal temperament, while others were more divided. In the end, 12-tone equal temperament won out. This allowed enharmonic modulation, new styles of symmetrical tonality and polytonality, atonal music such as that written with the 12-tone technique or serialism, and jazz (at least its piano component) to develop and flourish.

Mathematics

In 12 tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal parts, the width of a semitone, i.e. the frequency ratio of the interval between two adjacent notes, is the twelfth root of two:

: \sqrt 2= 2^ \approx 1.059463

This interval is divided into 100 cents.

Calculating absolute frequencies

To find the frequency, , of a note in 12 , the following formula may be used:

:\ P_n = P_a\ \cdot\ \Bigl(\ \sqrt 2 \Bigr)^\

In this formula represents the pitch, or frequency (usually in hertz), you are trying to find. is the frequency of a reference pitch. The indes numbers and are the labels assigned to the desired pitch () and the reference pitch (). These two numbers are from a list of consecutive integers assigned to consecutive semitones. For example, A (the reference pitch) is the 49th key from the left end of a piano (tuned to 440 Hz), and C (middle C), and F are the 40th and 46th keys, respectively. These numbers can be used to find the frequency of C and F:

:P_ = 440\ \text\ \cdot\ \Bigl( \sqrt 2 \Bigr)^ \approx 261.626\ \text\
:P_ = 440\ \text\ \cdot\ \Bigl( \sqrt 2 \Bigr)^ \approx 369.994\ \text\

Converting frequencies to their equal temperament counterparts

To convert a frequency (in Hz) to its equal 12  counterpart, the following formula can be used:

:$\ E_n = E_a\ \cdot\ 2^\ \quad$ where in general $\quad\ x\ \equiv\ \frac\ \operatorname\!\Biggl( 12\log_ \left(\frac\right) \Biggr) ~.$

is the frequency of a pitch in equal temperament, and is the frequency of a reference pitch. For example, if we let the reference pitch equal 440 Hz, we can see that and have the following frequencies, respectively:

: $E_ = 440\ \mathsf\ \cdot\ 2^\ \approx\ 659.255\ \mathsf\ \quad$ where in this case $\quad x = \frac\ \operatorname\!\Biggl(\ 12 \log_\left(\frac\right)\ \Biggr) = \frac ~.$

: $E_ = 440\ \mathsf\ \cdot\ 2^\ \approx\ 554.365\ \mathsf\ \quad$ where in this case $\quad x = \frac\ \operatorname\!\Biggl( 12 \log_\left(\frac\right)\Biggr) = \frac = \frac ~.$

Comparison with just intonation

The intervals of 12  closely approximate some intervals in just intonation.
The fifths and fourths are almost indistinguishably close to just intervals, while thirds and sixths are further away.

In the following table, the sizes of various just intervals are compared to their equal-tempered counterparts, given as a ratio as well as cents.

:

Seven-tone equal division of the fifth

Violins, violas, and cellos are tuned in perfect fifths ( for violins and for violas and cellos), which suggests that their semitone ratio is slightly higher than in conventional 12 tone equal temperament. Because a perfect fifth is in 3:2 relation with its base tone, and this interval comprises seven steps, each tone is in the ratio of \sqrt /math> to the next (100.28 cents), which provides for a perfect fifth with ratio of 3:2, but a slightly widened octave with a rather than the usual 2:1, because 12 perfect fifths do not equal seven octaves. During actual play, however, violinists choose pitches by ear, and only the four unstopped pitches of the strings are guaranteed to exhibit this 3:2 ratio.

Other equal temperaments

Five-, seven-, and nine-tone temperaments in ethnomusicology

Five- and seven-tone equal temperament (' and ''7 '' ), with 240 cent and 171 cent steps, respectively, are fairly common.

and mark the endpoints of the syntonic temperament's valid tuning range, as shown in Figure 1.
* In the tempered perfect fifth is 720 cents wide (at the top of the tuning continuum), and marks the endpoint on the tuning continuum at which the width of the minor second shrinks to a width of 0 cents.
* In the tempered perfect fifth is 686 cents wide (at the bottom of the tuning continuum), and marks the endpoint on the tuning continuum, at which the minor second expands to be as wide as the major second (at 171 cents each).

5 tone and 9 tone equal temperament

According to Kunst (1949), Indonesian gamelans are tuned to but according to Hood (1966) and McPhee (1966) their tuning varies widely, and according to Tenzer (2000) they contain stretched octaves. It is now accepted that of the two primary tuning systems in gamelan music, slendro and pelog, only slendro somewhat resembles five-tone equal temperament, while pelog is highly unequal; however, in 1972 Surjodiningrat, Sudarjana and Susanto analyze pelog as equivalent to (133-cent steps ).

