The 13th century was the
century which lasted from January 1,
1201 (
MCCI) through December 31,
1300 (
MCCC) in accordance with the
Julian calendar
The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandri ...
.
The
Mongol Empire was founded by
Genghis Khan, which stretched from
Eastern Asia to
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, whi ...
. The conquests of
Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu ( mn, Хүлэгү/ , lit=Surplus, translit=Hu’legu’/Qülegü; chg, ; Arabic: fa, هولاکو خان, ''Holâku Khân;'' ; 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of We ...
and other
Mongol invasions
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire (1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastation ...
changed the course of the
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. I ...
, most notably the
Siege of Baghdad (1258)
The siege of Baghdad was a siege that took place in Baghdad in 1258, lasting for 13 days from January 29, 1258 until February 10, 1258. The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sac ...
, the destruction of the
House of Wisdom and the weakening of the
Mamluks and
Rums which, according to historians, caused the decline of the
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century. This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign ...
. Other Muslim powers such as the
Mali Empire and
Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of
West Africa
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali ...
and the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, In ...
, while
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
witnessed a decline through the conquest led by
Bakhtiyar Khilji
Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī, (Pashto :اختيار الدين محمد بختيار غلزۍ, fa, اختیارالدین محمد بختیار خلجی, bn, ইখতিয়ারউদ্দীন মুহম্মদ � ...
.
The Southern Song dynasty would begin the century as a prosperous kingdom but would eventually be invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan would be invaded by the Mongols. Goryeo resisted an invasion by the Mongols but eventually sued for peace and would eventually be a client state of the Yuan dynasty.
One of the earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia would form during this century, most notably the
Samudera Pasai. The Kingdoms of
Sukhothai and
Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.
In the history of
European culture
The culture of Europe is rooted in its art, architecture, film, different types of music, economics, literature, and philosophy. European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".
Definit ...
, this period is considered part of the
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...
. In
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...
, according to some population estimates, the population of
Cahokia grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century
London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
. In Peru, the
Kingdom of Cuzco begins. The
Kanem Empire in what is now
Chad reaches its apex. The
Solomonic dynasty
The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire formed in the thirteenth century. Its members claim lineal descent from the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Tradition asser ...
in Ethiopia and the
Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. In the
history of Maya civilizations, the 13th century marks the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. In the
periodization of Precolumbian Peru, the 13th century is part of the Late Intermediate Period.
Events
1201–1209
*
1202: Introduction of ''
Liber Abaci'' by
Fibonacci.
*
1202:
Battle of Basian occurs on July 27, between
Kingdom of Georgia
The Kingdom of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამეფო, tr), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic ...
and
Seljuks.
*
1202:
Battle of Mirebeau
The Battle of Mirebeau was a battle in 1202 between the House of Lusignan- Breton alliance and the Kingdom of England. King John of England successfully smashed the Lusignan army by surprise.
Background
After Richard I's death on 6 April 11 ...
occurs on August 1, between
Arthur I of Brittany
Arthur I ( br, Arzhur 1añ; french: link=no, Arthur 1er de Bretagne) (29 March 1187 – presumably 1203) was 4th Earl of Richmond and Duke of Brittany between 1196 and 1203. He was the posthumous son of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, and Constan ...
and
John of England
John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin ...
.
*
1204:
Islamization
Islamization, Islamicization, or Islamification ( ar, أسلمة, translit=aslamāh), refers to the process through which a society shifts towards the religion of Islam and becomes largely Muslim. Societal Islamization has historically occurr ...
of
Bengal
Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
by
Bakhtiyar Khalji and
oppression of Buddhism in East India.
*
1204:
Fourth Crusade of
1202–
1204 captures
Zadar
Zadar ( , ; historically known as Zara (from Venetian and Italian: ); see also other names), is the oldest continuously inhabited Croatian city. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar ser ...
for
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...
and sacks
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
, creating the
Latin Empire
The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byza ...
.
