Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century.
History
The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the
Style Louis XIV
The Louis XIV style or ''Louis Quatorze'' ( , ), also called French classicism, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King Louis XIV and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the official ...
Style Louis XV
The Louis XV style or ''Louis Quinze'' (, ) is a style of architecture and decorative arts which appeared during the reign of Louis XV. From 1710 until about 1730, a period known as the Régence, it was largely an extension of the Louis XIV style ...
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in coup of 18 Brumaire, November 1799. Many of its ...
were governed by
Académie royale d'architecture
The Académie Royale d'Architecture (; en, "Royal Academy of Architecture") was a French learned society founded in 1671. It had a leading role in influencing architectural theory and education, not only in France, but throughout Europe and t ...
(1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the
Académie des Beaux-Arts
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...
. The Academy held the competition for the
Grand Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...
in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome.
The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the Academy,
Joseph-Louis Duc
Joseph-Louis Duc () (25 October 1802 – 22 January 1879) was a French architect. Duc came to prominence early, with his very well received work at the July Column in Paris, and spent much of the rest of his career on a single building complex, ...
,
Félix Duban
Jacques Félix Duban () (14 October 1798, Paris – 8 October 1870, Bordeaux) was a French architect, the contemporary of Jacques Ignace Hittorff and Henri Labrouste.
Life and career
Duban won the Prix de Rome in 1823, the most prestigious aw ...
,
Henri Labrouste
Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...
and
Léon Vaudoyer
Léon Vaudoyer () (7 June 1803 – 9 February 1872) was a French architect.
Biography
Vaudoyer was born in Paris, the son of architect Antoine Vaudoyer.
He was one of the "romantic" Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts architects influenced by ...
, who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
and the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD ...
. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian
Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée (; 28 September 1803 – 23 September 1870) was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and a ...
, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of ''
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
''The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' (french: Notre-Dame de Paris, translation=''Our Lady of Paris'', originally titled ''Notre-Dame de Paris. 1482'') is a French Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. It focuses on the unfortunate story of ...
'' by Victor Hugo.
Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character."
The style referred to as ''Beaux-Arts'' in English reached the apex of its development during the
Second Empire Second Empire may refer to:
* Second British Empire, used by some historians to describe the British Empire after 1783
* Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)
* Second French Empire (1852–1870)
** Second Empire architecture, an architectural styl ...
(1852–1870)
and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968.
The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens's New Delhi government buildings.
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...
Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance ( it, Rinascimento ) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the trans ...
, and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models:
Quattrocento
The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1400 to 1499 are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (, , ) from the Italian word for the number 400, in turn from , which is Italian for the year 1400. The Quattrocento encom ...
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details.
Beaux-Arts training made great use of ''agrafes'', clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" ('' architecture parlante'') in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention.
Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context.
All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the
Académie de France à Rome
The French Academy in Rome (french: Académie de France à Rome) is an Academy located in the Villa Medici, within the Villa Borghese, on the Pincio (Pincian Hill) in Rome, Italy.
History
The Academy was founded at the Palazzo Capranica in ...
(housed in the
Villa Medici
The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, ...
) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called ''envois de Rome''.
Characteristics
File:DianaAndPomona.jpg, Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman goddesses Pomona and Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the channeled rustication of the stonework.
File:SFCityHallExteriorKeystone.jpg, Alternating male and female mascarons decorate keystones on the
San Francisco City Hall
San Francisco City Hall is the seat of government for the City and County of San Francisco, California. Re-opened in 1915 in its open space area in the city's Civic Center, it is a Beaux-Arts monument to the City Beautiful movement that epitomi ...
Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture.
Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices.
Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included:
* Flat roof
* Rusticated and raised first story
* Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones
* Arched windows
* Arched and
pediment
Pediments are gables, usually of a triangular shape.
Pediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. Pediments can contain an overdoor and are usually topped by hood moulds.
A pedim ...
ed doors
* Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluently in a number of "manners"
* Symmetry
* Statuary, sculpture (
bas-relief
Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term '' relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...
panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building
* Classical architectural details:
balustrades
A baluster is an upright support, often a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its con ...
festoon
A festoon (from French ''feston'', Italian ''festone'', from a Late Latin ''festo'', originally a festal garland, Latin ''festum'', feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depict ...
s, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (''agrafes''), brackets and supporting consoles
* Subtle
polychromy
Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery or sculpture in multiple colors.
Ancient Egypt
Colossal statu ...
Beaux-Arts architecture by country
Lego (disambiguation)
Lego is a line of toys produced by the Lego Group consisting of interlocking plastic blocks.
Places
* Lego, Somalia, a village in Somalia
* Lego, West Virginia, United States
* Lego House, Billund, known as “Home of the Brick”
*Legoland
A ...
