Cyprinidae is a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the

carp The term carp (: carp) is a generic common name for numerous species of freshwater fish from the family (biology), family Cyprinidae, a very large clade of ray-finned fish mostly native to Eurasia. While carp are prized game fish, quarries and a ...

s, the true minnows, and their relatives the

barb Barb or the BARBs or ''variation'' may refer to: People * Barb (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname * Barb, a term used by fans of Nicki Minaj to refer to themselves * The Barbs, a band Places * Barb, ...

s and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 1,780 species divided into 166 valid

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

. Cyprinids range from about in size to the

giant barb The giant barb, Siamese Giant carp, or simply Siamese carp (''Catlocarpio siamensis''; , ; , , , or , , ; Vietnamese: ''cá Hô'') is the largest species of cyprinid in the world. These migratory fish are found only in the Mae Klong, Mekong, and ...

(''Catlocarpio siamensis''). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order

Cypriniformes Cypriniformes is an order of ray-finned fish, which includes many families and genera of cyprinid ( carps and their kin) fish, such as barbs, loaches, botias, and minnows (among others). Cypriniformes is an "order-within-an-order", placed ...

. The family name is derived from the Greek word ( 'carp').

Biology and ecology

Cyprinids are stomachless, or ''agastric'', fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the

skull The skull, or cranium, is typically a bony enclosure around the brain of a vertebrate. In some fish, and amphibians, the skull is of cartilage. The skull is at the head end of the vertebrate. In the human, the skull comprises two prominent ...

. The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as

snails A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gas ...

and

bivalves Bivalvia () or bivalves, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of aquatic molluscs (marine and freshwater) that have laterally compressed soft bodies enclosed by a calcified exoskeleton consis ...

. Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the

Weberian organ The Weberian apparatus is an anatomical structure that connects the swim bladder to the inner ear, auditory system in fishes belonging to the superorder Ostariophysi. When it is fully developed in adult fish, the elements of the apparatus are som ...

, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the

gas bladder The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ in bony fish that functions to modulate buoyancy, and thus allowing the fish to stay at desired water depth without having to maintain lift via swimming, ...

to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered

physostome Physostomes are fishes that have a pneumatic duct connecting the gas bladder to the alimentary canal. This allows the gas bladder to be filled or emptied via the mouth. This not only allows the fish to fill their bladder by gulping air, but al ...

s because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Giant Barb

Cyprinids are native to

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

, and

Eurasia Eurasia ( , ) is a continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. According to some geographers, Physical geography, physiographically, Eurasia is a single supercontinent. The concept of Europe and Asia as distinct continents d ...

. The largest known cyprinid is the

(''Catlocarpio siamensis''), which may grow up to in length and in weight. Other very large species that can surpass are the golden mahseer (''Tor putitora'') and mangar (''Luciobarbus esocinus''). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow (''Ptychocheilus lucius''), which can reach up to in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than . The smallest known fish is '' Paedocypris progenetica'', reaching at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve

molluscs Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain the only known example of

androgenesis Androgenesis is a system of asexual reproduction that requires the presence of eggs and occurs when a zygote is produced with only paternal nuclear genes. During standard sexual reproduction, one female parent and one male parent each produce h ...

in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on

invertebrates Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''spine'' or ''backbone''), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordate subphylum ...

and

vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plants and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular Taxon, taxa, life forms, structure, Spatial ecology, spatial extent, or any other specific Botany, botanic ...

, probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp, are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd, prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp, are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase, eat algae and

biofilm A biofilm is a Syntrophy, syntrophic Microbial consortium, community of microorganisms in which cell (biology), cells cell adhesion, stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy ext ...

s, while others, such as the black carp, specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp, are specialized filter feeders. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the

zooplankton Zooplankton are the heterotrophic component of the planktonic community (the " zoo-" prefix comes from ), having to consume other organisms to thrive. Plankton are aquatic organisms that are unable to swim effectively against currents. Consequent ...

that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

Relationship with humans

Food

Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across

. In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of

biomass Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms. In the latter context, there are variations in how ...

in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as

recreational fishing Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing or game fishing, is fishing for leisure, exercise or competition. It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is occupational fishing activities done for profit; or subsistence fishing, ...

