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Pallaqueo
In the Andean mining tradition , or is the hand selection of rock fragments with ore for further processing.Orozco Zevallos, Olinda (2017)Pallaqueras: Entre piedras y oro. Diagnóstico participativo en las regiones de Arequipa, Ayacucho y Puno/ref> Usually, is done in piles of discarded material with little planning, randomly and without authorization. However, historically in places like Potosí, Bolivia, has been regarded as an integral part of the mining operation. has the benefit that it can allow for high –or over-all increased– ore grades to be processed. In some places the selected rocks are sold to the local mining company, but this model has the drawback that it could incentivize smuggling of ore from the mine to make it pass as recovered through . The term and are derived . Those that practice are variously referred to as , , , and, in Bolivia, . In some places like La Rinconada in Peru, this activity is primarily made by women known as , as they are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pirquinero
In Chile and nearby areas of Argentina and Bolivia a () is a miner who extracts minerals in a traditional manner and is usually independent. A charactistic of the is that they are involved in a wide range of stages of the production including mineral prospecting, extraction and processing. The activity is typically associated with low capital investments and the use of rudimentary technology. There are that work on gold, copper and, in the localities of south-central Chile of Coronel and Lota, coal. The Norte Chico region of Chile is historically the place with most intense activity. More specifically in Chile concentrate in the communes of Diego de Almagro, Andacollo, Vallenar, Copiapó, Tocopilla, Chañaral and Taltal. 250px, in Tierra Amarilla, Atacama Region. For legal pourposes any workforce of more than six persons is too large to be considered in Chilean legislation. in Chile have since 1984 a workplace insurance against occupational injury and illnesses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpine Climate
Alpine climate is the typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate. Definition There are multiple definitions of alpine climate. In the Köppen climate classification, the alpine and mountain climates are part of group ''E'', along with the polar climate, where no month has a mean temperature higher than . According to the Holdridge life zone system, there are two mountain climates which prevent tree growth : a) the alpine climate, which occurs when the mean biotemperature of a location is between . The alpine climate in Holdridge system is roughly equivalent to the warmest tundra climates (ET) in the Köppen system. b) the alvar climate, the coldest mountain climate since the biotemperature is between 0 °C and 1.5 °C (biotemperature can never be below 0 °C). It corresponds more or less to the coldest tundra climates and to the ice cap cli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separation Processes
A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or a solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures, a scientific process of separating two or more substances in order to obtain purity. At least one product mixture from the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents. Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or physical properties (such as size, shape, charge, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture. Processes are often classified according to the particular properties they exploit to achieve separation. If no single difference can be used to accomplish the desired separation, multiple operations can often be combined to achieve the desired end. Different processes are also sometimes categorized by their separating agent, i.e. ''mass separating agents'' or ''energy separating agents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mining In Peru
The mineral industry of Peru has played an important role in the nation's history and been integral to the country's economic growth for several decades. The industry has also contributed to environmental degradation and Environmental justice, environmental injustice; and is a source of environmental conflicts that shape public debate on good governance and development. In 2019, the country was the 2nd largest world producer of copper, silver, and zinc; 3rd for lead, 4th of tin and molybdenum; 5th for boron; and 8th largest global producer of gold. In 2006, Peru occupied a leading position in the global production of the following mineral commodities: fourth in arsenic trioxide, third in bismuth, third in copper, fifth in gold, fourth in lead, fourth in molybdenum, fourth in rhenium, first in silver, third in tin, and third in zinc. In Latin America, Peru was the first ranked producer of, in order of value, gold, silver, zinc, lead, tin, and tellurium and the second ranked produce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mining In Chile
The mining sector in Chile has historically been and continues to be one of the pillars of the Chilean economy. Mining in Chile is concentrated in 14 mining districts, all of them in the northern half of the country and in particular in the Norte Grande region spanning most of the Atacama Desert. Chile was, in 2024, the world's largest producer of copper, iodine and rhenium, the second largest producer of lithium, the third largest producer of molybdenum, the seventh largest producer of silver, and salt, the eighth largest producer of potash, the thirteenth producer of sulfur and the fourteenth producer of iron ore in the world. In the production of gold, between 2006 and 2017, the country produced annual quantities ranging from 35.9 tons in 2017 to 51.3 tons in 2013. In 2021 mining taxes stood for 19% of the Chilean state's incomes. Mining stood for about 14% of gross domestic product (GDP) but by estimates including economic activity linked to mining it stood for 20% of GDP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mining In Bolivia
Mining in Bolivia has been a dominant feature of the Bolivian economy as well as Bolivian politics since 1557. Colonial era silver mining in Bolivia, particularly in Potosí, played a critical role in the Spanish Empire and the global economy. Tin mining supplanted silver by the twentieth century and the central element of Bolivian mining, and wealthy tin barons played an important role in national politics until they were marginalized by the industry's nationalization into the Bolivian Mining Corporation (COMIBOL) that followed the 1952 revolution. Bolivian miners played a critical part to the country's organized labor movement from the 1940s to the 1980s. By 1985, however, the production of every significant mineral in the country had failed to exceed the output registered in 1975. Moreover, the international tin market crashed in 1985. The mining sector in 1987 accounted for only 4 percent of GDP, 36 percent of exports, 2.5 percent of government revenues, and 2 percent o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sensor-based Sorting
In industrial automation, sensor-based sorting is an umbrella term for all applications in which particles are detected using a sensor technique and rejected by an amplified Mechanical system, mechanical, Hydraulics, hydraulic or Pneumatics, pneumatic process. The technique is generally applied in mining, recycling and food processing and used in the particle size range between . Since sensor-based sorting is a single particle separation technology, the throughput is proportional to the average particle size and weight fed onto the machine. Functional principle of sensor-based sorting The main subprocesses of sensor-based sorting are material conditioning, material presentation, detection, data processing and separation. * Material conditioning includes all operations which prepare the Particle, particles for being detected by the sensor. All optical sensors need clean material to be able to detect optical characteristics. Conditioning includes screening and cleaning of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