7-tone equal temperament

A Thai xylophone measured by Morton in 1974 "varied only plus or minus 5 cents" from . According to Morton,
: "Thai instruments of fixed pitch are tuned to an equidistant system of seven pitches per octave ... As in Western traditional music, however, all pitches of the tuning system are not used in one mode (often referred to as 'scale'); in the Thai system five of the seven are used in principal pitches in any mode, thus establishing a pattern of nonequidistant intervals for the mode."

A South American Indian scale from a pre-instrumental culture measured by Boiles in 1969 featured 175 cent seven-tone equal temperament, which stretches the octave slightly, as with instrumental gamelan music.

Chinese music has traditionally used .

Various equal temperaments

; 19 EDO: Many instruments have been built using 19 EDO tuning. Equivalent to meantone, it has a slightly flatter perfect fifth (at 695 cents), but its minor third and major sixth are less than one-fifth of a cent away from just, with the lowest EDO that produces a better minor third and major sixth than 19 EDO being 232 EDO. Its perfect fourth (at 505 cents), is seven cents sharper than just intonation's and five cents sharper than 12 EDO's.

; 22 EDO: 22 EDO is one of the most accurate EDOs to represent "superpythagprean" temperament (where 7:4 and 16:9 are the same interval). The perfect fifth is tuned sharp, resulting in four fifths and three fourths reaching supermajor thirds (9/7) and subminor thirds (7/6). One step closer to each other are the classical major and minor thirds (5/4 and 6/5).

; 23 EDO: 23 EDO is the largest EDO that fails to approximate the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics (3:2, 5:4, 7:4, 11:8) within 20 cents, but it does approximate some ratios between them (such as the 6:5 minor third) very well, making it attractive to microtonalists seeking unusual harmonic territory.

; 24 EDO: 24 EDO, the quarter-tone scale, is particularly popular, as it represents a convenient access point for composers conditioned on standard Western 12 EDO pitch and notation practices who are also interested in microtonality. Because 24 EDO contains all the pitches of 12 EDO, musicians employ the additional colors without losing any tactics available in 12 tone harmony. That 24 is a multiple of 12 also makes 24 EDO easy to achieve instrumentally by employing two traditional 12 EDO instruments tuned a quarter-tone apart, such as two pianos, which also allows each performer (or one performer playing a different piano with each hand) to read familiar 12 tone notation. Various composers, including Charles Ives, experimented with music for quarter-tone pianos. 24 EDO also approximates the 11th and 13th harmonics very well, unlike 12 EDO.

; 26 EDO: 26 is the denominator of a convergent to log₂(7), tuning the 7th harmonic (7:4) with less than half a cent of error. Although it is a meantone temperament, it is a very flat one, with four of its perfect fifths producing a major third 17 cents flat (equated with the 11:9 neutral third). 26 EDO has two minor thirds and two minor sixths and could be an alternate temperament for barbershop harmony.

; 27 EDO: 27 is the lowest number of equal divisions of the octave that uniquely represents all intervals involving the first eight harmonics. It tempers out the septimal comma but not the syntonic comma.

; 29 EDO: 29 is the lowest number of equal divisions of the octave whose perfect fifth is closer to just than in 12 EDO, in which the fifth is 1.5 cents sharp instead of 2 cents flat. Its classic major third is roughly as inaccurate as 12 EDO, but is tuned 14 cents flat rather than 14 cents sharp. It also tunes the 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics flat by roughly the same amount, allowing 29 EDO to match intervals such as 7:5, 11:7, and 13:11 very accurately. Cutting all 29 intervals in half produces 58 EDO, which allows for lower errors for some just tones.

; 31 EDO: 31 EDO was advocated by Christiaan Huygens and Adriaan Fokker and represents a rectification of quarter-comma meantone into an equal temperament. 31 EDO does not have as accurate a perfect fifth as 12 EDO (like 19 EDO), but its major thirds and minor sixths are less than 1 cent away from just. It also provides good matches for harmonics up to 11, of which the seventh harmonic is particularly accurate.

; 34 EDO: 34 EDO gives slightly lower total combined errors of approximation to 3:2, 5:4, 6:5, and their inversions than 31 EDO does, despite having a slightly less accurate fit for 5:4. 34 EDO does not accurately approximate the seventh harmonic or ratios involving 7, and is not meantone since its fifth is sharp instead of flat. It enables the 600 cent tritone, since 34 is an even number.