, for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.

Sport

Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

As pest control

Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') and the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') are the most important of these, for example in

Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...

As a pest species

Carp in particular can stir up

sediment Sediment is a solid material that is transported to a new location where it is deposited. It occurs naturally and, through the processes of weathering and erosion, is broken down and subsequently sediment transport, transported by the action of ...

, reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the

Mississippi Basin The Mississippi River is the primary river of the largest drainage basin in the United States. It is the second-longest river in the United States, behind only the Missouri. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, ...

, they have become

invasive species An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment. Invasive species adversely affect habitats and bioregions, causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage. The term can also be used for native spec ...

that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. ''Cyprinus carpio'' is a major pest species in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating

biodiversity Biodiversity is the variability of life, life on Earth. It can be measured on various levels. There is for example genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and Phylogenetics, phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distribut ...

by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.

Aquarium fish

Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the

goldfish The goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of the order Cypriniformes. It is commonly kept as a pet in indoor aquariums, and is one of the most popular aquarium fish. Goldfish released into the w ...

, which was bred in China from the Prussian carp (''Carassius (auratus) gibelio''). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately , as simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from the 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins, rasborines and true barbs. Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria. Some of the most popular cyprinids among aquarists, other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb, Harlequin rasbora, pearl danios, rainbow sharks, tiger barbs, and the White Cloud Mountain minnow. One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the

zebrafish The zebrafish (''Danio rerio'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Danionidae of the order Cypriniformes. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (an ...

(''Danio rerio''). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of

vertebrate Vertebrates () are animals with a vertebral column (backbone or spine), and a cranium, or skull. The vertebral column surrounds and protects the spinal cord, while the cranium protects the brain. The vertebrates make up the subphylum Vertebra ...

s, in particular fish.

Threatened families

Habitat destruction Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss or habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved elsewhere, or are dead, leading to a decrease ...

and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily

Leuciscinae Leuciscinae is a subfamily of freshwater Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes belonging to the Family (biology), family Leuciscidae, which includes the fishes known as daces, chubs, shiners and minnows. The fishes in this subfamily are mainly found i ...

from southwestern North America have been severely affected by

pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harm. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the component ...

and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century. The majority of globally extinct cypriniform species in fact belong to the leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

Systematics

The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example, the Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininaebut the overall

systematics Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phy ...

and

taxonomy image:Hierarchical clustering diagram.png, 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme o ...

of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of

are ''

incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'', too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or

Squaliobarbinae Squaliobarbinae is a small subfamily of the carp and minnow Family (biology), family, Cyprinidae, which consists of three monotypy, monotypic genera which have their natural distributions in eastern Asia. Two species, the grass carp (''Ctenophary ...

also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae) with '' Xenocypris'', though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

"Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "

s" do not belong in '' Barbus'' ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps (''Cyprinus'') as these are from ''

Garra ''Garra'' is a genus of fish in the family (biology), family Cyprinidae. These fish are one example of the "log suckers", Suckermouth, sucker-mouthed Barb (fish), barbs and other cyprinids commonly kept in Aquarium, aquaria to keep down algae. T ...

'' (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The

tench The tench or doctor fish (''Tinca tinca'') is a freshwater, fresh- and brackish water, brackish-water fish of the order Cypriniformes found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including Great Britain, Britain and Ireland east into Asia as far ...

(''Tinca tinca''), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A

cladistic Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...

analysis of

DNA sequence A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...

data of the S7

ribosomal protein A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. ''E. coli'', other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit ...

intron An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word ''intron'' is derived from the term ''intragenic region'', i.e., a region inside a gene."The notion of the cistron .e., gen ...