Belgium
File:Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale 20.JPG,
Royal Museum for Central Africa
The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA ( nl, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika or KMMA; french: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale or MRAC; german: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika or KMZA), also officially known as the AfricaMuse ...
, Tervuren
File:Parc du Cinquantenaire 30-05-06.JPG, Main triumphal arch with one of the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels
File:Royal Palace Laeken from the Air.jpg, Overview from the Royal Palace of Laeken, Brussels
File:Thermen.pano.jpg, Panoramic view of the Royal Galleries of Ostend
File:Ensemble de trois immeubles Art nouveau Avenue Brugmann 176 178 Avenue Molière Bruxelles Avenue Molière 177 179.jpg, Herenhuis Vandenbroeck on the Avenue Molière and Avenue Brugmann, Brussels
Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the
Royal Museum for Central Africa
The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA ( nl, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika or KMMA; french: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale or MRAC; german: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika or KMZA), also officially known as the AfricaMuse ...
in
Tervuren
Tervuren () is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, Belgium. The municipality comprises the villages of Duisburg, Tervuren, Vossem and Moorsel. On January 1, 2006, Tervuren had a total population of 20,636. The total a ...
Charles Girault
Charles-Louis Girault (27 December 1851 – 26 December 1932) was a French architect.
Biography
Born in Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, he studied with Honoré Daumet at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He received the first Pr ...
. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the
Petit Palais
The Petit Palais (; en, Small Palace) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France.
Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...
, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat, he became the new and favourite architect of
Leopold II of Belgium
* german: link=no, Leopold Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor
, house = Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
, father = Leopold I of Belgium
, mother = Louise of Orléans
, birth_date =
, birth_place = Brussels, Belgium
, death_date = ...
. Since Leopold was the grandson of
Louis Philippe I
Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France.
As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary Wa ...
of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.
Royal Museum for Central Africa
The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA ( nl, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika or KMMA; french: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale or MRAC; german: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika or KMZA), also officially known as the AfricaMuse ...
,
Tervuren
Tervuren () is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, Belgium. The municipality comprises the villages of Duisburg, Tervuren, Vossem and Moorsel. On January 1, 2006, Tervuren had a total population of 20,636. The total a ...
File:P1020033 Paris III CNAM Galeries exposition reductwk.JPG, The
Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger ins ...
by
Léon Vaudoyer
Léon Vaudoyer () (7 June 1803 – 9 February 1872) was a French architect.
Biography
Vaudoyer was born in Paris, the son of architect Antoine Vaudoyer.
He was one of the "romantic" Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts architects influenced by ...
(1838–1867)
File:Bibliothèque St Geneviève Paris.jpg, The
Sainte-Geneviève Library
Sainte-Geneviève Library (french: link=no, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève) is a public and university library located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from the Panthéon, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is based on the ...
by
Henri Labrouste
Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...
(1844–1850)
File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n01.jpg, Interior of the
Sainte-Geneviève Library
Sainte-Geneviève Library (french: link=no, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève) is a public and university library located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from the Panthéon, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is based on the ...
by
Henri Labrouste
Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...
(1844–1850)
File:Paris 75005 Grande Galerie de l'Evolution 20070804.jpg, Museum of Natural History, Paris by Louis-Jules André (1877–1889)
File:Main entrance of Grand Palais, Paris July 2014.jpg, The Grand Palais. Paris (1897–1900)
The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts, architects;
Joseph-Louis Duc
Joseph-Louis Duc () (25 October 1802 – 22 January 1879) was a French architect. Duc came to prominence early, with his very well received work at the July Column in Paris, and spent much of the rest of his career on a single building complex, ...
,
Félix Duban
Jacques Félix Duban () (14 October 1798, Paris – 8 October 1870, Bordeaux) was a French architect, the contemporary of Jacques Ignace Hittorff and Henri Labrouste.
Life and career
Duban won the Prix de Rome in 1823, the most prestigious aw ...
,
Henri Labrouste
Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...
and
Léon Vaudoyer
Léon Vaudoyer () (7 June 1803 – 9 February 1872) was a French architect.
Biography
Vaudoyer was born in Paris, the son of architect Antoine Vaudoyer.
He was one of the "romantic" Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts architects influenced by ...
, who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles, including
French architecture
French architecture consists of numerous architectural styles that either originated in France or elsewhere and were developed within the territories of France.
History
Gallo-Roman
The architecture of Ancient Rome at first adopted the ext ...
of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the
Sainte-Geneviève Library
Sainte-Geneviève Library (french: link=no, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève) is a public and university library located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from the Panthéon, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is based on the ...
Court of Cassation
A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case, they only interpret the relevant law. In this they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In th ...
on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the
Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger ins ...