; 41 EDO: 41 is the next EDO with a better perfect fifth than 29 EDO and 12 EDO. Its classical major third is also more accurate, at only six cents flat. It is not a meantone temperament, so it distinguishes 10:9 and 9:8, along with the classic and Pythagorean major thirds, unlike 31 EDO. It is more accurate in the 13 limit than 31 EDO.

; 46 EDO: 46 EDO provides major thirds and perfect fifths that are both slightly sharp of just, and many say that this gives major triads a characteristic bright sound. The prime harmonics up to 17 are all within 6 cents of accuracy, with 10:9 and 9:5 a fifth of a cent away from pure. As it is not a meantone system, it distinguishes 10:9 and 9:8.

; 53 EDO: 53 EDO has only had occasional use, but is better at approximating the traditional just consonances than 12, 19 or 31 EDO. Its extremely accurate perfect fifths make it equivalent to an extended Pythagorean tuning, as 53 is the denominator of a convergent to log₂(3). With its accurate cycle of fifths and multi-purpose comma step, 53 EDO has been used in Turkish music theory. It is not a meantone temperament, which put good thirds within easy reach by stacking fifths; instead, like all schismatic temperaments, the very consonant thirds are represented by a Pythagorean diminished fourth (C-F), reached by stacking eight perfect fourths. It also tempers out the kleisma, allowing its fifth to be reached by a stack of six minor thirds (6:5).

; 58 EDO: 58 equal temperament is a duplication of 29 EDO, which it contains as an embedded temperament. Like 29 EDO it can match intervals such as 7:4, 7:5, 11:7, and 13:11 very accurately, as well as better approximating just thirds and sixths.

; 72 EDO: 72 EDO approximates many just intonation intervals well, providing near-just equivalents to the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics. 72 EDO has been taught, written and performed in practice by Joe Maneri and his students (whose atonal inclinations typically avoid any reference to just intonation whatsoever). As it is a multiple of 12, 72 EDO can be considered an extension of 12 EDO, containing six copies of 12 EDO starting on different pitches, three copies of 24 EDO, and two copies of 36 EDO.

; 96 EDO: 96 EDO approximates all intervals within 6.25 cents, which is barely distinguishable. As an eightfold multiple of 12, it can be used fully like the common 12 EDO. It has been advocated by several composers, especially Julián Carrillo.

Other equal divisions of the octave that have found occasional use include 13 EDO, 15 EDO, 17 EDO, and 55 EDO.

2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 are denominators of first convergents of log(3), so 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 twelfths (and fifths), being in correspondent equal temperaments equal to an integer number of octaves, are better approximations of 2, 5, 12, 41, 53, 306, 665 and 15601 just twelfths/fifths than in any equal temperament with fewer tones.

1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 29, 41, 53, 200, ... is the sequence of divisions of octave that provides better and better approximations of the perfect fifth. Related sequences containing divisions approximating other just intervals are listed in a footnote.

Equal temperaments of non-octave intervals

The equal-tempered version of the Bohlen–Pierce scale consists of the ratio 3:1 (1902 cents) conventionally a perfect fifth plus an octave (that is, a perfect twelfth), called in this theory a tritave (), and split into 13 equal parts. This provides a very close match to justly tuned ratios consisting only of odd numbers. Each step is 146.3 cents (), or \sqrt 3/math>.

Wendy Carlos created three unusual equal temperaments after a thorough study of the properties of possible temperaments with step size between 30 and 120 cents. These were called ''alpha'', ''beta'', and ''gamma''. They can be considered equal divisions of the perfect fifth. Each of them provides a very good approximation of several just intervals. Their step sizes:
* ''alpha'': \sqrt /math> (78.0 cents)
* ''beta'': \sqrt 1/math> (63.8 cents)
* ''gamma'': \sqrt 0/math> (35.1 cents)
Alpha and beta may be heard on the title track of Carlos's 1986 album ''Beauty in the Beast''.

Equal temperament with a non-integral number of notes per octave

While traditional equal temperaments—such as 12‑TET, 19‑TET, or 31‑TET—divide the octave into an integral number of equal parts, it is also possible to explore systems that divide the octave into a non-integral (often irrational) number. In such temperaments, the interval between successive pitches is defined by the ratio 2^(1/N), where N is not an integer. This results in irrational step sizes, meaning their multiples never exactly equal an octave.

Such tunings are of interest because, by deliberately sacrificing the octave (i.e., the second harmonic), they can yield a system that offers an improved overall approximation of other intervals in the harmonic series.