1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small

East Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of Economy of China, China, Economy of Ja ...

n '' Aphyocypris'', '' Hemigrammocypris'', and '' Yaoshanicus''. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the

topography Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the landforms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sci ...

of that region in the late

Paleogene The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...

, when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae, Gobioninae, and

are monophyletic.

Subfamilies and genera

Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Catalog of Fishes is a comprehensive on-line database and reference work on the scientific names of fish species and genera. It is global in its scope and is hosted by the California Academy of Sciences. It has been compiled and is continuously up ...

'' sets out the subfamilies and genera within the family Cyprinidae as follows: * Subfamily Acrossocheilinae L. Yang et al, 2015 ** '' Acrossocheilus'' Oshima, 1919 ** '' Folifer'' H. W. Wu, 1977 ** ''

Onychostoma ''Onychostoma'' is a genus of cyprinid fish found in eastern Asia. Species These are the currently recognized species in this genus: * ''Onychostoma alticorpus'' (Masamitsu Ōshima, Ōshima, 1920) (Taiwan ku fish) * ''Onychostoma angustistomatum ...

'' Günther, 1896 * Subfamily Barbinae Bleeker, 1859 ** '' Aulopyge'' Heckel, 1841 ** '' Barbus'' Daudin, 1805 ** '' Caecocypris'' Banister & Bunni, 1980 ** ''

Capoeta ''Capoeta'', also known as scrapers, is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae found in Western Asia. The distribution extends from Turkey to the Levant, to Transcaucasia, Iraq, Turkmenistan, in Armenia, particularly in lake Sevan and northern ...

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; ; or ; ) is a communes of France, commune in the Nord (French department), Nord Departments of France, department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced ...

, 1842 ** '' Cyprinion'' Heckel, 1843 ** '' Kantaka'' Hora, 1942 ** '' Luciobarbus'' Heckel, 1843 ** '' Paracapoeta'' Turan, Kaya, Aksu, Bektaş, 2022 ** '' Scaphiodonichthys'' Vinciguerra, 1890 ** '' Schizocypris'' Regan, 1914 ** '' Semiplotus'' Bleeker, 1860 * Subfamily Cyprininae

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...

, 1815 ** '' Aaptosyax'' Rainboth, 1991 ** '' Albulichthys'' Bleeker, 1860 ** '' Amblyrhynchichthys'' Bleeker, 1860 ** '' Balantiocheilos'' Bleeker, 1860 ** '' Carassioides'' Oshima, 1926 ** '' Carassius'' Jarocki, 1822 ** '' Cosmochilus'' Sauvage, 1878 ** '' Cyclocheilichthys'' Bleeker, 1859 ** '' Cyclocheilos'' Bleeker, 1859 ** ''

Cyprinus ''Cyprinus'' is the genus of typical carps in family Cyprinidae. Most species in the genus are of East Asia origin with only the common carp (''C. carpio'') in Western Asia and Europe; this invasive species has also been Introduced species, intr ...

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

, 1758 ** '' Discherodontus'' Rainboth, 1989 ** '' Eirmotus'' Schultz, 1959 ** '' Hypsibarbus'' Rainboth, 1996 ** '' Kalimantania'' Bănărescu, 1980 ** '' Laocypris'' Kottelat, 2000 ** '' Luciocyprinus'' Vaillant, 1904 ** '' Mystacoleucus'' Günther, 1868 ** '' Neobarynotus'' Bănărescu, 1980 ** '' Parasikukia'' Doi, 2000 ** '' Paraspinibarbus'' X.-L. Chu & Kottelat, 1989 ** '' Parator'' H. W. Wu, G. R. Yang, P. Q. Yue & H. J. Huang, 1963 ** '' Poropuntius'' H. M. Smith, 1931 ** '' Procypris'' S.-Y. Lin, 1933 ** '' Pseudosinocyclocheilus'' C.-G. Zhang & Y.-H. Zhao, 2016 ** '' Puntioplites'' H. M. Smith, 1929 ** '' Rohteichthys'' Bleeker, 1860 ** '' Sawbwa'' Annandale, 1918 ** '' Scaphognathops'' H.M. Smith, 1945 ** '' Sikukia'' H. M. Smith, 1931 ** ''