(1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.
Germany
File:Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg, Bode Museum, Berlin
File:Hamburg Musikhalle 01 KMJ.jpg, Laeiszhalle, Hamburg
File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg, Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg
Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with
Baroque Revival architecture
The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany), was an architectural style of the late 19th century. The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptur ...
. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of
Prussia
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...
during the German Empire. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
, and the
Laeiszhalle
The Laeiszhalle (), formerly Musikhalle Hamburg, is a concert hall in the Neustadt of Hamburg, Germany and home to the Hamburger Symphoniker and the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The hall is named after the German shipowning company F. Laeisz, foun ...
and
Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg
The Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg is one of the larger universities of music in Germany.
It was founded 1950 as ''Staatliche Hochschule für Musik'' (Public college of music) on the base of the former private acting school of Annem ...
in
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
*1904–1908:
Laeiszhalle
The Laeiszhalle (), formerly Musikhalle Hamburg, is a concert hall in the Neustadt of Hamburg, Germany and home to the Hamburger Symphoniker and the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The hall is named after the German shipowning company F. Laeisz, foun ...
,
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
*1888–1913:
Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg
The Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg is one of the larger universities of music in Germany.
It was founded 1950 as ''Staatliche Hochschule für Musik'' (Public college of music) on the base of the former private acting school of Annem ...
, Hamburg
Hungary
File:Nyugati pályaudvar, Budapest.jpg, Budapest-Nyugati Pályaudvar, Budapest
File:MergellinaHotelExcelsiorNaples3.jpg, Hotel Excelsior, Naples
Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy
*1908: Hotel Excelsior,
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
Netherlands
File:Prentbriefkaart Plan C met de Oudehavenkade, de Oude Haven en een boot 1900.jpg, Plan C, Rotterdam
File:Amsterdam, Blauwbrug in 2007.jpg, Blauwbrug, Amsterdam
File:Brug246.jpg, Hogesluis, Amsterdam
File:Rotterdam regentessebrug.jpg, Regentessebrug, Rotterdam
File:513763 Stadhuis.jpg, City hall, Rotterdam
File:Rotterdam coolsingel42.jpg, Former General Post Office, Rotterdam
File:Vredespaleis foto 1.JPG, Peace Palace, The Hague
Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of
Rotterdam
Rotterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Rotte'') is the second largest city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, via the ''"Ne ...
The Hague
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...
.
Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands
*1880–1889: (destroyed during the
German bombing of Rotterdam
Rotterdam was subjected to heavy aerial bombardment by the ''Luftwaffe'' during the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resistance and force the ...
in 1940)
*1883: Blauwbrug, Amsterdam
*1883: , Amsterdam
*1898: , Rotterdam
*1914–1920: Rotterdam City Hall (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
*1915–1923: Former (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
*1907–1913:
Peace Palace
, native_name_lang =
, logo =
, logo_size =
, logo_alt =
, logo_caption =
, image = La haye palais paix jardin face.JPG
, image_size =
, image_alt =
, image_caption = The Peace Palace, The Hague
, map_type =
, map_alt =
, m ...
, The Hague
Portugal
File:01 Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, n.º 25, Lisboa.jpg, Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon
File:Av de República n 23 -Lisboa1923.jpg, Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon
File:Office de l’assistance contre le tuberculose (Lisbonne).jpg, Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon
File:OrdemEngenheirosSede.JPG, Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon
Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal
* 1909–1911: Building on Rua , Lisbon
* 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon
* 1913: , Lisbon
* Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon
Romania
Banca Națională a României, corp vechi 20180911 163450 HDR.jpg, Exterior of the Old National Bank of Romania Palace,
Bucharest
Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
, 1883-1900, by Joseph-Marie Cassien Barnard and Albert Galleron, assisted by Grigore Cerkez and Constantin Băicoianu
25 Strada Lipscani, Bucharest (13).jpg, Interior of the Old National Bank of Romania Palace, Bucharest, 1883-1900, by Joseph-Marie Cassien Barnard and Albert Galleron, assisted by Grigore Cerkez and Constantin Băicoianu
Biblioteca Central de la Universidad de Bucarest, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 71.jpg, Central University Library on Calea Victoriei (Bucharest), 1891-1895, by Paul Gottereau
Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg, CEC Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1897-1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and Ion Socolescu (construction)
2 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (01).jpg, Mitilineu House Bucharest, 1898, unknown architect
The Cantacuzino Palace from Bucharest (Romania).jpg,
Cantacuzino Palace
Cantacuzino Palace is located on Calea Victoriei no. 141, Bucharest, Romania. It was built by architect Ion D. Berindey in the Beaux Arts style, having a few Rococo Revival rooms. Today it houses the George Enescu museum.