*
1204: Fall of
Normandy
Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...
from
Angevin hands to the
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
King,
Philip Augustus, end of
Norman domination of France.
*
1205:
The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under
Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and
Crusaders under
Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
*
1206:
Genghis Khan is declared
Great Khan of
the Mongols.
* 1206: The
Delhi Sultanate is established in Northern India under the
Mamluk Dynasty.
*
1209:
Francis of Assisi founds the
Franciscan Order.
*
1209: The
Albigensian Crusade is declared by
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
.
1210s
The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.
Significant people
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1210s
...
*
1212: The
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in
Iberia
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese language, Aragonese and Occitan language, Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a pe ...
marks the beginning of a rapid Christian
reconquest of the southern half of the
Iberian peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...
, mainly from
1230
Year 1230 ( MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komn ...
–
1248, with the defeat of
Moorish forces.
*
1213: The Kingdom of France defeats the
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon ( , ) an, Corona d'Aragón ; ca, Corona d'Aragó, , , ; es, Corona de Aragón ; la, Corona Aragonum . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of ...
at the
Battle of Muret.
*
1214
Year 1214 ( MCCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1214th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 214th year of the 2nd millennium, the ...
: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the
Battle of Bouvines
The Battle of Bouvines was fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Although estimates on the number of troops vary considerably among mod ...
.
*
1215: King John signs
Magna Carta at
Runnymede
Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, and just over west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with its adjoining ...
.
*
1216:
Battle of Lipitsa between Russian principalities.
*
1216:
Maravarman Sundara I reestablishes the
Pandya Dynasty in Southern India
*
1217–
1221:
Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian
Ayyubid port city of
Damietta
Damietta ( arz, دمياط ' ; cop, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ, Tamiati) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt, a former bishopric and present multiple Catholic titular see. It is located at the Damietta branch, an easte ...
; ultimately the
Crusaders withdraw.
1220s
* C.
1220: The
Kingdom of Mapungubwe dissolves
*
1220: The
Kingdom of Zimbabwe begins
*
1221:
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...
signs a trade treaty with the
Mongol Empire.
*
1221:
Merv
Merv ( tk, Merw, ', مرو; fa, مرو, ''Marv''), also known as the Merve Oasis, formerly known as Alexandria ( grc-gre, Ἀλεξάνδρεια), Antiochia in Margiana ( grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν τῇ Μαργιανῇ) and ...
,
Herat and
Nishapur are destroyed in the
Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire.
*
1222:
Andrew II of Hungary signs the
Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
*
1223: The
Signoria, of the
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia ...
is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia.
*
1223: The
Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the
Battle of the Kalka River.
*
1223:
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria, was a historic Bulgar state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state ...
defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the
Battle of Samara Bend.
*
1227:
Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language.
The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to othe ...
are finally subjugated to
German crusader rule during the
Livonian Crusade.
*
1227:
Genghis Khan dies.
*
1228
Year 1228 ( MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Sixth Crusade
* Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary fo ...
–
1229
Year 1229 ( MCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Sixth Crusade
* February 18 – Treaty of Jaffa: Emperor Frederick II signs a 10-year truce ...
:
Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated
Frederick II Hohenstaufen
Frederick II ( German: ''Friedrich''; Italian: ''Federico''; Latin: ''Federicus''; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerus ...
, who returns
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
to the
Crusader States.
*
1228
Year 1228 ( MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Sixth Crusade
* Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary fo ...
–
1230
Year 1230 ( MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komn ...
: First clash between
Gregory IX and
Frederick II.
*
1226–
1250: Dispute between the so-called second
Lombard League and
Frederick II.
1230s
*
1232
Year 1232 ( MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 15 – Battle of Agridi: The Cypriot army under King Henry I (the Fat) defeat ...
: The
Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the
Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
*
1233:
Battle of Ganter,
Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of
Kediri, thus established
Singhasari
Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
kingdom Ken Arok ended the reign of
Isyana Dynasty and started his own
Rajasa dynasty.