Sinocyclocheilus ''Sinocyclocheilus'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae that is endemic to Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan in China.Ma, L.; and Y.-H. Zhao (2012). Cavefish of China. Pp. 107—125 in: White, W.B.; and D.C. Cuvier, editors. Encycl ...

'' P.-W. Fang, 1936 ** '' Troglocyclocheilus'' Kottelat & Bréhier, 1999 ** '' Typhlobarbus'' X.-L. Chu & W.-R. Chen, 1982 * Subfamily Labeoninae Bleeker, 1859 ** '' Ageneiogarra'' Garman, 1912 ** '' Altigena'' Burton, 1934 ** '' Bangana''

Hamilton Hamilton may refer to: * Alexander Hamilton (1755/1757–1804), first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States * ''Hamilton'' (musical), a 2015 Broadway musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda ** ''Hamilton'' (al ...

, 1822 ** '' Barbichthys'' Bleeker, 1860 ** '' Ceratogarra'' Kottelat, 2020 ** ''

Cirrhinus ''Cirrhinus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows. Members of this genus are native to freshwater in South Asia, Indochina and southern China. Species These are the species in the genus. * '' Cirrhinus cirrhosus ...

'' Oken, 1817 ** '' Cophecheilus'' Y. Zhu, E. Zhang, M. Zhang & Y. Q. Han, 2011 ** '' Crossocheilus'' Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823 ** '' Decorus'' Zheng, Chen & Yang, 2019 ** '' Diplocheilichthys'' Bleeker, 1859 ** '' Discocheilus'' E. Zhang, 1997 ** ''

Discogobio ''Discogobio'' is a genus of cyprinid fish that are found in eastern Asia. So far the 16 species have only been identified from China (11 species) and Vietnam (5 species) wherein each species is Endemism, endemic to the country in which it is fou ...

'' S. Y. Lin, 1931 ** '' Epalzeorhynchos'' Bleeker, 1855 ** '' Fivepearlus'' C.-Q. Li, H. Yang, W. Li & H. Chen 2017 ** ''

'' Hamilton, 1822 ** '' Garroides'' V. H. Nguyễn & T.H. N. Vu, 2014 ** '' Guigarra'' Z.-B. Wang, X.-Y. Chen & L.-P. Zheng 2022 ** '' Gymnostomus'' Heckel, 1843 ** '' Henicorhynchus'' H. M. Smith, 1945 ** '' Hongshuia'' E. Zhang, X. Qiang & J. H. Lan, 2008 ** '' Incisilabeo'' Fowler, 1937 ** '' Labeo'' Cuvier, 1816 ** '' Labiobarbus'' van Hasselt, 1823 ** '' Lanlabeo'' M. Yao, Y. He & Z.-G. Peng, 2018 ** '' Linichthys'' E. Zhang & Fang, 2005 ** '' Lobocheilos'' Bleeker, 1854 ** '' Longanalus'' W. X. Li, 2006 ** '' Mekongina'' Fowler, 1937 ** '' Osteochilus'' Günther, 1868 ** '' Paracrossochilus'' Popta, 1904 ** '' Parapsilorhynchus'' Hora, 1921 ** '' Paraqianlabeo'' H.-T. Zhao, Sullivan, Y.-G. Zhang & Z.-G. Peng 2014 ** '' Parasinilabeo'' H. W. Wu, 1939 ** '' Placocheilus'' H.-W. Wu, 1977 ** '' Prolixicheilus'' L.-P. Zheng, X.-Y. Chen & J.-X. Yang, 2016 ** '' Protolabeo'' L. An, B. S. Liu, Y. H. Zhao & C. G. Zhang, 2010 ** '' Pseudocrossocheilus'' E. Zhang & J.-X. Chen, 1997 ** '' Pseudogyrinocheilus'' P.-W. Fang, 1933 ** '' Pseudoplacocheilus'' X. Li, W. Zhou, C. Sun & X. Yun, 2024 ** '' Ptychidio'' Myers, 1930 ** '' Qianlabeo'' E. Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2004 ** '' Rectoris'' S.-Y. Lin, 1935 ** '' Schismatorhynchos'' Bleeker, 1855 ** '' Semilabeo'' Peters, 1881 ** '' Sinigarra'' E. Zhang & W. Zhou, 2012 ** '' Sinilabeo'' Rendahl, 1933 ** '' Sinocrossocheilus'' H.-W. Wu, 1977 ** '' Speolabeo'' Kottelat, 2017 ** '' Stenorynchoacrum'' Y. F. Huang, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2014 ** '' Supradiscus'' X. Li, W. Zhou, C. Sun & X. Yun, 2024 ** '' Tariqilabeo'' Mirza & Saboohi, 1990 ** '' Thynnichthys'' Bleeker, 1859 ** ''