History
The pala ...
on Calea Victoriei, 1898-1906, by Ion D. Berindey
Palatul Constantin Mihail, (azi Muzeul de Artă) vedere centrală.JPG, Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the
Craiova Art Museum
The Craiova Art Museum ( ro, Muzeul de Artă din Craiova) is an art museum in the city of Craiova, Oltenia, Romania.
The museum is housed in the Constantin Mihail Palace, built from 1898 to 1907 according to the plans of French architect Paul Go ...
), Craiova, 1898-1907, by Paul Gottereau
13 Strada Silvestru, Bucharest (01).jpg, Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, 1900, unknown architect
Casa Assan 1.jpg, Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by Ion D. Berindey
In the
Romanian Old Kingdom
The Romanian Old Kingdom ( ro, Vechiul Regat or just ''Regat''; german: Regat or ) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities: Wallachia ...
, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova, Caracal,
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled ''Rîmnicu Vîlcea'' or, in the past, ''Rîmnic-Vâlcea'', ) (population: 92,573 as per the 2011 Romanian census) is the county capital ( ro, Reședință de județ) and also the largest town of Vâlcea County, centr ...
Buzău
The city of Buzău (formerly spelled ''Buzeu'' or ''Buzĕu''; ) is the county seat of Buzău County, Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia. It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River, between the south-eastern curvature of the Carp ...
, Botoșani, Piatra Neamț etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle class homes.
Spain
File:Estación del Norte.jpg, Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995)
File:Hotel Santo Mauro (Madrid) 01.jpg, Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid
File:Casino de Madrid (España) 05.jpg, Casino de Madrid
File:Edificio Metrópolis (Madrid) 25.jpg, Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid
File:Casa Reynot (Madrid) 02.jpg, Casa Reynot, Madrid
File:Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial (Madrid) 01.jpg, Gran Vía 24, Madrid
File:Viviendas para el Marqués de Encinares (Madrid, 1923) 02.jpg, Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid
File:Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete (Madrid) 01.jpg, Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid
File:Centro de Humanidades del CSIC (Madrid) 01.jpg, Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid
File:Calle Mayor nº 6 (Madrid) 01.jpg, Calle Mayor 6, Madrid
File:Cuartel General de la Armada.jpg, Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid
File:Edificiocoruña.png, Casa Cortés, Corunna
Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain
*1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena
*1876–1882:
North Station
North Station is a commuter rail and intercity rail terminal station in Boston, Massachusetts. It is served by four MBTA Commuter Rail lines – the Fitchburg Line, Haverhill Line, Lowell Line, and Newburyport/Rockport Line – and the Amtrak ...
,
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the Largest cities of the Europ ...
*1981: Casa Resines, Valladolid
*1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid
*1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid
*1905–1910: Casino de Madrid
*1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid
*1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid
*1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid
*1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid
*1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid
*1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid
*1922: Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid
*1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid
*1915–1928:
Alberta Legislature Building
The Alberta Legislature Building is located in Edmonton and is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and the Executive Council of Alberta. It is often shortened to "the Ledge".
The Alberta Legislature Building is located at 10 ...
Manitoba Legislative Building The Manitoba Legislative Building (french: Palais législatif du Manitoba), originally named the Manitoba Parliament Building, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, located in central Winnipeg, as well as being the twelfth pr ...
,
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. , Winnipeg had a city population of 749, ...
Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anch ...
Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three
prairie provinces
The Canadian Prairies (usually referred to as simply the Prairies in Canada) is a region in Western Canada. It includes the Canadian portion of the Great Plains and the Prairie Provinces, namely Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. These provin ...
' legislative buildings are in this style.
=Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada
=
*1898:
London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal The London and Lancashire Life Building was built in 1898 by the architect Edward Maxwell for the London and Lancashire Life Association of Scotland. The Beaux-Arts structure was later used as the head office for Lord Beaverbrook, the New Brunswi ...
*1903:
Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building
Old or OLD may refer to:
Places
*Old, Baranya, Hungary
*Old, Northamptonshire, England
* Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD)
*OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Ma ...
Royal Alexandra Theatre
The Royal Alexandra Theatre, commonly known as the Royal Alex, is a theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located near King and Simcoe Street. Built in 1907, the 1,244-seat Royal Alex is the oldest continuously operating legitimate theatre in Nort ...
, Toronto
*1909:
Linton Apartments
Linton Apartments (also known as ''Le Linton'') is an apartment, apartment building in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located at 1509 Sherbrooke Street, Sherbrooke Street West in the Golden Square Mile neighbourhood of Montreal.
Le Linton was de ...
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA; french: Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal, MBAM) is an art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the largest art museum in Canada by gallery space. The museum is located on the historic Golden Square ...
