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Milk-cap
Milk-cap (also milk cap, milkcap, or milky) is a common name that refers to mushroom-forming fungi of the genera '' Lactarius'', ''Lactifluus'', and ''Multifurca'', all in the family Russulaceae. The common and eponymous feature of their fruitbodies is the latex ("milk") they exude when cut or bruised. Mushrooms with typical milk-cap characteristics are said to have a lactarioid habit. Some of them are edible. Historically, these species were all united in the genus ''Lactarius'', but molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown that they belong in fact to three distinct clades: * '' Lactarius'' holds most of the milk-caps known from the Northern hemisphere. * ''Lactifluus'' contains mainly tropical species, but also some well known northern milk-caps. * ''Multifurca'' contains only one species exuding milk, '' M. furcata'' from North and Central America. Some prominent species *'' Lactarius deliciosus'' - "saffron milk-cap" or "red pine mushroom" *''Lactarius deterrimus'' - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactarius (fungus)
''Lactarius'' is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like the closely related genus ''Russula'', their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency. It is a large genus with over 500 known species, mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Recently, the genus ''Lactifluus'' has been separated from ''Lactarius'' based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. Systematics and taxonomy The genus ''Lactarius'' was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 with '' L. piperatus'' as the original type species. In 2011, '' L. torminosus'' was accepted as the new type of the genus after the splitting-off of ''Lactifluus'' as separate genus. The name "''Lactarius''" is derived from the Latin '' lac'', "milk". Placement within Russulaceae Molecular phylogenetics uncovered that, while macromorpholo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russulaceae
The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies. In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally striped ( pleurotoid), closed ( secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like ( corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages. An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes '' Lactifluus'', ''Multifurca'', ''Russula'', and ''Lactarius''. The crust-forming genera ''Boidinia'', ''Gloeopeniophorella'', and ''Pseudoxenasma'', all wood-decay fungi, have basal posit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactifluus
''Lactifluus'' is one of three genera of mushroom-forming fungi containing species commonly named " milk-caps", the others being ''Lactarius'' and ''Multifurca''. It has been separated from ''Lactarius'' based on molecular phylogenetic evidence but is very similar to that genus. There are roughly 150 known ''Lactifluus'' species, which have a mainly tropical distribution but are also found in the north temperate zone and Australasia. Some of them are edible mushrooms. Systematics and taxonomy The genus ''Lactifluus'' was described in 1806 by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel, with the type species '' Lactifluus piperatus''. Later, ''Lactifluus'' was largely considered a synonym of ''Lactarius'', until molecular phylogenetic work showed in 2008 that ''Lactarius'' was not a monophyletic group. In the following, the name ''Lactarius'' was conserved for the biggest of the subclades revealed, containing most well-known north temperate species. Thus, the name ''Lact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactarius Deliciosus
''Lactarius deliciosus'', commonly known as the saffron milk cap and red pine mushroom, is one of the best known members of the large milk-cap genus '' Lactarius'' in the order Russulales. It is native to Europe, but has been accidentally introduced to other countries along with pine trees, with which the fungus is symbiotic. Taxonomy The species was known to Carl Linnaeus, who officially described it in the second volume of his '' Species Plantarum'' in 1753, giving it the name ''Agaricus deliciosus''. The specific epithet is derived from Latin ''deliciosus'', meaning "tasty". The Swedish taxonomist allegedly gave the species its epithet after smelling it and presuming it tasted good, perhaps confusing it with a Mediterranean milk cap regarded for its flavor. Dutch mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon added the varietal epithet ''lactifluus'' in 1801, before English mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray placed it in its current genus, '' Lactarius'', in 1821 in his ''The Natural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, ''Agaricus bisporus''; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi ( Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem ( stipe), a cap ( pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on the underside of the cap. "Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or without stems, therefore the term is used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some Ascomycota. These gills produce microscopic spores that help the fungus spread across the ground or its occupant surface. Forms deviating from the standard morphology usually have more specific names, such as " bolete", " puffball", " stinkhorn", and " morel", and gilled mushrooms themselves are often called " agarics" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactifluus Vellereus
