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Scopoletin
Scopoletin is a coumarin found in the root of plants in the genus '' Scopolia'' such as ''Scopolia carniolica'' and '' Scopolia japonica'', in chicory, in '' Artemisia scoparia'', in the roots and leaves of stinging nettle (''Urtica dioica''), in the passion flower, in '' Brunfelsia'', in ''Viburnum prunifolium'', in ''Solanum nigrum'', in ''Datura metel'', in '' Mallotus resinosus'', and in ''Kleinhovia hospita''. It can also be found in fenugreek, vinegar, some whiskies and in dandelion coffee. A similar coumarin is scoparone. Scopoletin is highly fluorescent when dissolved in DMSO or water and is regularly used as a fluorimetric assay for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with horseradish peroxidase. When oxidized, its fluorescence is strongly suppressed. Chemistry Biosynthesis Like most phenylpropanoids, the biosynthetic precursor to scopoletin acid is 4-coumaroyl-CoA. Scopoletin is derived from 1,2-benzopyrones which is the core structure of coumarins for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scopoletin Glucosyltransferase
In enzymology, a scopoletin glucosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :UDP-glucose + scopoletin \rightleftharpoons UDP + scopolin Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and scopoletin, whereas its two products are UDP and scopolin. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:scopoletin O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoglucose-scopoletin glucosyltransferase, UDP-glucose:scopoletin glucosyltransferase, and SGTase. This enzyme participates in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis The biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids involves a number of enzymes. From amino acids to cinnamates In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a.k.a. phenylalanine/t .... References * * EC 2.4.1 Enzymes of unknown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scopolin
Scopolin is a glucoside of scopoletin formed by the action of the enzyme scopoletin glucosyltransferase. It occurs in Chamaemelum nobile ''Chamaemelum nobile'', commonly known as chamomile (also spelled camomile), is a low perennial plant found in dry fields and around gardens and cultivated grounds in Europe, North America, and South America. Its synonym is ''Anthemis nobilis .... References Bibliography * * O-methylated coumarins Phenol glucosides {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viburnum Prunifolium
''Viburnum prunifolium'' (known as blackhaw or black haw, blackhaw viburnum, sweet haw, and stag bush) is a species of ''Viburnum'' native to eastern North America, from Connecticut west to eastern Kansas, and south to Alabama and Texas. Growth It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to tall with a short crooked trunk and stout spreading branches; in the northern parts of its range, it is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its range. The bark is reddish-brown, very rough on old stems. The branchlets are red at first, then green, finally dark brown tinged with red. The winter buds are coated with rusty tomentum. The flower buds ovate, 1 cm long, much larger than the axillary buds. The leaves are simple, arranged oppositely, up to 9 cm long and 6 cm broad, oval, ovate or orbicular, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute, with serrated edges with a grooved and slightly winged red petiole 1.5 cm long; they turn red in fall. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kleinhovia Hospita
''Kleinhovia'' is a monotypic genus of plants in the cotton, hibiscus and cacao family Malvaceae. The sole species in the genus is ''Kleinhovia hospita'', commonly known as guest tree, an evergreen tree native to Indonesia, Malaysia and other parts of tropical Asia and the Pacific. Description ''Kleinhovia hospita'' is an evergreen, bushy tree growing up to high, with a dense rounded crown and upright pink sprays of flowers and fruits. Leaves are simple and alternate; stipules are ensiform to linear, about long; petioles are up to long; the leaf-blade is ovate to heart-shaped, glabrous on both sides, with the apex pointed. Secondary veins occur in 6–8 pairs, palmately nerved. The flowers of ''K. hospita'' are terminal, in loose panicles protruding from the crown; flowers are about wide, coloured pale pink; pedicels are up to long; bracteoles are lanceolate, to long, ; gynandrophores are about long and pubescent; there are 5 sepals, linear lanceolate, about long, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scopolia Japonica
''Scopolia japonica'', also Japanese belladonna or Korean scopolia, is a flowering plant species in the genus '' Scopolia'' - one of the eight genera in tribe Hyoscyameae of the nightshade family Solanaceae. The coumarins umbelliferone and scopoletin have been isolated from the roots of ''Scopolia japonica''. The hairy roots technique has also been used to produce the alkaloids scopolamine and hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine (also known as daturine or duboisine) is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid and plant toxin. It is a secondary metabolite found in certain plants of the family Solanaceae, including Hyoscyamus niger, henbane, Mandragora officina .... Gallery File:미치광이풀.JPG, Plant in flower. File:Scopolia japonica-06.JPG, Single flower (interior). File:Eykman1883-Scopoliae Rhizoma.jpg, ''Scopoliae Rhizoma'' (root of ''Scopolia japonica'') References Hyoscyameae Flora of Japan Taxa named by Karl Maximovich {{Solanales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicory
Common chicory (''Cichorium intybus'') is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to the Americas and Australia. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons ( blanched buds), or roots (var. ''sativum''), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and food additive. In the 21st century, inulin, an extract from chicory root, has been used in food manufacturing as a sweetener and source of dietary fiber. Chicory is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. Description When flowering, chicory has a tough, grooved, and more or less hairy stem. It can grow to tall. The leaves are stalked, lanceolate and unlobed; they range from in length (smallest near the top) and wide. The flower heads are wide, and usually light blue or lavender; it has also rarely been described as white or pink. Of the two rows of involucral bracts, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artemisia Scoparia
''Artemisia scoparia'' is a Eurasian species in the genus '' Artemisia'', in the sunflower family. It is widespread across much of Eurasia from France to Japan, including China, India, Russia, Germany, Poland, central + southwest Asia, etc. The English common name of ''Artemisia scoparia'' is virgate wormwood, capillary wormwood, or redstem wormwood. In Mandarin Chinese it is known as yīn chén (Traditional: 茵陳) and it is an important traditional Chinese medicine, and is considered interchangeable with ''Artemisia capillaris'' for that purpose. Its pollen can be allergenic. Chemical constituents # Capillarisin # Chlorogenic acid butyl ester # 6,7-Dimethylesculetin # Isosabandin # Magnolioside (isoscopoletin-β-D-glucopyranoside) # 7-Methoxycoumarin # 7-Methylesculetin # Sabandin A # Sabandin B # Scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) #Scopoletin Scopoletin is a coumarin found in the root of plants in the genus '' Scopolia'' such as ''Scopolia carniolica'' and '' Scopolia jap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passion Flower
''Passiflora'', known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae. ''Passiflora'' species are widely cultivated for their striking flowers, flavorful fruits, traditional medicinal uses, and roles in dietary supplements and ayahuasca analogs, with several ornamental hybrids earning Royal Horticultural Society awards. Description They are mostly tendril-bearing vines, with some being shrubs or trees. They can be woody or herbaceous. Passion flowers produce regular and usually showy flowers with a distinctive corona. There can be as many as eight concentric coronal series, as in the case of '' P. xiikzodz''. and '' Passiflora alata''. The hallmark of the genus is the androgynophore, a central column to which the stamens and pistil are attached, which can be very long in some species such as '' Passiflora coactilis''. The flower is pentamerous (except for a few Southeast A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whisky
Whisky or whiskey is a type of liquor made from Fermentation in food processing, fermented grain mashing, mash. Various grains (which may be Malting, malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, Maize, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically Aging (food), aged in wooden casks, commonly of charred white oak. Uncharred white oak casks previously used for the aging of Port wine, port, rum or sherry may be employed during storage to impart a unique flavor and color. Whisky is a strictly regulated Alcoholic spirit, spirit worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in Barrel, wooden barrels. Etymology The word ''whisky'' (or ''whiskey'') is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word (or ) meaning "water" (now written as in Modern Irish, and in Scottish Gaelic). This Gaelic word shares its ultimate Indo-European_vocabulary#Natural_features, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scopolia
''Scopolia'' is a genus of four species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, native to Europe and Asia. The genus is named after Giovanni Scopoli (1723–88), a Tyrolean naturalist. The genus has a disjunct distribution, with two recognised species in Central to Eastern Europe, (including the Caucasus), and two species in East Asia. The two European species are: *'' Scopolia carniolica'' Jacq. of Slovenia, Austria and the Carpathian Mountains *'' Scopolia caucasica'' Kolesn. ex Kreyer of the Caucasus and the two Asiatic species are: *'' Scopolia lutescens'' Y.N. Lee of Korea *'' Scopolia japonica'' Maxim. of Japan The four species in the equally medicinal genus '' Anisodus'' *'' Anisodus tanguticus'' ( Maxim.) Pascher *'' Anisodus luridus'' Link ex Spreng. *'' Anisodus carniolicoides'' (C.Y.Wu & C.Chen) D'Arcy & Z.Y.Zhang *'' Anisodus acutangulus'' C.Y.Wu & C.Chen have in the past been placed in the genus Scopolia, as has the monotypic genus Atropanthe with it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fenugreek
Fenugreek (; ''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#Leaf_and_leaflet_shapes, obovate to oblong leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the Indian subcontinent, and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times. Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe. Although a common dietary supplement, no evidence-based medicine, significant clinical evidence suggests that fenugreek has therapeutic properties. Commonly used in traditional medicine, fenugreek can increase the risk of serious adverse effects, including allergic reactions. History Fenugreek is believed to have been brought into cultivation in the Near East. Which wild strain of the genus ''Trigonella'' gave rise to domesticated fenugreek is uncertain. Charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from Tell Halal, Iraq (radioc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a Protein superfamily, superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor (biochemistry), cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in ''Escherichia coli''. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted. P450s are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term "P450" is derived from the spectrophotometry, spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption spectroscopy, absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nanometre, nm) when it is in the redox, reduced state and complexed with carbon monoxide. Most P450s require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