Saskatchewan Legislative Building
The Saskatchewan Legislative Building is located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, and houses the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.
History
The Saskatchewan Legislative Building was built between 1908 and 1912 in the Beaux Arts style to a d ...
Union Station
A union station (also known as a union terminal, a joint station in Europe, and a joint-use station in Japan) is a railway station at which the tracks and facilities are shared by two or more separate railway companies, allowing passengers to ...
, Toronto
*1913–1931:
Sun Life Building
The Sun Life Building (french: Édifice Sun Life) is a historic , 24-storey office building at 1155 Metcalfe Street on Dorchester Square in the city's downtown core of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
The building was completed in 1931 after three stag ...
, Montreal
*1920:
Manitoba Legislative Building The Manitoba Legislative Building (french: Palais législatif du Manitoba), originally named the Manitoba Parliament Building, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, located in central Winnipeg, as well as being the twelfth pr ...
Kingston, Ontario
Kingston is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the north-eastern end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River (south end of the Rideau Canal). The city is midway between To ...
Dominion Square Building
The Dominion Square Building (french: Édifice Dominion Square), also known as the Gazette Building (french: Édifice Gazette), is a landmark office building in Downtown Montreal facing Dorchester Square on its northern side. It is located at 1010 ...
Dominion Public Building
The Dominion Public Building is a five-storey Beaux-Arts neoclassical office building built between 1926 and 1935 for the government of Canada at southeast corner of Front and Bay streets in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The building was designe ...
Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anch ...
Ernest Cormier
Ernest Cormier OC (December 5, 1885 – January 1, 1980) was a Canadian engineer and architect. He spent much of his career in the Montreal area, designing notable examples of Art Deco architecture, including the Université de Montré ...
File:Flickr - USCapitol - Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building (1).jpg, The Thomas Jefferson Building of the
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library ...
Willard Hotel
The Willard InterContinental Washington, commonly known as the Willard Hotel, is a historic luxury Beaux-Arts hotel located at 1401 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Downtown Washington, D.C. It is currently a member oHistoric Hotels of America the offi ...
, Washington, D.C., by
Henry Janeway Hardenbergh
Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (February 6, 1847 – March 13, 1918) was an American architect, best known for his hotels and apartment buildings, and as a "master of a new building form — the skyscraper."
Life and career
Hardenbergh was born in ...
(1901)
File:Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG, Facade of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...
,
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
Palace of Horticulture
A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...
from the
Panama–Pacific International Exposition
The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a world's fair held in San Francisco, California, United States, from February 20 to December 4, 1915. Its stated purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, but it was widely s ...
in
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish for " Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th ...
by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916)
Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, including
Henry Hobson Richardson
Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one ...
,
John Galen Howard
John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts – July 18, 1931 in San Francisco, California) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at in ...
,
Daniel Burnham
Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. A proponent of the '' Beaux-Arts'' movement, he may have been, "the most successful power broker the American architectural profession has ...
, and
Louis Sullivan
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloy ...
.
The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts was Richard Morris Hunt, between 1846 and 1855, followed by
Henry Hobson Richardson
Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one ...
in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style ( Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism.
The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived
City Beautiful movement
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. It was a part of the ...
in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the ...
(MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at
Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
, the
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...
, and elsewhere. From 1916, the
Beaux-Arts Institute of Design
The Beaux-Arts Institute of Design (BAID, later the National Institute for Architectural Education) was an art and architectural school at 304 East 44th Street in Turtle Bay, Manhattan, in New York City.Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
(commissioned in 1898), designed by
John Galen Howard
John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts – July 18, 1931 in San Francisco, California) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at in ...
; the
United States Naval Academy
The United States Naval Academy (US Naval Academy, USNA, or Navy) is a federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland. It was established on 10 October 1845 during the tenure of George Bancroft as Secretary of the Navy. The Naval Academy ...
Paul Philippe Cret
Paul Philippe Cret (October 23, 1876 – September 8, 1945) was a French-born Philadelphia architect and industrial designer. For more than thirty years, he taught at a design studio in the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylv ...
.
While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer
Rafael Guastavino
Rafael Guastavino Moreno (; March 1, 1842 February 1, 1908) was a Spanish building engineer and builder who immigrated to the United States in 1881; his career for the next three decades was based in New York City.
Based on the Catalan vault, ...
(1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as
Guastavino tile
The Guastavino tile arch system is a version of Catalan vault introduced to the United States in 1885 by Spanish architect and builder Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908). It was patented in the United States by Guastavino in 1892.
Description
...
work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere.
Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads.
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name ...
's
Union Station
A union station (also known as a union terminal, a joint station in Europe, and a joint-use station in Japan) is a railway station at which the tracks and facilities are shared by two or more separate railway companies, allowing passengers to ...
