The Arcis enclosure (French: ''Enceinte des Arcis'') is an urban enclosure in the

French commune A () is a level of administrative division in the French Republic. French are analogous to civil townships and incorporated municipalities in Canada and the United States; ' in Germany; ' in Italy; ' in Spain; or civil parishes in the Uni ...

Tours Tours ( ; ) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Indre-et-Loire. The Communes of France, commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabita ...

in the

Indre-et-Loire Indre-et-Loire () is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2019, it had a population of 610,079.Gallo-Roman enclosure to extend the walled perimeter. Its construction undoubtedly dates back to the 11th or 12th century, after the building of the

bridge A bridge is a structure built to Span (engineering), span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or railway) without blocking the path underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, whi ...

over the Loire that ends in its northeast corner, but sources on its subject are scarce. Its purpose was certainly defensive, but it also played a political role in the war of influence between the old city of Tours and the rapidly expanding town of Châteauneuf, one kilometer to the west. It was intended to testify to the prosperity of a growing city, whose authority and prestige weighed heavily on its rival. In the 14th century, it was replaced by a new rampart protecting a much larger area, including the two urban cores. The district was bombed in June 1944, leaving almost no attested remains.

History

The term "Arcis", formed from the Latin verb ''ardere'', generally indicates a place cleared by

slash-and-burn Slash-and-burn agriculture is a form of shifting cultivation that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a Field (agriculture), field called a swidden. The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody p ...

. In the present case, however, this etymology is not certain, and the word may also symbolize the "urban reconquest" of a territory inhabited in Gallo-Roman times but abandoned in the

Late Middle Ages The late Middle Ages or late medieval period was the Periodization, period of History of Europe, European history lasting from 1300 to 1500 AD. The late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period ( ...

. The village of Arcis, to the west of the Gallo-Roman enclosure (cité de Tours), may have been founded on ancient roads running parallel to the Loire (today's rue de la Scellerie and rue Colbert), whose use was increased by the construction, from the 1030s onwards, of Eudes' bridge over the

Loire The Loire ( , , ; ; ; ; ) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of , it drains , more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône. It rises in the so ...

, which ended at the northeast corner of the village. Craftsmen and merchants settled here. It probably began to develop before being fortified. By the 11th century, it had become a highly fragmented area, with a high proportion of roads and unbuilt land lots (some of which was still wet or marshy). Tours - clouaison Jean le Bon

The enclosure, for its part, probably dates from the 11th or 12th century, depending on the author, but no more precise dating can be proposed. Some historians refer to the 11th century, others to the reign of

Henry II Plantagenet Henry II () was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. During his reign he controlled England, substantial parts of Wales and Ireland, and much of France (including Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine), an area that altogether was la ...

. When the medieval enclosure was built in the 14th century, the western side of the Arcis wall, which was of no use since the new wall was built on its north-west and south-west corners, was abandoned or used as a base for other constructions; moreover, poorly maintained because its status and owners were unclear, it was already in poor condition. This is particularly true of the north-west corner. The north and south flanks, more or less repaired or rebuilt, were integrated into the new enclosure.

Function

The Arcis wall was built to protect the area to the west of the Gallo-Roman enclosure, which also included the

Hôtel-Dieu In French-speaking countries, a hôtel-Dieu () was originally a hospital for the poor and needy, run by the Catholic Church. Nowadays these buildings or institutions have either kept their function as a hospital, the one in Paris being the oldest an ...

and Saint-Maurice church, whose vulnerable façade spanned the ancient wall. It also secured access to the bridge, as no other permanent crossing of the Loire existed several kilometers upstream or downstream. While the Arcis wall was built for military reasons, it also had political and religious implications. At that time, Tours was an urbanized area with two very distinct entities, one of which was a growing nucleus around the Basilica of Saint-Martin to the west, protected in the first quarter of the 10th century by the Châteauneuf enclosure, but which it had largely overtaken. It was important for the city councillors (the Counts of Touraine, the

Cathedral Chapter According to both Catholic and Anglican canon law, a cathedral chapter is a college of clerics ( chapter) formed to advise a bishop and, in the case of a vacancy of the episcopal see in some countries, to govern the diocese during the vacancy. In ...

and the Archbishop) to show that their city was also growing, and that it too was protected. By appropriating these newly urbanized districts, the city hoped to ostentatiously assert its supremacy and prestige over Châteauneuf, under the protection of the King of France.

