The Cimitero Acattolico (Non-Catholic Cemetery) of

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

, often referred to as the Cimitero dei protestanti (Protestant Cemetery) or Cimitero degli Inglesi (English Cemetery), is a private cemetery in the

rione A (; plural: ) is a neighbourhood in several Italian cities. A is a territorial subdivision. The larger administrative subdivisions in Rome are the , with the being used only in the historic centre. The word derives from the Latin , the 14 su ...

Testaccio Testaccio is the 20th ''rione'' of Rome, identified by the initials R. XX, deriving its name from Monte Testaccio. It is located within the Municipio I. Its coat of arms depicts an ''amphora'', referencing to the broken vessels that Monte Test ...

in Rome. It is near Porta San Paolo and adjacent to the

Pyramid of Cestius The pyramid of Cestius (in Italian, ''Piramide di Caio Cestio'' or ''Piramide Cestia'') is a Roman Era pyramid in Rome, Italy, near the Porta San Paolo and the Protestant Cemetery. It was built as a tomb for Gaius Cestius, a member of the Epulo ...

, a small-scale Egyptian-style

pyramid A pyramid (from el, πυραμίς ') is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single step at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrila ...

built between 18 and 12 BC as a tomb and later incorporated into the section of the Aurelian Walls that borders the cemetery. It has

Mediterranean cypress ''Cupressus sempervirens'', the Mediterranean cypress (also known as Italian cypress, Tuscan cypress, Persian cypress, or pencil pine), is a species of cypress native to the eastern Mediterranean region, in northeast Libya, southern Albania, sou ...

pomegranate The pomegranate (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae, subfamily Punicoideae, that grows between tall. The pomegranate was originally described throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean re ...

and other trees, and a grassy meadow. It is the final resting place of non-Catholics including but not exclusive to

Protestants Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

British people British people or Britons, also known colloquially as Brits, are the citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies.: British nationality law governs m ...

. The earliest known burial is that of a Dr Arthur, a Protestant medical doctor hailing from Edinburgh, in 1716. The English poets

John Keats John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet of the second generation of Romantic poets, with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. His poems had been in publication for less than four years when he died of tuberculo ...

and

Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ; 4 August 17928 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his ach ...

, as well as Italian Marxist

Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...

are buried there.

History

Since the norms of the Catholic Church forbade burying on consecrated ground non-Catholics - including Protestants, Jews and Orthodox - as well as suicides and actors (these, after death, were "expelled" by the Christian community and buried outside the walls or at the extreme edge of the same). Burials occurred at night to avoid manifestations of religious fanaticism and to preserve the safety of those who participated in the funeral rites. An exception was made for Sir Walter Synod, who in 1821 managed to bury his daughter in broad daylight and, he was accompanied by a group of guards to be protected from incursions of fanatics. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the area of the non-Catholic cemetery was called "The meadows of the Roman people". It was an area of public property, where drovers used to graze the cattle, wine was kept in the cavities created in the so-called Monte dei Cocci, an artificial hill where the Romans went to have fun. The area was dominated by the Pyramid of Caius Cestius which for centuries was one of the most visited monuments of the city. It was the non-Catholics themselves who chose those places for their burials, and they were allowed by a decision of the Holy Office, which in 1671 consented that the "non-Catholic Lords" who died in the city were spared the shame of finding a burial together with prostitutes and sinners in the cemetery of the Muro Torto. The first burial of a Protestant was that of a follower of the exiled King James Stuart, named William Arthur, who died in Rome where he had come to escape the repressions following the defeats of the Jacobites in Scotland. Other burials followed, which did not concern only courtiers of King Stuart, who in the meanwhile had settled in Rome. It is said that in 1732 the treasurer of the King of England, William Ellis, was buried at the foot of the Pyramid. By that time the area had acquired the status of a cemetery of the British, although the people buried there were not only from the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