,
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...
's
Michigan Central Station
Michigan Central Station (also known as Michigan Central Depot or MCS) is the historic former main intercity passenger rail station in Detroit, Michigan. Built for the Michigan Central Railroad, it replaced the original depot in downtown Detroit ...
Over-the-Rhine
Over-the-Rhine (often abbreviated as OTR) is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Historically, Over-the-Rhine has been a working-class neighborhood. It is among the largest, most intact urban historic districts in the United State ...
neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood.
An ecclesiastical variant on the Beaux-Arts style is Minneapolis' Basilica of St. Mary, the first basilica in the United States, which was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914, and a Freemason temple variant, the Plainfield Masonic Temple, in
Plainfield, New Jersey
Plainfield is a city in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, known by its nickname as "The Queen City."
Bancroft Hall
Bancroft Hall, at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, is said to be the largest contiguous set of academic dormitories in the U.S. Bancroft Hall, named after former U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and famous historian/author Geor ...
at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and
Michigan Central Station
Michigan Central Station (also known as Michigan Central Depot or MCS) is the historic former main intercity passenger rail station in Detroit, Michigan. Built for the Michigan Central Railroad, it replaced the original depot in downtown Detroit ...
in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.
=Beaux-Arts architects in the United States
=
In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of the École des Beaux-Arts, are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States:
* Otto Eugene Adams
* William A. Boring
* William W. Bosworth
* Arthur Brown Jr.
*
Daniel Burnham
Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. A proponent of the '' Beaux-Arts'' movement, he may have been, "the most successful power broker the American architectural profession has ...
James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr.
James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. (January 7, 1867 – June 11, 1932) was the leading architect of luxury residential high-rise buildings in New York City in the early 1900s.
Biography
He studied at the University of Tennessee and at the Ma ...
*
Paul Philippe Cret
Paul Philippe Cret (October 23, 1876 – September 8, 1945) was a French-born Philadelphia architect and industrial designer. For more than thirty years, he taught at a design studio in the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylv ...
*
Edward Emmett Dougherty
Edward Emmett Dougherty, a.k.a. Edwin Dougherty (March 18, 1876 – November 11, 1943) was an architect in the southeastern United States. One of his best known designs was the Tennessee War Memorial Auditorium (Nashville, Tennessee), War Memoria ...
Cass Gilbert
Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was an American architect. An early proponent of skyscrapers, his works include the Woolworth Building, the United States Supreme Court building, the state capitols of Minnesota, Arkansas and ...
Raymond Hood
Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Neo-Gothic and Art Deco styles. He is best known for his designs of the Tribune Tower, American Radiator Building, and Rockefeller Center. Th ...
John Galen Howard
John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts – July 18, 1931 in San Francisco, California) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at in ...
William Rutherford Mead
William Rutherford Mead (August 20, 1846 – June 19, 1928) was an American architect who was the "Center of the Office" of McKim, Mead, and White, a noted Gilded Age architectural firm.Baker, Paul R. ''Stanny'' The firm's other founding pa ...
Julia Morgan
Julia Morgan (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American architect and engineer. She designed more than 700 buildings in California during a long and prolific career.Erica Reder"Julia Morgan was a local in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 Febr ...
*
Charles Follen McKim
Charles Follen McKim (August 24, 1847 – September 14, 1909) was an American Beaux-Arts architect of the late 19th century. Along with William Rutherford Mead and Stanford White, he provided the architectural expertise as a member of the part ...
Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison
Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison, Jr. (September 29, 1872 – December 15, 1938) was a prominent American Beaux-Arts and Gothic Revival architect.
Early life
He was born in Brooklyn, New York City in 1872. Murchison graduated from Columbia Universi ...
John Russell Pope
John Russell Pope (April 24, 1874 – August 27, 1937) was an American architect whose firm is widely known for designing major public buildings, including the National Archives and Records Administration building (completed in 1935), the Jeff ...
Henry Hobson Richardson
Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one ...
Louis Sullivan
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloy ...
*
Edward Lippincott Tilton
Edward Lippincott Tilton (19 October 1861 – 5 January 1933) was an American architect, with a practice in New York City, where he was born. He specialized in the design of libraries, completing about one hundred in the U.S. and Canada, inc ...
* Evarts Tracy of
Tracy and Swartwout Tracy and Swartwout was a prominent New York City architectural firm headed by Evarts Tracy and Egerton Swartwout.
History
Evarts Tracy (1868–1922) was the son of first cousins Jeremiah Evarts Tracy and Martha Sherman Greene. His paternal grandmo ...
*
Horace Trumbauer
Horace Trumbauer (December 28, 1868 – September 18, 1938) was a prominent American architect of the Gilded Age, known for designing residential manors for the wealthy. Later in his career he also designed hotels, office buildings, and much of ...