Vinagarra ''Vinagarra'' is a genus of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish in the family (biology), family Cyprinidae endemism, endemic to Vietnam. Species There are currently 4 recognized species in this genus: * ''Vinagarra elongata'' Nguyễn Văn Hảo, V. ...

'' V. H. Nguyễn & T. A. Bùi, 2009 ** '' Zuojiangia'' L.-P. Zheng, Y. He, J. X. Yang & L.B. Wu 2018 * Subfamily Probarbinae L. Yang et al, 2015 ** '' Catlocarpio'' Boulenger, 1898 ** '' Probarbus'' Sauvage, 1880 * Subfamily Schizopygopsinae Mirza, 1991 ** '' Oxygymnocypris'' W. H. Tsao, 1964 ** '' Ptychobarbus'' Steindachner, 1866 ** '' Schizopygopsis'' Steindachner, 1866 * Subfamily Schizothoracinae McClelland, 1842 ** '' Aspiorhynchus'' Kessler, 1879 ** '' Diptychus'' Steindachner, 1866 ** '' Percocypris'' Y. T. Chu, 1935 ** '' Schizopyge'' Heckel, 1847 ** ''

Schizothorax ''Schizothorax'' is a genus of cyprinid fish found in southern and western China, through northern South Asia (Himalaya) and Central Asia, to Iran, with a single species, ''S. prophylax'', in Turkey.Yang, J.; J.X. Yang; and X.Y. Chen (2012). "A r ...

'' Heckel, 1838 * Subfamily

Smiliogastrinae Smiliogastrinae is a subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carps, barbs and related fishes. The fishes in this genus are found in Africa and Asia and are commonly referred to ...

Bleeker, 1863 ** '' Amatolacypris'' Skelton, Swartz & Vreven, 2018 ** ''

Barbodes ''Barbodes'' is a genus of small to medium-sized cyprinid fish native to tropical Asia. The majority of the species are from Southeast Asia. Many species are threatened and some from the Philippines (Lake Lanao) are already extinct. A survey carr ...

'' Bleeker, 1859 ** ''

Barboides ''Barboides'' is a genus of very small ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae from freshwater habitats in West and Middle Africa. Species *'' Barboides britzi'' Conway Conway may refer to: Places United States * Conway, Arkansas * ...

'' Brüning, 1929 ** ''

Bhava The Sanskrit word ''bhava'' (भव) means being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, be, production, origin,Monier Monier-Williams (1898), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Archiveभव, bhava but also habitual or emotio ...

'' Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura, 2023 ** ''

Caecobarbus ''Caecobarbus'' is a monospecific genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. which includes the carps, barbs and related fishes. The only species in the genus is ''Caecobarbus geertsi'', the African blind barb or Co ...