*
1235: The
Mandinka Mandinka, Mandika, Mandinkha, Mandinko, or Mandingo may refer to:
Media
* ''Mandingo'' (novel), a bestselling novel published in 1957
* ''Mandingo'' (film), a 1975 film based on the eponymous 1957 novel
* ''Mandingo (play)'', a play by Jack Kir ...
tribes unite to form the
Mali Empire which leads to the downfall of
Takrur
Takrur, Tekrur or Tekrour ( 800 – c. 1285) was an ancient state of West Africa, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire.
Origin
Takrur was the capital of the state which flourished on the lower Senegal River. Takruri was ...
in the 1280s.
*
1239
Year 1239 ( MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Summer – A German expeditionary force under Emperor Frederick II invades the R ...
–
1250: Third conflict between the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...
and the
Papacy
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
.
*
1237–
1240
Year 1240 ( MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* May 24 – Duke Skule Bårdsson, claimant to the Norwegian throne, is defeated by King H ...
:
Mongol Empire conquers
Kievan Rus.
*
1238: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of
Sukhothai Kingdom
The Sukhothai Kingdom ( th, สุโขทัย, , IAST: , ) was a post-classical Thai kingdom ( mandala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand. The kingdom was ...
.
1240s
The 1240s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1240, and ended on December 31, 1249.
Significant people
Fibonacci. Fibonacci sequence and Liber Abbaci
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1240s
...
*
1240
Year 1240 ( MCCXL) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* May 24 – Duke Skule Bårdsson, claimant to the Norwegian throne, is defeated by King H ...
: Russians defeat the Swedish army at the
Battle of the Neva.
*
1241:
Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at the
Battle of Mohi and defeats Poland at the
Battle of Legnica. Hungary and Poland ravaged.
*
1242: Russians defeat the
Teutonic Knights at the
Battle of Lake Peipus.
*
1243
Year 1243 ( MCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* March – King Ferdinand III (the Saint) turns the independent Taifa of Murcia ...
–
1250: Second
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
From the accession of Otto I in 962 unt ...
–
Papacy
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
War.
*
1244:
Ayyubids and
Khwarezmians defeat the
Crusaders and their Arab allies at the
Battle of La Forbie.
*
1249: End of the Portuguese
Reconquista
The ' ( Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the N ...
against the
Moors
The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
Moors are not a distinc ...
, when King
Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the
Algarve
The Algarve (, , ; from ) is the southernmost NUTS II region of continental Portugal. It has an area of with 467,495 permanent inhabitants and incorporates 16 municipalities ( ''concelhos'' or ''municípios'' in Portuguese).
The region has it ...
.
*
1248–
1254:
Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian
Ayyubid port city of
Damietta
Damietta ( arz, دمياط ' ; cop, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ, Tamiati) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt, a former bishopric and present multiple Catholic titular see. It is located at the Damietta branch, an easte ...
,
Crusaders ultimately withdraw.
Mamelukes overthrow
Ayyubid Dynasty.
1250s
The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.
Significant people
* Möngke Khan
* Hulagu Khan
* Al-Mustasim
* Aybak
* Al-Ashraf Musa
* Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known a ...
*
By 1250,
Pensacola culture, through trade, begins influencing
Coastal Coles Creek culture
Coles Creek culture is a Late Woodland archaeological culture in the Lower Mississippi valley in the Southeastern Woodlands. It followed the Troyville culture. The period marks a significant change in the cultural history of the area. Populatio ...
.
*
1250: The
Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt.
*
1257: Baab Mashur Malamo established the
Sultanate of Ternate
The Sultanate of Ternate (Jawi alphabet: كسلطانن ترنتاي), previously also known as the Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan. The Ternate kingdom was established by ...
in Maluku.
*
1258
Year 1258 (Roman numerals, MCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
* February 10 – Siege of Baghdad (1258), Siege of Baghdad: ...
:
Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...
captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttal ...
in Baghdad.
* 1258:
Pandayan Emperor
Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka.
