cow shark

Cow sharks are a shark family, the Hexanchidae, characterized by an additional pair or pairs of gill slits. Its species are placed within the 11 genera: '' Gladioserratus'', '' Heptranchias'', '' Hexanchus'', ''Notidanodon'', '' Notorynchus'', ''Pachyhexanchus'', ''Paraheptranchias'', ''Pseudonotidanus'', '' Welcommia'', ''Weltonia'', and '' Xampylodon''.

Description

Cow sharks are considered the most primitive of all the sharks, as their skeletons resemble those of ancient extinct forms, with few modern adaptations. Their excretory and digestive systems are also unspecialized, suggesting they may resemble those of primitive shark ancestors. A possible hexanchid tooth is known from the Permian of Japan, making the family a possible extant survivor of the Permian–Triassic extinction.

Their most distinctive feature, however, is the presence of a sixth, and, in two genera, a seventh, gill slit, in contrast to the five found in all other sharks. The first pair are not connected across the throat. They range from in adult body length.

These cylindrical sharks have a ventral mouth with compressed, comb-like teeth in the lower jaw and smaller, pointed teeth in the upper jaw. They have a short, angular and spinless dorsal fin. The pelvic fins are smaller than the angular pectoral fins. The caudal fin has a notch towards the end.

Biology

Cow sharks are ovoviviparous, with the mother retaining the egg cases in her body until they hatch. They feed on relatively large fish of all kinds, including other sharks, as well as on crustaceans and carrion.

Fossil Record

The only fossil records of the cow shark consist of mainly only isolated teeth. Although skeletal remains for this species have been found from the Jurassic time period, these have been very rare and have only been found in the "Late Jurassic lithographic limestones of South Germany, Nusplingen, Solnhofen, and late Cretaceous calcareous sediments of Lebanon." Due to these sparse records some scientists conclude that the cow shark is now a more "diverse and numerous species".

Species

The 40+ species of cow shark (five of which are extant), in 11 genera, are:
* †'' Gladioserratus'' Underwood, Goswami, Prasad, Verma & Flynn, 2011
** †'' Gladioserratus aptiensis'' Pictet, 1864
** †'' Gladioserratus dentatus'' Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
** †'' Gladioserratus magnus'' Underwood, Goswami, Prasad, Verma & Flynn, 2011
* '' Heptranchias'' Rafinesque, 1810
** '' Heptranchias perlo'' ( Bonnaterre, 1788) (sharpnose sevengill shark)
** †'' Heptranchias ezoensis'' Applegate & Uyeno, 1968
** †'' Heptranchias howelli'' Reed, 1946
** †'' Heptranchias karagalensis'' Kozlov in Zhelezko & Kozlov, 1999
** †'' Heptranchias tenuidens'' Leriche, 1938
* '' Hexanchus'' Rafinesque, 1810
** '' Hexanchus griseus'' (Bonnaterre, 1788) (bluntnose sixgill shark)
** '' Hexanchus nakamurai'' Teng, 1962 (bigeyed sixgill shark)
** '' Hexanchus vitulus'' Springer & Waller, 1969 (atlantic sixgill shark)
** †'' Hexanchus agassizi'' Cappetta, 1976
** †'' Hexanchus andersoni'' Jordan, 1907
** †'' Hexanchus casieri'' Kozlov, 1999
** †'' Hexanchus collinsonae'' Ward, 1979
** †'' Hexanchus gracilis'' Davis, 1887
** †'' Hexanchus hookeri'' Ward, 1979
** †'' Hexanchus microdon'' Agassiz, 1843
** †'' Hexanchus tusbairicus'' Kozlov in Zhelezko & Kozlov, 1999
* †'' Notidanodon'' Cappetta, 1975
** †'' Notidanodon lanceolatus'' Woodward, 1886
** †'' Notidanodon pectinatus'' Agassiz, 1843
* '' Notorynchus'' Ayres, 1855
** '' Notorynchus cepedianus'' ( Péron, 1807) (broadnose sevengill shark)
** †'' Notorynchus borealus'' Jordan & Hannibal, 1923
** †'' Notorynchus kempi'' Ward, 1979
** †'' Notorynchus lawleyi'' Cigala Fulgosi, 1983
** †'' Notorynchus primigenius'' Agassiz, 1843
** †'' Notorynchus serratissimus'' Agassiz, 1843
** †'' Notorynchus subrecurvus'' Oppenheimer, 1907
* †'' Pachyhexanchus'' Cappetta, 1990
** †'' Pachyhexanchus pockrandti'' Ward & Thies, 1987
* †'' Paraheptranchias'' Pfeil, 1981
** †'' Paraheptranchias repens'' Probst, 1879
* †'' Pseudonotidanus'' Underwood & Ward, 2004
** †'' Pseudonotidanus semirugosus'' Underwood & Ward, 2004
* †'' Welcommia'' Klug & Kriwet, 2010
** †'' Welcommia bodeuri'' Cappetta, 1990
** †'' Welcommia cappettai'' Klug & Kriwet, 2010
* †'' Weltonia'' Ward, 1979
** †'' Weltonia ancistrodon'' Arambourg, 1952
** †'' Weltonia burnhamensis'' Ward, 1979
*†'' Xampylodon'' Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
** †''Xampylodon brotzeni'' (Siverson, 1995)
** †''Xampylodon dentatus'' (Woodward, 1886)
** †''Xampylodon diastemacron'' Santos ''et al''., 2024
** †''Xampylodon loozi'' (Vincent, 1876)

References

External links

ReefQuest Centre: ''Order Hexanchiformes: Cow Sharks''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cow Shark
Hexanchiformes
Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
Taxa named by John Edward Gray