'' Boulenger, 1921 ** '' Chagunius'' H.M. Smith, 1938 ** '' Cheilobarbus'' A. Smith 1841 ** '' Clypeobarbus'' Fowler, 1936 ** '' Coptostomabarbus''

David David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Dam ...

Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Forms of voting and counting * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling pla ...

1937 ** '' Dawkinsia'' Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage, 2012 ** '' Desmopuntius'' Kottelat, 2013 ** '' Eechathalakenda'' Menon, 1999 ** '' Enteromius''

Cope A cope ( ("rain coat") or ("cape")) is a liturgical long mantle or cloak, open at the front and fastened at the breast with a band or clasp. It may be of any liturgical colour. A cope may be worn by any rank of the Catholic or Anglican clerg ...

, 1867 ** '' Gymnodiptychus'' Herzenstein, 1892 ** ''

Haludaria ''Haludaria'' is a genus of cyprinids native to freshwater habitats in the Western Ghats of India. Originally the genus was named ''Dravidia'' Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage, 2012 which is preoccupied by the dipteran genus ''Dravidia'' Leh ...

'' Pethiyagoda, 2013 ** ''

Hampala ''Hampala'' is a genus of freshwater Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish belonging to the Family (biology), family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carps, barbs and related fishes. The fishies in this genus are found in South-East Asia. Spe ...

'' Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823 ** '' Namaquacypris'' Skelton, Swartz & Vreven, 2018 ** '' Oliotius'' Kottelat, 2013 ** '' Oreichthys'' H. M. Smith, 1933 ** '' Osteobrama'' Heckel, 1843 ** '' Pethia'' Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage, 2012 ** '' Plesiopuntius'' Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura, 2023 ** '' Prolabeo'' Norman, 1932 ** '' Prolabeops'' Schultz, 1941 ** '' Pseudobarbus'' A. Smith, 1841 ** '' Puntigrus'' Kottelat, 2013 ** '' Puntius'' Hamilton, 1822 ** '' Rohanella'' Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura, 2023 ** '' Rohtee'' Sykes 1839 ** '' Sedercypris'' Skelton, Swartz & Vreven, 2018 ** '' Striuntius'' Kottelat, 2013 ** '' Systomus'' McClelland, 1838 ** '' Waikhomia'' Katwate, Kumkar, Raghavan & Dahanukar, 2020 ** '' Xenobarbus'' Norman, 1923 * Subfamily Spinibarbinae Yang et al, 2015 ** '' Spinibarbichthys'' Oshima, 1926 ** '' Spinibarbus'' Oshima, 1919 * Subfamily Torinae Karaman, 1971 ** '' Acapoeta'' Cockerell, 1910 ** '' Arabibarbus'' Borkenhagen, 2014 ** '' Atlantor'' Borkenhagen & Freyhof, 2023 ** '' Carasobarbus''

Karaman Karaman is a city in south central Turkey, located in Central Anatolia, north of the Taurus Mountains, about south of Konya. It is the seat of Karaman Province and Karaman District.Hypselobarbus'' Bleeker, 1860 ** '' Labeobarbus'' Rüppell, 1835 ** '' Lepidopygopsis'' B. S. Raj 1941 ** '' Mesopotamichthys'' Karaman, 1971 ** '' Naziritor'' Mirza & Javed, 1985 ** '' Neolissochilus'' Rainboth, 1985 ** '' Osteochilichthys'' Hora, 1942 ** '' Pterocapoeta'' Günther, 1902 ** '' Sanagia''

Holly ''Ilex'' () or holly is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. ''Ilex'' has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen o ...

, 1926 ** '' Tor'' Gray, 1834 With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:

Phylogeny

References

External links

{{Authority control Cypriniformes families Fish of North America Fish of Asia Fish of Europe Fish of Africa Extant Eocene first appearances