*
1259:
Treaty of Paris is signed between
Louis IX
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was King of France from 1226 to 1270, and the most illustrious of the House of Capet, Direct Capetians. He was Coronation of the French monarch, c ...
and
Henry III
1260s
The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.
Significant people
* Berke Khan
* Kublai Khan
* Hulagu Khan
* Baibars
* Louis IX of France
* Qutuz
Saif ad-Din Qutuz ( ar, سيف الدين قطز; died  ...
*
1260
Year 1260 ( MCCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Africa
* October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seiz ...
:
Toluid Civil War
The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264. Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family ...
begins between
Kublai Khan and
Ariq Böke for the title of
Great Khan.
*
1261:
Byzantines under
Michael VIII retake
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
from the
Crusaders and
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...
.
*
1262: Iceland was brought under Norwegian rule, with the
Old Covenant.
*
1265: Dominican
friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders founded in the twelfth or thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the ...
and theologian,
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, Dominican Order, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino, Italy, Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican Order, Dominican friar and Catholic priest, priest who was an influential List of Catholic philo ...
begins to write his
''Summa Theologiae''.
*
1268: Fall of the
Crusader State of
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes (; grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου, ''Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou'', Learned ; also Syrian Antioch) grc-koi, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπ� ...
to the
Mamelukes.
1270s
*
1270:
Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
.
*
1270: The
Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the
Solomonic dynasty
The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire formed in the thirteenth century. Its members claim lineal descent from the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Tradition asser ...
.
*
1271:
Edward I of England
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a va ...
and
Charles of Anjou arrive in
Acre, starting the
Ninth Crusade against
Baibars.
*
1272–
1274:
Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the
Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantino ...
with the
Church of Rome.
*
1274: The Mongols launched their first
invasion
An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing ...
of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the
Kamikaze
, officially , were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending ...
winds.
*
1274: The
Tepanec give the
Mexica permission to settle at an islet which was named Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)
*
1275
Year 1275 ( MCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Battle of Neopatras: Emperor Michael VIII (Palaiologos) assembles a Byzantin ...
:
Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote ''
Dnyaneshwari
The ''Dnyaneshwari'' ( mr, ज्ञानेश्वरी) (IAST: Jñānēśvarī), also referred to as ''Jnanesvari'', ''Jnaneshwari'' or ''Bhavartha Deepika'' is a commentary on the ''Bhagavad Gita'' written by the Marathi saint and poet S ...
'' (a commentary on the ''
Bhagavad Gita'') and ''
Amrutanubhav
Amrutanubhav or Amritanubhav is a composition by the Marathi saint and poet Jñāneśvar during the 13th century. It is considered to be a milestone in Marathi literature.Budkuley, K. I. R. A. N. (2005). Indo-European storytelling in translation: ...
'' was born.
*
1275
Year 1275 ( MCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Battle of Neopatras: Emperor Michael VIII (Palaiologos) assembles a Byzantin ...
: King
Kertanegara of Singhasari launched
Pamalayu expedition against
Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292).
*
1277: Passage of the last and most important of the
Paris Condemnations
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of
Aristotelian propositions
*
1279: The
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
ends after losing the
Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.
*
1279: The
Chola Dynasty
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of the world. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BC ...
in Southern India officially comes to an end.
1280s
*
1281
Year 1281 ( MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Spring – Siege of Berat: A Byzantine relief force under Michael T ...
: The Mongols launched their second
invasion
An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing ...
of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
*
1282:
Aragon acquires
Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
after the
Sicilian Vespers
The Sicilian Vespers ( it, Vespri siciliani; scn, Vespiri siciliani) was a successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out at Easter 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I of Anjou, who had ruled the Kingdom of ...
.
*
1284:
Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the
Bishop of Ely.
*
1284: King Kertanegara launched the Pabali expedition to
Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
*
1285: Second
Mongol raid against
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...
, led by
Nogai Khan.
*
1289
Year 1289 ( MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their ...
: The
County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri
Mamluks led by
Qalawun.
*
1289
Year 1289 ( MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their ...
: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of
Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
.
