14th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire

As a means of recording the passage of

time

, the 14th century was a

century

lasting from January 1, 1301 ( MCCCI), through December 31, 1400 ( MCD). The term is often used to refer to the 1300s, the century between 1300 and 1399. It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both

Europe

and the Mongol Empire.

West Africa

and the Indian Subcontinent experienced economic growth and prosperity.

In Europe, the

Black Death

claimed 25 million lives wiping out one third of the European population while the

Kingdom of England

and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of

Charles IV, King of France

led to a claim to the French throne by

Edward III, King of England

. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and Ottoman Empire.

In Asia,

Tamerlane

(Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever established by a single conqueror. Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Synchronously, the Timurid Renaissance emerged. In the

Arab world

, historian and political scientist Ibn Khaldun and explorer Ibn Battuta made significant contributions.
In ''

India

'', the

Bengal Sultanate

got divided from the Delhi Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world. The sultanate described by the Europeans as the richest country to trade with. The Mongol court was driven out of

China

and

retreated

to Mongolia, the

Ilkhanate

collapsed, the Chaghatayid dissolved and broke into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a great power in

Eastern Europe

.

In

Africa

, the wealthy Mali Empire, a global leader of gold production, reached its territorial and economic height under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual of the medieval times, and according to various sources as history's ever.

Events

* The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.
* Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the

Balkans

.
* Early 14th century: Attributed to Kao Ninga ''Monk Sewing'' is made. Kamakura period. It is now kept at the

Cleveland Museum of Art

.
* An account of

Buddha

's life, translated earlier into Greek by Saint John of Damascus and widely circulated to

Christians

as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat, became so popular that the two were venerated as

saints

.
*

Singapore

emerges for the first time as a fortified city and trading centre of some importance.
* Islam reaches

Terengganu

, on the Malay Peninsula.
* The

Hausa

found several city-states in the south of modern

Niger

.
* The poet

Petrarch

coins the term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in

Europe

, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the

Renaissance

.
*

Iwan

vault, Jamé Mosque of Isfahan,

Isfahan

,

Persia

(

Iran

), is built.
* Work begins on the Great Enclosure at

Great Zimbabwe

, built of un-cemented, dressed stone. The city's population is now between 10,000 and 40,000.

1300s

* 1309: King Jayanegara succeeds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana as ruler of

Majapahit

.Ricklefs (1991), page 18
* 1309– 1377: The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes from

Italy

to

France

1310s

* The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in

Europe

.
* 1318–1330: An

Italian

Franciscan friar, Mattiussi, visited Sumatra, Java, and

Banjarmasin

in Borneo. In his record he described the kingdom of

Majapahit

.

1320s

* 1320: Władysław I the Elbow-high is crowned

King of Poland

which leads to its later unification.
* 1323: Malietoafaiga ordered cannibalism to be abolished in

Tutuila

, now known as

American Samoa

.
* 1325: Forced out of previous locations, the

Mexica

found the city of

Tenochtitlan

.
* 1327: Tver Uprising against the Golden Horde.
* 1328: Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi succeeds Jayanegara as ruler of Majapahit.
* Beginning of the

Renaissance

in Italy.

1330s

* 1335: The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said causes the disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia.
* 1336: The

Vijayanagara Empire

is founded in

South India

by Harihara I.
* 1337: The Hundred Years' War begins when

Edward III of England

lays claim to the French throne.

1340s

* 1345–1346: The French recruit troops and ships in

Genoa

,

Monaco

, and

Nice

.

* 1346: English forces led by Edward III defeat a French army led by

Philip VI of France

in The Battle of Crécy, a major point in the Hundred Years' War which marks the rise of the

longbow

as a dominant weapon in Western Europe.
* 1347–1351: The

Black Death

kills around a third of the population of Europe.
* 1347:

Adityawarman

moved the capital of Dharmasraya and established the kingdom of Malayupura in Pagarruyung, West Sumatra.
* 1348: The 6.9-magnitude 1348 Friuli earthquake centered in Northern Italy was felt across Europe. Contemporary minds linked the quake with the

Black Death

, fueling fears that the Biblical Apocalypse had arrived.

1350s

* 1350: Ramathibodi I establishes the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
* 1350: Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara, succeeds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi as ruler of Majapahit; his reign is considered the empire's 'Golden Age'. Under its military commander Gajah Mada, Majapahit stretches over much of modern-day Indonesia.
* 1356: The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire headed by

Emperor Charles IV

issues the

Golden Bull of 1356

, establishing various constitutional aspects of the Empire, the most significant being the electoral college to elect future emperors.
* 1356: The Diet of the Hansa is held in

Lübeck

, formalising what up until then had only been a loose alliance of trading cities in northern Europe and officially founding the Hanseatic League.
* 1357: Scotland retains its independence with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick, thus ending the Wars of Scottish Independence.
* 1357: In the Battle of Bubat, the

Sundanese

royal family is massacred by the Majapahit army by the order of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese king Lingga Buana and princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who committed suicide.