. The cemetery developed without any official recognition and only at the end of 1700 the authorities started to take care of it. It was not until the 1920s that the government appointed a custodian to oversee the area and the cemetery functions. The public disinterest was mainly determined by the fact that in the current mentality, where the only burial conceived by the Catholics were the ones happening in a church, the availability of a cemetery that provided non-Catholic burials was not considered a privilege. At the beginning of the nineteenth century in the cemetery area there was only holly, and there was no other natural nor artificial protection for the tombs scattered in the countryside, where cattle were grazing. The

cypress Cypress is a common name for various coniferous trees or shrubs of northern temperate regions that belong to the family Cupressaceae. The word ''cypress'' is derived from Old French ''cipres'', which was imported from Latin ''cypressus'', the la ...

es that adorn the cemetery today were planted later on. In 1824 a moat was erected that surrounded the ancient part of the cemetery. In ancient times crosses or inscriptions were forbidden, as in all non-Catholic cemeteries, at least until 1870. For a long time there have been common graves divided by nations:

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...

, Sweden and

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, a ...

. As of 2011, the custody and management of the cemetery was entrusted to foreign representatives in Italy. The great, hundred-year-old cypresses, the green meadow that surrounds part of the tombs, the white pyramid that stands behind the enclosure of Roman walls, together with the cats that walk undisturbed among the tombstones written in all the languages of the world, give to this small cemetery a peculiar aura. As in use in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, there are no photographs on the tombstones.

Italians

The Non-catholic Cemetery of Rome is intended for the rest of all non-Catholics, without any distinction of nationality. However, there are very few illustrious Italians buried there. They were allowed a spot in this cemetery for the alternative culture and ideas expressed in life ("foreign" compared to the dominant one), for the quality of their work, or for certain circumstances of their life for which they were somehow "foreign" in their own country. Among them, the politicians

and

Emilio Lussu Emilio Lussu (4 December 1890 – 5 March 1975) was an Italian soldier, politician, anti-fascist and writer. Biography The soldier Lussu was born in Armungia, province of Cagliari (Sardinia) and graduated with a degree in law in 1914. Lussu mar ...

, the writer and poet

Dario Bellezza Dario Bellezza (5 September 1944 – 31 March 1996) was an Italian poet, author and playwright. He won the Viareggio, Gatto, and Montale prizes. Biography Dario Bellezza was born in Rome on 5 September 1944. After his studies at a ''liceo class ...

, the writers Carlo Emilio Gadda and

Luce d'Eramo Luce d’Eramo (June 17, 1925 in Reims – March 6, 2001 in Rome) was an Italian writer and literary critic. She is best known for her autobiographical novel ''Deviazione'', which recounts her experiences in Germany during World War II. D’Eram ...

and a few others. Recently it is very rare that new burials are added. There is one exception; on 18 July 2019, the writer

Andrea Camilleri Andrea Calogero Camilleri (; 6 September 1925 – 17 July 2019) was an Italian writer. Biography Originally from Porto Empedocle, Girgenti, Sicily, Camilleri began university studies in the Faculty of Literature at the University of Palermo, ...

was buried here.

Burials

Nicholas Stanley-Price has published an Inventory of early burials at the Non-catholic Cemetery.

John Keats

Keats died in Rome of

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in w ...

at the age of 25, and is buried in the cemetery. His

epitaph An epitaph (; ) is a short text honoring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it refers to text that is inscribed on a tombstone or plaque, but it may also be used in a figurative sense. Some epitaphs are specified by the person themselves be ...

, which does not mention him by name, is by his friends

Joseph Severn Joseph Severn (7 December 1793 – 3 August 1879) was an English portrait and subject painter and a personal friend of the famous English poet John Keats. He exhibited portraits, Italian genre, literary and biblical subjects, and a select ...

and Charles Armitage Brown, and reads:

Percy Bysshe Shelley

§Shelley - Tomba al Cimitero acattolico di Roma- Foto di Massimo Consoli, 1996 2

Shelley drowned in 1822 in a sailing accident off the

Italian Riviera The Italian Riviera or Ligurian Riviera ( it, Riviera ligure; lij, Rivêa lìgure) is the narrow coastal strip in Italy which lies between the Ligurian Sea and the mountain chain formed by the Maritime Alps and the Apennines. Longitudinal ...