Location and remains

An uncertain route for a two-stage construction project

The precise location of the enclosure is not known along its entire length, as texts are lacking and the remains have almost all disappeared.Many archives were lost in the fire at the Tours municipal library in June 1940, or were destroyed during the

Wars of Religion A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (), is a war and conflict which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent ...

, such as those of the Jacobins convent, some of whose grounds included part of the enclosure. and . It is generally accepted that the enclosure, connecting to the north-western corner tower of the Gallo-Roman enclosure, follows the Loire westwards along the rue de l'Hôpiteau, then descends southwards along the rue des Amandiers - the latter forming part of the enclosure's tour de ville, Its existence is attested to in 15th-century documents - then into the block between rue de la Barre and rue du Cygne, before joining the south-west tower of the ancient enclosure along rue de la Scellerie to the south, giving it a surface area of just under 4 hectares. There are probably four gates in the enclosure, two to the north, one of which is at the mouth of the bridge, one to the west and one to the south (Porte Saint-Étienne), but their precise number and location may have varied over time. The curtain wall was flanked by several towers, one of which, on rue du Cygne, was used as a prison in the 17th century.It was because of the presence of this prison that rue du Cygne was then named rue Malientras or Malyentras ("mal y entras", meaning "bad entry"): The western flank was lined by a moat connected on one side to the Loire and on the other to the (

backwater Backwater or Backwaters may refer to: Music * ''Backwaters'' (album), a 1982 album by American guitarist Tony Rice * Backwater (band), a jazz fusion band from Mobile, Alabama, or this band's 1976 debut album * "Backwater", a song by Brian Eno fr ...

) to the south of the town, serving as much to drain the surrounding land as to protect the wall. The Rue du Cygne appears to run along the outside of this ditch, and its winding course can be explained by the need to bypass the overhanging wall to the south. Tours - enceinte des Arcis Champoiseau

The actual structure of the enclosure (core and facing), the components of the curtain wall (stone masonry and mortar or bonding earth), its height, the presence of crenellations or a parapet walk - even if these elements seem probable - and the number and location of the towers remain unknown, as there are no remains or bibliographical elements to allow us to formulate hypotheses. The south-western corner of the Arcis enclosure seems to form an overhang, built at a later date, which can be identified on the

Napoleonic cadastre Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

by the different orientation of certain plots, and already represented in 1841 on a plan by

Noël Champoiseau Noel or Noël may refer to: Christmas * , French for Christmas * Noel is another name for a Christmas carol Places * Noel, Missouri, United States, a city *Noel, Nova Scotia, Canada, a community *Noel Park, a suburb in Greater London, Engla ...

. The thinness of its walls probably indicates a function other than defensive, but this cannot be specified. In any case, the land in question must have had a special status to be included, even symbolically, in the defended perimeter. The overhang also appears to have been placed against the original curtain wall of the enclosure, as it intersects its moat. The ditch is still in use, however, and runs under the wall of the outcrop, which it crosses through a system of gates or harrows: the north wall of this outcrop is referred to in some deeds as the "Râteau wall".

Few or no elevated remains

In June 1944, Allied bombing raids destroyed a vast area to the north of rue Colbert, where the remains of the Dominican convent and perhaps the remains of the Arcis walls were located. The construction of a new school complex on the same site in 1957 erased all traces of the enclosure. To the south of rue Colbert, a few vestiges of the south-western extension of the enclosure may have survived here and there, in the fences of private properties between rue du Cygne and rue de la Barre, or in the inner courtyards of rue de la Scellerie. On the other hand, a thick wall separating two properties to the east of rue du Cygne, originally attributed to the Arcis enclosure, is more likely to be part of the 14th-century enclosure. The rest of the wall has completely disappeared from the urban landscape, having been destroyed or absorbed by more recent constructions as early as the 18th century. The western ditch has been filled in, but anomalies in some of the buildings occupying its site (difference in level in the bays, cracks) and a tree whose trunk has sunk into the ground bear witness to the successive settling of the backfill.

Notes

References

* La Caille, Mabire (1985). ''Contribution à l'étude du rempart des Arcis à Tours'' (in French),

Société archéologique de Touraine The Société archéologique de Touraine (Archaeological Society of Touraine, SAT by its acronym in French), founded in 1840 and recognized as a public utility in 1872, welcomes all those, amateurs or curious, students or professionals, who ar ...

: * Other sources

Bibliography

* * * * * * * {{Portal bar, Architecture, Middle Ages Enclosures Tours, France Late Middle Ages