Stanford White
Stanford White (November 9, 1853 – June 25, 1906) was an American architect. He was also a partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, one of the most significant Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for the rich, in addition ...
Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.
Kirchner Cultural Centre
The Kirchner Cultural Centre ( es, Centro Cultural Kirchner) is a cultural centre located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the largest of Latin America, and the third or fourth largest in the world.Tucumán Government Palace,
San Miguel de Tucumán
San Miguel de Tucumán (; usually called simply Tucumán) is the capital and largest city of Tucumán Province, located in northern Argentina from Buenos Aires. It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Argentina, ...
Kirchner Cultural Centre
The Kirchner Cultural Centre ( es, Centro Cultural Kirchner) is a cultural centre located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the largest of Latin America, and the third or fourth largest in the world.Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace
The Buenos Aires Legislature Palace ( es, Palacio de la Legislatura de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires) houses the Buenos Aires City Legislature, Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is an architectural landmark in the city's Montserra ...
San Miguel de Tucumán
San Miguel de Tucumán (; usually called simply Tucumán) is the capital and largest city of Tucumán Province, located in northern Argentina from Buenos Aires. It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Argentina, ...
File:Casa Lebre - Vincenzo Pastore.jpg, Casa Lebre, São Paulo
File:Casa Caetano de Campos, 02.JPG, Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo
File:Palácio dos Campos Elísios.jpg, Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo
File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg, Municipal Theater of São Paulo
File:At Santos, Brazil 2017 380.jpg, Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos
File:Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara 09.jpg, Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo
File:Image001 Anhangabau.jpg, Prates Mansions, São Paulo
File:Palácio Tiradentes 2.JPG, Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro
File:Palacete Helvetia 11.jpg, Helvetia Palace, São Paulo
File:Edifício Alexandre Mackenzie 34.jpg, Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo
=Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil
=
* 1858: ,
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the Ga ...
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...
* 1923: , São Paulo
* 1926–1929: , São Paulo
* Artemis Hotel, São Paulo
* Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo
* Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo
* Mococa Building, São Paulo
Colombia
File:Av. Jiménez Palacio de San Francisco.JPG, Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá
File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg, Capitolio nacional, Bogotá
File:Palacio Echeverry 1.jpg, Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá
File:Nariño BOGOTÁ - COLOMBIA.jpg, Casa de Nariño, Bogotá
File:Bogotá Museo de la Policía.JPG, Museo de la Policía, Bogotá
File:TeatroColon.jpg, Teatro Colón, Bogotá
File:Bquilla - 17 ago 2007 200.jpg, Banco Dugand, Barranquilla
File:Barranquilla Edificio Administración Aduana.jpg, Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla
Peru
File:Club Nacional en Lima.JPG, Club Nacional, Lima
File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg, Edificio Rímac, Lima
File:Palacio Legislativo of Peru.jpg, Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima
=Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru
=
*1855: Club Nacional, Lima
*1906–1939: Legislative Palace, Lima
*1919–1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima
Africa
Mozambique
File:Mercado Municipal (4107187974).jpg, Mercado Municipal, Maputo
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 8 6 - Casa Benoliel.jpg, Banco da Beira
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 14 11 - Casa Infante de Sagres vista do Chiveve.jpg, Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 4 55 - Edificio do Almoxarifado.jpg, Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 34 - Escola de Artes e Ofícios.jpg, Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 46 - Grémio dos Empregados da Companhia de Moçambique.jpg, Palácio dos Desportos, Beira
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 50 - Edifício do Standard Bank.jpg, Standard Bank Building, Beira
File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 22 - Edifício do Tribunal.jpg, Tribunal da Beira
Gil Vicente
Gil Vicente (; c. 1465c. 1536), called the Trobadour, was a Portuguese playwright and poet who acted in and directed his own plays. Considered the chief dramatist of Portugal he is sometimes called the "Portuguese Plautus," often ref ...
Theater, Maputo
* Banco da Beira, Beira
* Casa Ana, Beira
* Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira
* Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira
* Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira
* Palácio dos Desportos, Beira
* Standard Bank Building, Beira
* Tribunal da Beira
Asia
Japan
File:Kobe yusen bld02 1920.jpg, Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe
File:Mitsui Main Building 2009.jpg, Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo
File:Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2016.jpg, Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo
=Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan
=
*1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe
*1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building,
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...
*1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo
* Yokohama Yusen Building
Philippines
File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg, Legislative building
File:China Banking Corporation Building (Binondo).jpg, China bank Manila
File:Regina Building Main Corner Facade.jpg, Regina Building, Manila
File:Thomasian.jpg, University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila
File:Nelly Garden.jpg, Lopez Mansion Iloilo
File:0235jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 02.JPG, Calvo Building, Manila
File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg, Cebu Capitol
File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg, El Hogar
File:Mailajf9457 26.JPG, Don Roman Santos Building
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...
