Amphitrite

In ancient Greek mythology, Amphitrite (; ) was the goddess of the sea, the queen of the sea, and her consort is Poseidon. She was a daughter of Nereus and Doris (or Oceanus and Tethys).Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Under the influence of the Olympian pantheon, she became the consort of Poseidon and was later used as a symbolic representation of the sea. Her Roman counterpart is Salacia, a comparatively minor figure, and the goddess of saltwater.

Family

According to Hesiod's '' Theogony'', Amphitrite was one of the 50 Nereid daughters of Nereus and Doris. The mythographer Apollodorus, however, lists her among both the Nereids, as well as the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys.

Amphitrite's offspring included seals and dolphins. She also bred sea monsters and her great waves crashed against the rocks, putting sailors at risk. Poseidon and Amphitrite had a son, Triton, who was a merman, and a daughter, Rhodos (if this Rhodos was not actually fathered by Poseidon on Halia or was not the daughter of Asopus as others claim). According to the mythographer Apollodorus, Benthesikyme was the daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite.

Mythology

When Poseidon desired to marry her, Amphitrite, wanting to protect her virginity, fled to the Atlas Mountains. Poseidon sent many creatures to find her. A dolphin came across Amphitrite and convinced her to marry Poseidon. As a reward for the dolphin's help, Poseidon created the Delphinus constellation.

Eustathius said that Poseidon first saw her dancing at Naxos among the other Nereids, and carried her off. But in another version of the myth, she fled from his advances to Atlas, at the farthest ends of the sea; there the dolphin of Poseidon sought her through the islands of the sea, and finding her, spoke persuasively on behalf of Poseidon, if we may believe Hyginus and was rewarded by being placed among the stars as the constellation Delphinus.

Amphitrite is not fully personified in the Homeric epics: "out on the open sea, in Amphitrite's breakers" ('' Odyssey'' iii.101), "moaning Amphitrite" nourishes fishes "in numbers past all counting" (''Odyssey'' xii.119). She shares her Homeric epithet ''Halosydne'' () with Thetis. In some sense, the sea-nymphs are doublets.

Pindar, in his sixth Olympian Ode, recognized Poseidon's role as "great god of the sea, husband of Amphitrite, goddess of the golden spindle." For later poets, Amphitrite became simply a metaphor for the sea: Euripides, in ''Cyclops'' (702) and Ovid, '' Metamorphoses'', (i.14).

Representation and cult

Though Amphitrite does not figure in Greek '' cultus'', at an archaic stage she was of outstanding importance, for in the Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo, she appears at the birthing of Apollo among, in Hugh G. Evelyn-White's translation, "all the chiefest of the goddesses, Dione and Rhea and Ichnaea and Themis and loud-moaning Amphitrite"; more recent translators are unanimous in rendering "Ichnaean Themis" rather than treating "Ichnae" as a separate identity. Theseus in the submarine halls of his father Poseidon saw the daughters of Nereus dancing with liquid feet, and "august, ox-eyed Amphitrite", who wreathed him with her wedding wreath, according to a fragment of Bacchylides. Jane Ellen Harrison recognized in the poetic treatment an authentic echo of Amphitrite's early importance: "It would have been much simpler for Poseidon to recognize his own son… the myth belongs to that early stratum of mythology when Poseidon was not yet god of the sea, or, at least, no-wise supreme there—Amphitrite and the Nereids ruled there, with their servants the Tritons. Even so late as the ''Iliad'' Amphitrite is not yet 'Neptuni uxor' eptune's wife"

Amphitrite, "the third one who encircles he sea, was so entirely confined in her authority to the sea and the creatures in it that she was almost never associated with her husband, either for purposes of worship or in works of art, except when he was to be distinctly regarded as the god who controlled the sea. An exception may be the cult image of Amphitrite that Pausanias saw in the temple of Poseidon at the Isthmus of Corinth (ii.1.7).

In the arts of vase-painting and mosaic, Amphitrite was distinguishable from the other Nereids only by her queenly attributes. In works of art, both ancient ones and post-Renaissance paintings, Amphitrite is represented either enthroned beside Poseidon or driving with him in a chariot drawn by sea-horses ('' hippocamps'') or other fabulous creatures of the deep, and attended by Tritons and Nereids. She is dressed in queenly robes and has nets in her hair. The pincers of a crab are sometimes shown attached to her temples.

File:Theseus Athena Amphitrite Louvre G104.jpg, Theseus and Amphitrite clasp hands, with Athena looking on ( red-figure cup by Euphronios and Onesimos, 500–490 BC)
File:Sea thiasos Amphitrite Poseidon Glyptothek Munich 239 front n3.jpg, Sea thiasos depicting the wedding of Poseidon and Amphitrite, from the Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus in the Field of Mars, bas-relief, Roman Republic, 2nd century BC
File:Affreschi romani - nettuno anfitrine - pompei.JPG, Poseidon and Amphitrite. Ancient Roman fresco (50-79 AD), Pompeii, Italy.
File:JacobdeGheynII-NeptuneandAmphitrite.jpg, ''Neptune and Amphitrite'' by Jacob de Gheyn II (latter 16th-century)
File:Mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite.jpg, A Roman mosaic on a wall in the House of Neptune and Amphitrite, Herculaneum, Italy
File:Nicolas Poussin, French - The Birth of Venus - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Triumph of Neptune'' by Nicolas Poussin, showing Amphitrite '' velificans'' (1634)
File:Mosaique de sol avec le triomphe de Neptune et son épouse Amphitrite (Louvre, Ma 1880)1.jpg, ''Triumph of Poseidon and Amphitrite'' showing the couple in procession, detail of a vast mosaic from Cirta, Roman Africa (, now at the Louvre)
File:Giovanni Battista Crosato, The Triumph of Amphitrite, 1745-1750, NGA 80940.jpg, Drawing of Amphitrite sitting in a sea shell surrounded by her subjects. The Triumph of Amphitrite by Giovanni Battista Crosato (1745–1750). Held at the National Gallery of Art.

Legacy

* Amphitrite is the name of a genus of the worm family '' Terebellidae''.
* In poetry, Amphitrite's name is often used for the sea, as a synonym of Thalassa.
* Seven ships of the Royal Navy were named HMS ''Amphitrite''
* , which wrecked in 1833 with heavy loss of life while transporting convicts to New South Wales
* Three ships of the United States Navy were named USS ''Amphitrite''.
* An asteroid, 29 Amphitrite, is named for her.
* In 1936, Australia used an image of Amphitrite on a postage stamp as a classical allusion for the submarine communications cable across Bass Strait from Apollo Bay, Victoria to Stanley, Tasmania.
*A statue of Amphitrite stands at the United States Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, NY

Notes

References

* Apollodorus, ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1921.
Online version at the Perseus Digital Library

* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004.
Google Books

* Hesiod, '' Theogony'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914
Online version at the Perseus Digital LibraryInternet Archive

* and

External links

Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Amphitrite)

{{Authority control

Nereids
Oceanids
Queens in Greek mythology
Sea and river goddesses
Women of Poseidon