1290–1300
* The
Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the
Khalji dynasty.
*
1290
Year 1290 ( MCCXC) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* July 10 – King Ladislaus IV (the Cuman) is assassinated at the castle of Körö ...
: By the
Edict of Expulsion, King
Edward I of England
Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a va ...
orders all
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
to leave the
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
On ...
.
*
1291: The
Swiss Confederation of
Uri,
Schwyz, and
Unterwalden forms.
*
1291:
Mamluk
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
Sultan of Egypt
al-Ashraf Khalil captures
Acre, thus ending the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were ...
).
*
1292
Year 1292 ( MCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV (the Brave) begin the siege of Ta ...
:
Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom.
*
1292
Year 1292 ( MCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV (the Brave) begin the siege of Ta ...
:
Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including
Ferlec,
Samudera and Lambri.
*
1292
Year 1292 ( MCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV (the Brave) begin the siege of Ta ...
: King
Mangrai Mangrai ( nod, ; th, มังราย; 1238–1311), also known as Mengrai ( th, เม็งราย),The name according to historical sources is "Mangrai", and this is used in most modern scholarly applications. "Mengrai", popularised by a 19 ...
founds the
Lanna kingdom.
*
1293:
Mongol invasion of Java
The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1292 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers. This was intended as a punitive expedition against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute ...
,
Kublai Khan of
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, repelling
Mongol forces.
*
1293: On 10 November, the coronation of
Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu
Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
*
1296:
First War of Scottish Independence begins.
*
1297: Membership in the ''Mazor Consegio'' or the
Great Council of Venice
The Great Council or Major Council ( it, Maggior Consiglio; vec, Mazor Consegio) was a political organ of the Republic of Venice between 1172 and 1797. It was the chief political assembly, responsible for electing many of the other political of ...
of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
*
1299
Year 1299 ( MCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* July 4 – Battle of Cape Orlando: A Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) l ...
:
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
is established under
Osman I.
*
1300:
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
is
thought to have become established in the
Aceh region.
*
1300: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or
Kutai Lama.
*
1300: The
Turku Cathedral was consecrated in
Turku
Turku ( ; ; sv, Åbo, ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (''Varsinais-Suomi'') and the former Turku and Pori Province (''Turun ja Porin lääni''; ...
.
YLE: Kenelle kellot soivat?
(in Finnish)
* 1300: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of the world. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BC ...
in Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
established the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu
Cebu, or Sugbu, also called the Cebu Rajanate, was an Indianized raja (monarchical) mandala (polity) on the island of Cebu in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. It is known in ancient Chinese records as the ...
in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
* Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints ''Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut'', during the Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
* The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
* Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
* ''Pecia'' system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
* Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298.
* The earliest known rocket
A rocket (from it, rocchetto, , bobbin/spool) is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using the surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entir ...
s, landmine
A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it. Such a device is typically detonated automati ...
s, and handguns
A handgun is a short-barrelled gun, typically a firearm, that is designed to be usable with only one hand. It is distinguished from a long gun (i.e. rifle, shotgun or machine gun, etc.), which needs to be held by both hands and also braced a ...
are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
* The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
* Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
*1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo
The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the Anasazi, were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, a ...
architectural complexes reach their apex[Berlo and Phillips, 275]
* 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy. According to mainstream history.
* Late 13th century – '' Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace'' is made during the Kamakura period
The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War, which saw the struggle b ...
. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
* Late 13th century – ''Descent of the Amida Trinity
Descent may refer to:
As a noun Genealogy and inheritance
* Common descent, concept in evolutionary biology
* Kinship, one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology
**Pedigree chart or family tree
**Ancestry
**Lineal descendant
** Heritage
* ...
'', raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago.
* The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.
See also
* Christianity in the 13th century
The Eastern Roman (''Byzantine'') imperial church headed by Constantinople continued to assert its universal authority. By the 13th century this assertion was becoming increasingly irrelevant as the Eastern Roman Empire shrank and the Ottoman ...
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century
2nd millennium
Centuries