For example, in a tuning system based on 18.911‑EDO, the step size is 1200⁄18.911 ≈ 63.45 cents. Approximating the just perfect fifth (with a ratio of 3:2, or about 701.96 cents) requires about 11 steps:

* ''11 steps × 63.45 cents ≈ 698.95 cents,''
yielding an error of roughly 3 cents.

Similarly, for the just major third (with a ratio of 5:4, or about 386.31 cents), 6 steps are used:

* ''6 steps × 63.45 cents ≈ 380.70 cents,''
resulting in an error of approximately 5.61 cents.

Thus, although a perfect octave is absent, the consonance of many other intervals in these systems can be significantly higher than in integer-based equal temperaments.

Proportions between semitone and whole tone

In this section, ''semitone'' and ''whole tone'' may not have their usual 12 EDO meanings, as it discusses how they may be tempered in different ways from their just versions to produce desired relationships. Let the number of steps in a semitone be , and the number of steps in a tone be .

There is exactly one family of equal temperaments that fixes the semitone to any proper fraction of a whole tone, while keeping the notes in the right order (meaning that, for example, , , , , and are in ascending order if they preserve their usual relationships to ). That is, fixing to a proper fraction in the relationship also defines a unique family of one equal temperament and its multiples that fulfil this relationship.

For example, where is an integer, sets sets and sets The smallest multiples in these families (e.g. 12, 19 and 31 above) has the additional property of having no notes outside the circle of fifths. (This is not true in general; in 24 , the half-sharps and half-flats are not in the circle of fifths generated starting from .) The extreme cases are where and the semitone becomes a unison, and , where and the semitone and tone are the same interval.

Once one knows how many steps a semitone and a tone are in this equal temperament, one can find the number of steps it has in the octave. An equal temperament with the above properties (including having no notes outside the circle of fifths) divides the octave into and the perfect fifth into If there are notes outside the circle of fifths, one must then multiply these results by , the number of nonoverlapping circles of fifths required to generate all the notes (e.g., two in 24 , six in 72 ). (One must take the small semitone for this purpose: 19  has two semitones, one being tone and the other being . Similarly, 31  has two semitones, one being tone and the other being ).

The smallest of these families is and in particular, 12  is the smallest equal temperament with the above properties. Additionally, it makes the semitone exactly half a whole tone, the simplest possible relationship. These are some of the reasons 12  has become the most commonly used equal temperament. (Another reason is that 12 EDO is the smallest equal temperament to closely approximate 5 limit harmony, the next-smallest being 19 EDO.)

Each choice of fraction for the relationship results in exactly one equal temperament family, but the converse is not true: 47  has two different semitones, where one is tone and the other is , which are not complements of each other like in 19  ( and ). Taking each semitone results in a different choice of perfect fifth.

Related tuning systems

Equal temperament systems can be thought of in terms of the spacing of three intervals found in just intonation, ''most'' of whose chords are harmonically perfectly in tune—a good property not quite achieved between almost all pitches in almost all equal temperaments. Most just chords sound amazingly consonant, and most equal-tempered chords sound at least slightly dissonant. In C major those three intervals are:
* the greater tone the interval from C:D, F:G, and A:B;
* the lesser tone the interval from D:E and G:A;
* the diatonic semitone the interval from E:F and B:C.

Analyzing an equal temperament in terms of how it modifies or adapts these three intervals provides a quick way to evaluate how consonant various chords can possibly be in that temperament, based on how distorted these intervals are.

Regular diatonic tunings

The diatonic tuning in ''12 tone equal temperament'' can be generalized to any regular diatonic tuning dividing the octave as a sequence of steps (or some circular shift or "rotation" of it). To be called a ''regular'' diatonic tuning, each of the two semitones () must be smaller than either of the tones ( greater tone, , and lesser tone, ). The comma is implicit as the size ratio between the greater and lesser tones: Expressed as frequencies or as cents .

The notes in a regular diatonic tuning are connected in a "spiral of fifths" that does ''not'' close (unlike the circle of fifths in Starting on the subdominant (in the key of C) there are three perfect fifths in a row—–, –, and –—each a composite of some permutation of the smaller intervals The three in-tune fifths are interrupted by the grave fifth – ( ''grave'' means "flat by a comma"), followed by another perfect fifth, –, and another grave fifth, –, and then restarting in the sharps with –; the same pattern repeats through the sharp notes, then the double-sharps, and so on, indefinitely. But each octave of all-natural or all-sharp or all-double-sharp notes flattens by two commas with every transition from naturals to sharps, or single sharps to double sharps, etc. The pattern is also reverse-symmetric in the flats: Descending by fourths the pattern reciprocally sharpens notes by two commas with every transition from natural notes to flattened notes, or flats to double flats, etc. If left unmodified, the two grave fifths in each block of all-natural notes, or all-sharps, or all-flat notes, are "wolf" intervals: Each of the grave fifths out of tune by a diatonic comma.