. When his body washed up upon the shore, a copy of Keats's poetry borrowed from

Leigh Hunt James Henry Leigh Hunt (19 October 178428 August 1859), best known as Leigh Hunt, was an English critic, essayist and poet. Hunt co-founded '' The Examiner'', a leading intellectual journal expounding radical principles. He was the centre ...

was discovered in his pocket, doubled back, as though it had been put away in a hurry. He was cremated on the beach near

Viareggio Viareggio () is a city and ''comune'' in northern Tuscany, Italy, on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. With a population of over 62,000, it is the second largest city within the province of Lucca, after Lucca. It is known as a seaside resort as ...

by his friends, the poet

Lord Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English romantic poet and Peerage of the United Kingdom, peer. He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, and h ...

and the English adventurer

Edward John Trelawny Edward John Trelawny (13 November 179213 August 1881) was a British biographer, novelist and adventurer who is best known for his friendship with the Romantic poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. Trelawny was born in England to a fam ...

. His ashes were sent to the British consulate in Rome, who had them interred in the Protestant Cemetery some months later. Shelley's heart supposedly survived cremation and was snatched out of the flames by Trelawny, who subsequently gave it to Shelley's widow, Mary. When Mary Shelley died, the heart was found in her desk wrapped in the manuscript of "

Adonais ''Adonais: An Elegy on the Death of John Keats, Author of Endymion, Hyperion, etc.'' () is a pastoral elegy written by Percy Bysshe Shelley for John Keats in 1821, and widely regarded as one of Shelley's best and best-known works.Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...

's '' The Tempest'':

Other burials

Grave of Hans von Marées at Cimitero acattolico Rome (1)

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(1865–1927), German classical archaeologist *

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(1872–1940), sculptor, friend of

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* Angelica Balabanoff (1878–1965), Jewish Russian-Italian communist and social democratic activist *

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aged 16; moving monument by

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(1944–1996), Italian poet, author and playwright * Karl Julius Beloch (1854–1929), German classical and economic historian *

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(1799–1852), Russian painter *

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* J.B Bury (1861-1927) Anglo-Irish Historian *

(1925–2019), Italian novelist *

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poet * Richard Henry Dana Jr. (1815–1882), American author of ''Two Years Before the Mast'' *

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United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...

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* Robert Finch (1783–1830), English antiquary and connoisseur of the arts *

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(1916–2014), Italian actor * Karl Philipp Fohr (1795–1818), German painter * Maria Pia Fusco (1939–2016), Italian screenwriter and journalist * Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893–1973), Italian novelist * Irene Galitzine (1916–2006) fashion designer * John Gibson (1790–1866), Welsh sculptor, student of

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; his monument features a medallion by

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(1835–1900), American painter and draftsman *

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(1790–1872), Danish poet * William H. Herriman (1829–1918), American art collector * Ursula Hirschmann (1913–1991), German anti-fascist activist and an advocate of

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* Wilhelm von Humboldt (1794–1803), son of the German diplomat and linguist

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* Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866–1949), Russian poet, philosopher, and classical scholar * Chauncey Ives (1810–1894), American sculptor *

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(1895–1962), Serbian World War II commander *

(1795–1821), English poet *

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(1938–2018), British dancer, actor, teacher, mime artist, and choreographer * August Kestner (1777–1853), German diplomat and art collector * Adolf Klügmann (1837–1880), German classical archaeologist and

numismatist A numismatist is a specialist in numismatics ("of coins"; from Late Latin ''numismatis'', genitive of ''numisma''). Numismatists include collectors, specialist dealers, and scholars who use coins and other currency in object-based research. Altho ...

