
''A Course of Modern Analysis: an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions; with an account of the principal
transcendental function
In mathematics, a transcendental function is an analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial equation whose coefficients are functions of the independent variable that can be written using only the basic operations of addition, subtraction ...
s'' (colloquially known as Whittaker and Watson) is a landmark textbook on
mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limit (mathematics), limits, and related theories, such as Derivative, differentiation, Integral, integration, measure (mathematics), measure, infinite sequences, series ( ...
written by
Edmund T. Whittaker and
George N. Watson, first published by
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...
in 1915.
The first edition was Whittaker's alone, but later editions were co-authored with Watson.
History
Its first, second, third, and the fourth edition were published in 1902,
1915,
1920,
and 1927,
respectively. Since then, it has continuously been reprinted and is still in print today.
A revised, expanded and
digitally reset fifth edition, edited by
Victor H. Moll, was published in 2021.
The book is notable for being the standard reference and textbook for a generation of Cambridge mathematicians including
Littlewood and
Godfrey H. Hardy.
Mary L. Cartwright studied it as preparation for her final honours on the advice of fellow student
Vernon C. Morton, later Professor of Mathematics at
Aberystwyth University
Aberystwyth University () is a Public university, public Research university, research university in Aberystwyth, Wales. Aberystwyth was a founding member institution of the former federal University of Wales. The university has over 8,000 stude ...
.
But its reach was much further than just the Cambridge school;
André Weil
André Weil (; ; 6 May 1906 – 6 August 1998) was a French mathematician, known for his foundational work in number theory and algebraic geometry. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century. His influence is du ...
in his obituary of the French mathematician
Jean Delsarte noted that Delsarte always had a copy on his desk.
In 1941, the book was included among a "selected list" of mathematical analysis books for use in universities in an article for that purpose published by
American Mathematical Monthly
''The American Mathematical Monthly'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics. It was established by Benjamin Finkel in 1894 and is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America. It is an exposi ...
.
Notable features
Some idiosyncratic but interesting problems from an older era of the
Cambridge Mathematical Tripos
The Mathematical Tripos is the mathematics course that is taught in the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.
Origin
In its classical nineteenth-century form, the tripos was a distinctive written examination of undergraduate s ...
are in the exercises.
The book was one of the earliest to use
decimal numbering for its sections, an innovation the authors attribute to
Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (; ; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much Mathematical notati ...
.
Contents
Below are the contents of the fourth edition:
;Part I. The Process of Analysis
;Part II. The Transcendental Functions
Reception
Reviews of the first edition
George B. Mathews, in a 1903 review article published in ''
The Mathematical Gazette
''The Mathematical Gazette'' is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Mathematical Association. It covers mathematics education with a focus on the 15–20 years age range.
The journ ...
'' opens by saying the book is "sure of a favorable reception" because of its "attractive account of some of the most valuable and interesting results of recent analysis".
He notes that Part I deals mainly with
infinite series
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many terms, one after the other. The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathemati ...
, focusing on
power series
In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form
\sum_^\infty a_n \left(x - c\right)^n = a_0 + a_1 (x - c) + a_2 (x - c)^2 + \dots
where ''a_n'' represents the coefficient of the ''n''th term and ''c'' is a co ...
and
Fourier expansion
A Fourier series () is an Series expansion, expansion of a periodic function into a sum of trigonometric functions. The Fourier series is an example of a trigonometric series. By expressing a function as a sum of sines and cosines, many problems ...
s while including the "elements of"
complex integration and the
theory of residues. Part II, in contrast, has chapters on the
gamma function
In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by Γ, capital Greek alphabet, Greek letter gamma) is the most common extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. Derived by Daniel Bernoulli, the gamma function \Gamma(z) is defined ...
,
Legendre functions
In physical science and mathematics, the Legendre functions , and associated Legendre functions , , and Legendre functions of the second kind, , are all solutions of Legendre's differential equation. The Legendre polynomials and the associated ...
, the
hypergeometric series
In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2''F''1(''a'',''b'';''c'';''z'') is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is ...
,
Bessel functions
Bessel functions, named after Friedrich Bessel who was the first to systematically study them in 1824, are canonical solutions of Bessel's differential equation
x^2 \frac + x \frac + \left(x^2 - \alpha^2 \right)y = 0
for an arbitrary complex ...
,
elliptic function
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, elliptic functions are special kinds of meromorphic functions, that satisfy two periodicity conditions. They are named elliptic functions because they come from elliptic integrals. Those integrals are ...
s, and
mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematics, mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The ''Journal of Mathematical Physics'' defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the de ...
.
Arthur S. Hathaway, in another 1903 review published in the ''
Journal of the American Chemical Society
The ''Journal of the American Chemical Society'' (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society. The journal has absorbed two other publications in its history, the ...
'', notes that the book centers around
complex analysis
Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbers. It is helpful in many branches of mathematics, including algebraic ...
, but that topics such as
infinite series
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many terms, one after the other. The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathemati ...
are "considered in all their phases" along with "all those important series and functions" developed by mathematicians such as
Joseph Fourier
Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (; ; 21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre, Burgundy and best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series, which eventually developed into Fourier analys ...
,
Friedrich Bessel
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (; 22 July 1784 – 17 March 1846) was a German astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and geodesy, geodesist. He was the first astronomer who determined reliable values for the distance from the Sun to another star by th ...
,
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia[Adrien-Marie Legendre
Adrien-Marie Legendre (; ; 18 September 1752 – 9 January 1833) was a French people, French mathematician who made numerous contributions to mathematics. Well-known and important concepts such as the Legendre polynomials and Legendre transforma ...](_blank)
,
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (; ; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French polymath, a scholar whose work has been instrumental in the fields of physics, astronomy, mathematics, engineering, statistics, and philosophy. He summariz ...
,
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; ; ; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science. He was director of the Göttingen Observatory and ...
,
Niels Henrik Abel
Niels Henrik Abel ( , ; 5 August 1802 – 6 April 1829) was a Norwegian mathematician who made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. His most famous single result is the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solvin ...
, and others in their respective studies of "practice problems".
He goes on to say it "is a useful book for those who wish to make use of the most advanced developments of mathematical analysis in theoretical investigations of physical and chemical questions."
In a third review of the first edition,
Maxime Bôcher, in a 1904 review published in the ''
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
The ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' is a quarterly mathematical journal published by the American Mathematical Society.
Scope
It publishes surveys on contemporary research topics, written at a level accessible to non-experts. ...
'' notes that while the book falls short of the "rigor" of French, German, and Italian writers, it is a "gratifying sign of progress to find in an English book such an attempt at rigorous treatment as is here made".
He notes that important parts of the book were otherwise non-existent in the English language.
See also
*
Bateman Manuscript Project
References
Further reading
* (9 pages)
* (1 page)
* (1 page)
* (1 page)
*
* (2 pages)
* (2 pages)
* (2 pages)
* (1 page)
*
* (1 page)
* (1 page)
* (1 page)
* (1 of 6 pages)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Course of Modern Analysis, A
1902 non-fiction books
Cambridge University Press books
Mathematics textbooks
Mathematical analysis
Complex analysis
Books by E. T. Whittaker