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Social Health Insurance
The Bismarck model (also referred as "Social Health Insurance Model") is a health care system in which people pay a fee to a fund that in turn pays health care activities, that can be provided by State-owned institutions, other Government body-owned institutions, or a private institution. The first Bismarck model was instituted by Otto von Bismarck in 1883 and focused its effort in providing cures to the workers and their family. Since the establishment of the first Beveridge model in 1948, where the focus was into providing healthcare as a human right to everyone with funding through taxation, nearly every Bismarck system became universal and the State started providing insurance or contributions to those unable to pay. History After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck experienced opposition from German Democratic Socialists. In response, anti-socialist legislation was passed in 1878, and Bismarck made the decision to incorporate social ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0057, Otto Von Bismarck
The German Federal Archives or Bundesarchiv (BArch) (, lit. "Federal Archive") are the national archives of Germany. They were established at the current location in Koblenz in 1952. They are subordinated to the Federal Commissioner for Culture and the Media (Claudia Roth since 2021) under the German Chancellery, and before 1998, to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. On 6 December 2008, the Archives donated 100,000 photos to the public, by making them accessible via Wikimedia Commons. History The federal archive for institutions and authorities in Germany, the first precursor to the present-day Federal Archives, was established in Potsdam, Brandenburg in 1919, a later date than in other European countries. This national archive documented German government dating from the founding of the North German Confederation in 1867. It also included material from the older German Confederation and the Imperial Chamber Court. The oldest documents in this collection dated back to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In Germany
Germany has a universal Single-payer healthcare#History of the term, multi-payer health care system paid for by a combination of statutory health insurance (') and private health insurance ('). The #Economics, turnover of the national health sector was about US$368.78 billion (€287.3 billion) in 2010, equivalent to 11.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about US$4,505 (€3,510) per capita.A. J. W. Goldschmidt: Der 'Markt' Gesundheitswesen. In: M. Beck, A. J. W. Goldschmidt, A. Greulich, M. Kalbitzer, R. Schmidt, G. Thiele (Hrsg.): Management Handbuch DRGs, Hüthig / Economica, Heidelberg, 1. Auflage 2003 (): S. C3720/1-24, with 3 revisions / additional deliveries until 2012 According to the World Health Organization, Germany's Health system, health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2004. In 2004 Germany ranked thirtieth in the world in life expectancy (78 years for men). Physician density in Germany is 4.5 physicians per 1000 inhabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euro Health Consumer Index
Euro Health Consumer Index (EHCI) was a comparison of European health care systems based on waiting times, results, and generosity. The information is presented as a graphic index. EHCI was produced 2005–2009 and 2012–2018 by Health Consumer Powerhouse. The 2014 ranking included 37 countries measured by 48 indicators. It claimed to measure the "consumer friendliness" of healthcare systems. It did not claim to measure which European state had the best healthcare system, but it did produce specialist Indexes on Diabetes, Cardiac Care, HIV, Headache and Hepatitis. In 2006, France was the champion with 768 points out of 1000. In the 2015 results, the same performance would have given the 13th position among 35 countries because of the widespread improvements in standards. While no bias in favour of any health system was alleged, the index was criticised in the British Medical Journal ''The BMJ'' is a fortnightly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Publishing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lombard Socio-health System
The term Lombard refers to people or things related to Lombardy, a region in northern Italy. History and culture * Lombards, a Germanic tribe * Lombardic language, the Germanic language spoken by the Lombards * Lombards of Sicily, a linguistic minority living in Sicily, southern Italy * Lombard League, a medieval alliance of some 30 cities in Northern Italy * Lombard language, a Gallo-Italic language spoken in Northern Italy and southern Switzerland ** Old Lombard, the form of the Lombard language from the 13th and 14th centuries * Lombardic capitals, a decorative lettering style originally used in medieval manuscripts Businesses * ICICI Lombard, an insurance company in India * Le Lombard (or Editions Lombard), a Belgian comic book publisher * Lombard Bank, a bank in Malta * Lombard North Central, a finance house in the United Kingdom Places ;France * Lombard, Doubs, a commune of the Doubs ''département'' * Lombard, Jura, a commune of the Jura ''département'' ;United S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as List of islands of Italy, nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino. It is the List of European countries by area, tenth-largest country in Europe by area, covering , and the third-most populous member state of the European Union, with nearly 59 million inhabitants. Italy's capital and List of cities in Italy, largest city is Rome; other major cities include Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Venice. The history of Italy goes back to numerous List of ancient peoples of Italy, Italic peoples—notably including the ancient Romans, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Guardian Media Group, owned by the Scott Trust Limited. The trust was created in 1936 to "secure the financial and editorial independence of ''The Guardian'' in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of ''The Guardian'' free from commercial or political interference". The trust was converted into a limited company in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for ''The Guardian'' the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators. Profits are reinvested in its journalism rather than distributed to owners or shareholders. It is considered a newspaper of record in the UK. The editor-in-chief Katharine Viner succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In Slovakia