Since the comma, , expands the lesser tone into the greater tone, a just octave can be broken up into a sequence (or a circular shift of it) of 7 diatonic semitones , 5 chromatic semitones , and 3  commas Various equal temperaments alter the interval sizes, usually breaking apart the three commas and then redistributing their parts into the seven diatonic semitones , or into the five chromatic semitones , or into both and , with some fixed proportion for each type of semitone.

The sequence of intervals , , and can be repeatedly appended to itself into a greater spiral of 12 fifths, and made to connect at its far ends by slight adjustments to the size of one or several of the intervals, or left unmodified with occasional less-than-perfect fifths, flat by a comma.

Morphing diatonic tunings into EDO

Various equal temperaments can be understood and analyzed as having made adjustments to the sizes of and subdividing the three intervals—, , and , or at finer resolution, their constituents , , and . An equal temperament can be created by making the sizes of the major and minor tones (, ) the same (say, by setting , with the others expanded to still fill out the octave), and both semitones ( and ) the same, then 12 equal semitones, two per tone, result. In , the semitone, , is exactly half the size of the same-size whole tones = .

Some of the intermediate sizes of tones and semitones can also be generated in equal temperament systems, by modifying the sizes of the comma and semitones. One obtains in the limit as the size of and tend to zero, with the octave kept fixed, and in the limit as and tend to zero; is of course, the case and For instance:

; and : There are two extreme cases that bracket this framework: When and reduce to zero with the octave size kept fixed, the result is a 5 tone equal temperament. As the gets larger (and absorbs the space formerly used for the comma ), eventually the steps are all the same size, and the result is seven-tone equal temperament. These two extremes are not included as "regular" diatonic tunings.

;: If the diatonic semitone is set double the size of the chromatic semitone, i.e. (in cents) and the result is with one step for the chromatic semitone , two steps for the diatonic semitone , three steps for the tones = , and the total number of steps 19 steps. The imbedded 12 tone sub-system closely approximates the historically important meantone system.

;: If the chromatic semitone is two-thirds the size of the diatonic semitone, i.e. with the result is 31 , with two steps for the chromatic semitone, three steps for the diatonic semitone, and five steps for the tone, where 31 steps. The imbedded 12 tone sub-system closely approximates the historically important meantone.

;: If the chromatic semitone is three-fourths the size of the diatonic semitone, i.e. with the result is 43 , with three steps for the chromatic semitone, four steps for the diatonic semitone, and seven steps for the tone, where 43. The imbedded 12 tone sub-system closely approximates meantone.

;: If the chromatic semitone is made the same size as three commas, (in cents, in frequency ) the diatonic the same as five commas, that makes the lesser tone eight commas and the greater tone nine, Hence for 53 steps of one comma each. The comma size / step size is exactly, or the syntonic comma. It is an exceedingly close approximation to 5-limit just intonation and Pythagorean tuning, and is the basis for Turkish music theory.

See also

* Just intonation
* Musical acoustics
(the physics of music)
* Music and mathematics
* Microtuner
* Microtonal music
* Piano tuning
* List of meantone intervals
* Diatonic and chromatic
* Electronic tuner
* Musical tuning

Footnotes

References

Sources

*
*
*
*
*
* As cited by
*
*

Further reading

*
— A foundational work on acoustics and the perception of sound. Especially the material in ''Appendix XX: Additions by the translator'', pages 430–556, (pdf pages 451–577) (see also wiki article '' On Sensations of Tone'')

External links

An Introduction to Historical Tunings
by Kyle Gann

Xenharmonic wiki on EDOs vs. Equal Temperaments





"Temperament" from ''A supplement to Mr. Chambers's cyclopædia'' (1753)
* Barbieri, Patrizio

(2008) Latina, Il Levante Libreria Editrice


''Jim Kukula''.

All existing 18th century quotes on J.S. Bach and temperament
* Dominic Eckersley:
Rosetta Revisited: Bach's Very Ordinary Temperament




FAVORED CARDINALITIES OF SCALES
by PETER BUCH

{{Musical tuning

Chinese discoveries