Ermita
Ermita is a district in Manila, Philippines. Located at the central part of the city, the district is a significant center of finance, education, culture, and commerce. Ermita serves as the civic center of the city, bearing the seat of city ...
and
Binondo, Manila
Binondo () is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city's Chinatown. Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo, Manila, Quiapo, Santa Cruz, Manila, Santa Cruz, San Nicolas, Manila, San Nicolas and Tondo, Manila, Tondo. I ...
Ermita, Manila
Ermita is a district in Manila, Philippines. Located at the central part of the city, the district is a significant center of finance, education, culture, and commerce. Ermita serves as the civic center of the city, bearing the seat of city ...
Sampaloc, Manila
Sampaloc is a district of Manila, Philippines. It is referred to as the University Belt or simply called ''“U-Belt”'' for numerous colleges and universities are found within the district such as the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest ext ...
Sariaya
Sariaya, officially the Municipality of Sariaya ( tgl, Bayan ng Sariaya), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 161,868 people.
As the only Mount Banahaw town i ...
Manila City Hall
The Manila City Hall ( fil, Bulwagan ng Lungsod ng Maynila) is the official seat of government of the City of Manila, located in the historic center of Ermita, Manila. It is where the Mayor of Manila holds office and the chambers of the Manil ...
Philippine General Hospital
The Philippine General Hospital (also known as University of the Philippines–Philippine General Hospital or UP–Philippine General Hospital), simply referred to as UP–PGH or PGH, is a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated ...
* 1911 Nurse's home, Philippine General hospital
* Philippine Women's University
* 1920 - La Salle Hall
* 1916 Aduana de Iloilo
* Batangas capitol
* Sorsogon provincial capitol
* Rizal Hall Manila
* Casa Boix, Quiapo, Manila
* Trinidad ancestral house,
Iba, Zambales
Iba, officially the Municipality of Iba ( xsb, Babali nin Iba; ilo, Ili ti Iba; tl, Bayan ng Iba), is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 55,581 peo ...
Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane
The Bank of New South Wales Building is a heritage-listed former bank building located at 33 Queen Street, Brisbane, Queen Street, Brisbane City, Queensland, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hall & Dev ...
Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
Forrest Place
Forrest Place is a pedestrianised square located within the CBD of Perth, Western Australia. The street was created in 1923, and has a history of being a focal point for significant political meetings and demonstrations.
Description
Forrest P ...
Martin Place
Martin Place is a pedestrian mall in the Sydney central business district, New South Wales, Australia. Martin Place has been described as the "civic heart" of Sydney.
, Sydney
*1926:
Argus Building
The Argus Building on the corner of La Trobe and Elizabeth streets in Melbourne, Australia, is notable as the former premises of '' The Argus'' newspaper for 30 years (1926–1956). It is classified by the National Trust and is listed on the ...
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
Elizabeth Street, Brisbane
Elizabeth Street is a major street in the centre of the city in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The street was one of the earliest in Brisbane being established at the beginning of settlement in Brisbane as Moreton Bay penal settlement. Today ...
*1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne
*1928: Herald & Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne
*1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth
New Zealand
File:Auckland Old Railway Station.jpg, Former
Auckland railway station
The Strand Station, also referred to as Auckland Strand Station, is a railway station located on the eastern edge of the Auckland CBD. It serves as the long-distance railway station for Auckland. It is the northern terminus of the Northern Ex ...
,
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The most populous urban area in the country and the fifth largest city in Oceania, Auckland has an urban population of about ...
=Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand
=
*1928–1930:
Auckland railway station
The Strand Station, also referred to as Auckland Strand Station, is a railway station located on the eastern edge of the Auckland CBD. It serves as the long-distance railway station for Auckland. It is the northern terminus of the Northern Ex ...
,
Auckland
Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The most populous urban area in the country and the fifth largest city in Oceania, Auckland has an urban population of about ...
Beaux Arts Village, Washington
Beaux Arts () is a town located in the Eastside region of King County, Washington, United States. It is the smallest municipality in the county, with a population of 299 as of the 2010 census and a land area of 0.1 sq mi. There is no town h ...
References
Bibliography
*
*a ddi
Further reading
* Reed, Henry Hope and Edmund V. Gillon Jr. 1988. ''Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide'' (Dover Publications: Mineola NY)
* United States. Commission of Fine Arts. 1978, 1988 (2 vols.). ''Sixteenth Street Architecture'' (The Commission of Fine Arts: Washington, D.C.: The Commission) – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D.C. SuDoc FA 1.2: AR 2.