Healthcare in Slovakia has features of the Bismarck, the Beveridge and the national health insurance systems. Its public health system is paid largely from taxation. The cost of national health insurance is shared between the employees and the employers. Part of the taxes is paid by employees as a deduction from their wages and the remaining part is paid as a compulsory contribution by employers. Sole traders pay the full amount of the taxes. The taxes are managed by health insurance companies. The healthcare system has three health insurance companies: Union (12,4%), Dôvera (32,4%) and Všeobecná zdravotná poisťovňa (55,2%)(market share). Všeobecná zdravotná poisťovňa is a state-run insurance company, and the other two are private. The insurance companies have contracts with outpatient clinics, hospitals, rehabilitation centres, pharmacies etc. However, insurance companies do not cover all costs such as smme medicines. Also, dental treatment is not covered. The g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In Hungary
Hungary has a tax-funded universal healthcare system, organized by the state-owned National Health Insurance Fund (). While healthcare is considered universal, several reasons persist preventing Hungarian nationals to access healthcare services. For instance, a Hungarian citizen who lived abroad but is unable to show contributions to another country's healthcare system will not be able to access the Hungarian healthcare system free of charge. However, to the OECD, 100% of the total population is covered by universal health insurance, which is absolutely free for children (all people under 16), mothers or fathers with babies, students, pensioners (everyone over 64), people with low income, handicapped people (including physical and mental disorders), priests and other church employees. In 2022 the cost of public health insurance is 8,400 HUF per month (280 HUF/day) which is the equivalent of $23.69. The healthcare system underwent significant changes which also resulted in impr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In France
The French health care system is one of universal health care largely financed by government national health insurance. In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the World Health Organization found that France provided the "best overall health care" in the world. In 2017, France spent 11.3% of GDP on health care, or US$5,370 per capita, a figure higher than the average spent by rich countries (OECD average is 8.8%, 2017), though similar to Germany (10.6%) and Canada (10%), but much less than in the US (17.1%, 2018). Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government-funded agencies. Most general physicians are in private practice but draw their income from the public insurance funds. These funds, unlike their German counterparts, have never gained self-management responsibility. Instead, the government has taken responsibility for the financial and operational management of health insurance (by setting premium levels related to income and determining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In Europe
Healthcare in Europe is provided through a wide range of different systems run at individual national levels. Most European countries have a system of tightly regulated, competing private health insurance companies, with government subsidies available for citizens who cannot afford coverage. Many European countries (and all European Union countries) offer their citizens a European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. Health in Europe The World Health Organization has listed 53 countries as comprising the European region. Health outcomes vary greatly by country. Countries in Northern and Western Europe have had a significant increase in life expectancy since World War II, while most of the former Eastern Bloc countries have experienced a decrease in life expectancy. Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of death in Europe. Many countries ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In The Netherlands
Healthcare in the Netherlands is differentiated along three dimensions (1) level (2) physical versus mental and (3) short term versus long term care. The three levels indicate how a patient is referred throughout the system. The first level is the level where people go to with health issues. This consists of mainly ''Huisartsen'' (U.S.: Primary care physician, physicians / U.K.: general practitioners; lit.: home doctors), often organised in ''"huisartsenposten"'' ((acute) GP/primary medical centers) to ensure 24/7 availability, and Emergency department, emergency rooms (''"SpoedEisende Hulp / SEH"'') at hospitals. These first level caretakers can refer patient to specialised care, at hospital, extramural or long term care. Without such referral access to second level care public healthcare centers, and under most health insurance schemes is generally not possible. For specialised care patients can be referred to third level care - either by first level or second level practitio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healthcare In South Korea
Health care, or healthcare, is the improvement or maintenance of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields. Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, optometry, audiology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training, and other health professions all constitute health care. The term includes work done in providing primary care, secondary care, tertiary care, and public health. Access to health care may vary across countries, communities, and individuals, influenced by social and economic conditions and health policies. Providing health care services means "the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes". Factors to consider in terms of health care access include financial limitations (such as insurance cover ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