1360s

* 1363: The Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between

Chinese

rebel groups led by Chen Youliang and

Zhu Yuanzhang

, takes place from August to October, constituting one of the largest naval battles in history.
* 1365: The Old Javanese text ''

Nagarakertagama

'' is written.
* 1366: Tepanec Tlatoani Acolnahuácatl accepts

Acamapichtli

as the first tlatoani of

Tenochtitlan

for the

Mexica

Empire.
* 1368: The end of the

Mongol

Yuan Dynasty in

China

and the beginning of the

Ming Dynasty

.

1370s

* 1371: The Battle of Maritsa, the Serbs are defeated by the Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, with most of Serb nobility being killed.
* 1377: Majapahit sends a punitive expedition against Palembang in Sumatra. Palembang's prince, Parameswara (sultan), Parameswara (later Iskandar Syah) flees, eventually finding his way to Malacca and establishing it as a major international port.
* 1378: The Western Schism, Great Schism of the West begins, eventually leading to three simultaneous popes.
*1378: Battle of the Vozha River between Russians and Mongols.
* 1378–1382: Ciompi Revolt occurs in Florence.

1380s

*1380: Russian principalities defeat the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo.
* 1381: John Wycliffe is dismissed from the University of Oxford for criticism of the Roman Catholic Church, thus the Lollardy movement rises in England.
* 1381: Peasants' Revolt in England.
*1382: Khan Tokhtamysh captures Moscow.
*1382: Barquq ٌrise to power to start the Burji dynasty, the Circassian Mamuluk Dynasty in Egypt.
* 1385: Battle of Aljubarrota between Portugal and Crown of Castile, Castile. Portugal maintains independence.
* 1385: Union of Krewo between Poland and Lithuania.
* 1389: Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottoman Turks; Prince Lazar, Sultan Murad I and Miloš Obilić are killed.
* 1389: Wikramawardhana succeeds Sri Rajasanagara as ruler of Majapahit.

1390s

* 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, and many thousands of Jews are massacred.
* 1392: Taejo of Joseon establishes the Joseon Dynasty.
* 1396: The Battle of Nicopolis, in which the Ottomans defeat a large crusader army composed of knights and men-at-arms by the kingdoms of Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, England and Wallachia.
* 1396: The Second Bulgarian Empire ends, with the capture of the last stronghold fortress of Vidin and its king Ivan Sratsimir by the Ottomans.
* 1397: The Kalmar Union is established, uniting Norway, Sweden and Denmark into one kingdom.

Significant people

Artists

* Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter (c. 1267–1337)
* John Kukuzelis, Byzantine composer, singer and reformer of Orthodox Church music (c. 1280–1360)
* Simone Martini, Italian painter (1284 – c. 1344)
* Stephen of Perm, Russian icon painter (1340–1396)
* Philippe de Vitry, French composer, music theorist and poet (1291–1361)

Architects

*Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect and engineer
* Henry Yevele, prominent English architect responsible for the building of many important structures in London (1320-1400)

Explorer

* Ibn Battuta, Berber Muslim traveler (1304–1368/ 1377)

Military

* Jiao Yu, Chinese general and author of the ''Huolongjing'' military treatise
* Liu Bowen, Chinese general, court advisor, philosopher, and co-editor of the ''Huolongjing'' (1311–1375)

Literary figures

* Dante Alighieri, Italian poet and writer (1265–1321)
* Francesco Petrarca (

Petrarch

), Italian poet and writer (1304–1374)
* Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian poet and writer (1313–1375)
* Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet and writer (1343 - 1400)
* Guillaume de Machaut, French composer and poet (c. 1300– 1377)
*Hafiz Shirazi, Hafiz, Persian poet (c. 1310–1379)
*William Langland (ca. 1332 – ca. 1386) is the conjectured author of the England, English dream-vision ''Piers Plowman''
* Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, Spanish author (1282–1349)
* Christine de Pizan, French writer (1364–1430)
* Shi Nai'an (1296—1372), Chinese writer; author of ''Water Margin''
* Luo Guanzhong (1330–1400), Chinese writer; author of ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''
* Johannes Gutenberg (1398–1468), German printer and inventor; author of ''Gutenberg Bible''

Scientists and Philosophers

* Ibn Khaldun, historian and historiographer
*Narayana Pandita (mathematician), Narayana Pandita, Indian Mathematician
*Mahendra Sūri, Indian Astronomer
* William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and philosopher (c. 1285–1347)

Theologians

* Ibn Taymiyyah, Islamic scholar, theologian and logician (1263–1328)
* John Wycliffe, Biblical translator, theologian, philosopher (1320-1384)