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(1897–1994), German art and architectural historian *

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(1843–1904), Italian Marxist theoretician *

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(1935–1961), British actress * James MacDonald, 8th baronet of Sleat (1741–1766), Scottish baronet and scholar; his tombstone was designed by G.B. Piranesi * Hans von Marées (1837–1887), German painter *

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(1801–1882), American Minister to Italy 1861–1882, author of ''Man and Nature'' * Richard Mason (1919–1997), British author of ''The World of Suzy Wong'' * Malwida von Meysenbug (1816–1903), German author *

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(1810–1863) Norwegian historian *

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(1819–1885), British classical scholar * Ernest Nash (1898–1974), German-American scholar, archaeological photographer *

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* Pier Pander (1864–1919), Dutch sculptor *

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(1913–1993), Italian nuclear physicist * G. Frederick Reinhardt (1911–1971), U.S. Ambassador to Italy, 1961–1968; administrator of this cemetery, 1961–1968 *

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(1788–1825), German painter, draughtsman, engraver; his tombstone features a medallion by

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(1799–1883) German artist * Amelia Rosselli (1930–1996), Italian poet *

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(1803–1879), German architect *

(1793–1879), English painter, consul in Rome, and friend of John Keats, beside whom he is buried *

(1792–1822),

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(1894–1966), Latvian painter *

Pavel Svedomsky Pavel Aleksandrovich Svedomsky (russian: Павел Александрович Сведомский; 7 June 1849, Saint-Petersburg—27 August 1904, Rome) was a Russian painter and the brother of another artist, Alexander Svedomsky. Pavel Svedo ...

(1849–1904), Russian painter *

John Addington Symonds John Addington Symonds, Jr. (; 5 October 1840 – 19 April 1893) was an English poet and literary critic. A cultural historian, he was known for his work on the Renaissance, as well as numerous biographies of writers and artists. Although m ...

(1840–1893), English poet and critic * Manfredo Tafuri (1935–1994), Italian architectural historian * Tatiana Tolstaya (1864–1950), Russian painter and memoirist and daughter of

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...

and Sophia Tolstaya *

(1792–1881), English author, friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley, beside whose ashes he is buried *

Elihu Vedder Elihu Vedder (February 26, 1836January 29, 1923) was an American symbolist painter, book illustrator, and poet, born in New York City. He is best known for his fifty-five illustrations for Edward FitzGerald's translation of '' The Rubaiyat of O ...

(1836–1923), American painter, sculptor, graphic artist *

Shefqet Vërlaci Shefqet bey Vërlaci (; 15 December 1877, Elbasan, Manastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – 21 July 1946, Zürich, Switzerland), also known as Shevket Verlaci, was an Albanian politician and wealthy landowner. Biography In 1922, Vërlaci was the ...

(1877–1946), Prime Minister of

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the ...

* Wilhelm Friedrich Waiblinger (1804–1830), German poet and biographer of

Friedrich Hölderlin Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (, ; ; 20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843) was a German poet and philosopher. Described by Norbert von Hellingrath as "the most German of Germans", Hölderlin was a key figure of German Romanticism. Pa ...

* J. Rodolfo Wilcock (1919–1978), Argentine writer, poet, critic and

translator Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''transla ...

* Friedrich Adolf Freiherr von Willisen (1798–1864),

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...

n General and Ambassador to the

Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...

* Constance Fenimore Woolson (1840–1894), American novelist and short story writer, friend of Henry James *

Richard James Wyatt Richard James Wyatt (6 June 1795 (baptised) – May 1850) was a sculptor. He was the grandson of the architect James Wyatt. Wyatt studied in Rome under Canova, and was a fellow student of John Gibson (sculptor). He was a man of classical t ...

(1795–1860), English sculptor * Helen Zelezny-Scholz (1882–1974), Czech-born sculptor and architectural sculptor

References

External links

On-line database of tombs and deceased

(in Italian and English)
''The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction Volume 10, No. 285, 1 December 1827''

Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital li ...

E-text e-text (from "''electronic text''"; sometimes written as etext) is a general term for any document that is read in digital form, and especially a document that is mainly text. For example, a computer-based book of art with minimal text, or a set ...

contains an article entitled "Protestant Burial-Ground at Rome"
The Keats-Shelley House in Rome

GPS coordinates you need to use to find the graves of famous people in the Non-Catholic Cemetery

{{Authority control Cemeteries and tombs in Rome Anglican cemeteries in Europe Lutheran cemeteries Protestant Reformed cemeteries Protestantism in Italy Rome R. XX Testaccio