Monarchs

;Africa
* Mansa Musa (d. 1337), King of the Mali Empire. During his reign Mali was the source of almost half the world's gold.
* Amda Seyon I (1314–1344), Emperor of Ethiopia. Consolidated the power of his domain beyond the Ethiopian highlands, initiating a long era of Christian proselytization and integration of peripheral areas.
;Asia
* Alauddin Khalji, Afghanized Turkic peoples, Turk emperor, ruling from Delhi over South Asia, crushing

Mongol

invasions and Rajput rebellions
* Chen Youliang, Chinese rebel leader, emperor of Chen Han and nemesis to

Zhu Yuanzhang

(the Hongwu Emperor)
* Timur (1336–1405), Central Asian warlord and founder of the Timurid Dynasty.
* Hongwu Emperor (1328–1398), founder of the Ming dynasty in China.
* Muhammad bin Tughluq, Emperor of India
;

Europe

and Near East
* Osman I (1258–1326, ''Osman Gazi'' or ''Osman Bey'' or ''Osman I'' or ''Osman Sayed II'') leader of the Ottoman Dynasty, Ottoman Turks, founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire.
* Robert I of Scotland, Robert the Bruce (1274–1329) King of Scotland, victor in the First War of Scottish Independence against invasion by the

Kingdom of England

.
* Edward II of England, Edward II (1284–1327) of Caernarfon, was Kingdom of England, King of England from 1307 until he was deposition (politics), deposed in January 1327.
* Roger de Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (1287–1330) an English nobleman, was for three years ''de facto'' ruler of England, after leading a successful rebellion against Edward II of England, Edward II.
* Charles I of Hungary (1288–1342), military, diplomatic and financial reformer, restoring the Kingdom of Hungary to power.
* Ivan I of Moscow (1288–1340), called ''The Moneybag'', was List of Russian rulers#Grand Princes of Moscow, Prince of Moscow, who made his principality most powerful state in Russia.
* Henry IV of England, King from 1399 until his death in 1413
* Isabella of France (c. 1295–1358), queen consort and regent of the

Kingdom of England

.
* Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (1308–1355), Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks.
* Casimir III of Poland (1312– 1377), expansionist and financial reformer.
* Joan of the Tower (1321–1362) a.k.a. Joan of England, was the first wife and Queen consort of David II of Scotland. She was born at the Tower of London and was the youngest daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France.
* David II of Scotland (1324–1371) King of Scots, son of King Robert I of Scotland, Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. 1327), was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife.
* Edward III of England, Edward III (1327– 1377) List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England, King of England. His claim to the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War.
* Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376) or Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, Order of the Garter, KG, was the eldest son of King

Edward III of England

and Philippa of Hainault, and father to King Richard II of England.
*

Philip VI of France

(1293-1350), called ''the Fortunate'', was List of French monarchs, King of France from 1328 to his death and was the first king of France from the House of Valois.
* John II of France (1319-1364), called ''the Good'', was List of French monarchs, King of France from 1350 to his death and a member of the House of Valois.
* Charles V of France, Charles V (1338–1380), called ''the Wise'', was List of French monarchs, King of France from 1364 to his death and a member of the House of Valois.
* Charles VI of France (1368-1422), called ''the Mad'', had a reign troubled by his controlling uncles during his minority and Charles' bouts of insanity, was List of French monarchs, King of France from 1380 to his death and a member of the House of Valois.
* Louis I of Hungary, Louis the Great of Hungary (1342–1382), was King of Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia, Jerusalem, Sicily and Poland from 1370. He led campaigns From Lithuania to Southern Italy, From Poland to Northern Greece. He had the greatest military potential of the century with his enormous armies (often over 100,000 men.)
* Charles IV of Bohemia, Charles IV (1346–1378), King of Bohemia. One of the most powerful men in Europe.
*Dmitry I of Moscow (1350-1389), Grand Duke of Moscow. His nickname, "Donskoy" (i.e., "of the Don"), alludes to his great victory against the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) which took place on the Don River (Russia), Don River.
* Margaret I of Denmark, Danish regent and from 1389 regent of the united monarchies of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
* Richard II of England, Richard II (1367–1400), was the King of England from 1377 until he was deposition (politics), deposed in 1399.
* Tvrtko I of Bosnia, Tvrtko I (1338–1391), was the ban of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia from 1353– 1377 and later the king of Bosnia, from 1377–1391.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

*Timeline of historic inventions#14th century, List of 14th century inventions
* Music of the Ars nova
* The technique of knitting
* Foundation of the University of Cracow
* Chinese text the ''Huolongjing'' by Jiao Yu describes fire lances, fire arrows (rockets), Multiple rocket launcher, rocket launchers, land mines, naval mines, bombard (weapon), bombards, cannons, and hollow cast iron Round shot, cannonballs filled with gunpowder, and their use to set ablaze enemy camps.
* First pound lock in Europe reportedly built in Vreeswijk, Netherlands in 1373Pound lock
/ref>

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:14th century
14th century,
2nd millennium
Centuries