''Lactifluus vellereus'' (formerly ''Lactarius vellereus''), commonly known as the fleecy milk-cap, is a quite large fungus in the genus ''Lactifluus''. It is one of the two most common milk-caps found with beech trees, with the other being '' Lactarius subdulcis''. Taxonomy and systematics ''Lactifluus vellereus'' is one of a handful of north temperate milk caps that belong to the genus ''Lactifluus'' which has been separated from '' Lactarius'' on phylogenetic grounds. Its closest species is '' L. bertillonii'', with which it forms a rather isolated clade in the genus. Description Like other mushrooms in the family Russulaceae, the ''L. vellereus'' fruit body has crumbly, rather than fibrous, flesh, and when this is broken the fungus exudes a milky latex. The mature caps are white to cream, funnel-shaped, and up to in diameter. It has firm flesh, and a stipe which is shorter than the fruit body is wide. The gills are fairly distant (quite far apart), decurrent, and n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactifluus Piperatus
''Lactifluus piperatus'' (synonym ''Lactarius piperatus''), commonly known as the blancaccio, is a semi- edible basidiomycete fungus of the genus '' Lactifluus''. Despite being edible, it is not recommended by some because of its poor taste, though can be used as seasoning when dried. The fruiting body is a creamy-white mushroom which is funnel-shaped when mature, with exceptionally crowded gills. It bleeds a whitish peppery-tasting milk when cut. Widely distributed across Europe and eastern North America, ''Lactifluus piperatus'' has been accidentally introduced to Australia. Mycorrhizal, it forms a symbiotic relationship with various species of deciduous tree, including beech, and hazel, and fruiting bodies are found on the forest floor in deciduous woodland. Systematics and taxonomy The species was one of the many species named by Linnaeus who officially described it in Volume Two of his ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753 as ''Agaricus piperatus'', the specific epithet deriving fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactarius Turpis
''Lactarius turpis'' (also ''L. plumbeus'' or ''L. necator'') is commonly known as the ugly milk-cap in English. It is found naturally in Europe and Siberia, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. While especially associated with birch, it is also found with spruce, pine and other trees in mixed woodland. The messy, dirty appearance, seen in the photograph, is characteristic of the species and gives it its English name and the Latin species epithet, ''turpis''. It seems to collect debris on top and the gills acquire a dirty brownish stain due to discoloured milk. Taxonomy and naming This very variable mushroom demonstrates a common phenomenon in mycology as there is much disagreement over naming. The three main scientific designations: *''Lactarius turpis'' Fr., *''Lactarius necator'' ( Bull.: Fr.) Karsten, and *''Lactarius plumbeus'' ( Bull.: Fr.) S. F. Gray, are usually,Marcel Bon: "The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe" Hodder & Stou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. Overview Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, Elizabeth Eaton Morse, and Lewis David von Schweinitz. Beatrix Potter, author of '' The Tale of Peter Rabbit'', also made significant contribut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latex
Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well. In nature, latex is found as a milky fluid found in 10% of all flowering plants (angiosperms). It is a complex emulsion that coagulates on exposure to air, consisting of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow, orange, or scarlet latex. Since the 17th century, latex has been used as a term for the fluid substance in plants, deriving from the Latin word for "liquid". It serves mainly as defense against herbivorous insects. Latex is not to be confused with plant sap; it is a distinct substance, separately produced, and with different functions. The word latex is also used to refer to natural latex rubber, particularly non- vulcanized rubber. Such is the case in products like latex gloves, latex con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Lactifluus Species
''Lactifluus'' is a genus of milk cap fungi in the family Russulaceae. Its species were formerly classified in ''Lactarius (fungus), Lactarius'' but have been split off as separate genus based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. A 2017 revision divided the genus in four subgenera: ''Lactifluus'', ''Lactariopsis'', ''Gymnocarpi'' and ''Pseudogymnocarpi''. Within the subgenera, section (biology), sections have been recognised, but not all of the roughly 150 species could be assigned to named sections. Subgenus ''Lactifluus'' ''Lactifluus'' subg. ''Lactifluus'' :''Lactifluus'' sect. ''Lactifluus'' ::*''Lactifluus acicularis'' (Van de Putte & Verbeken) Van de Putte 2012 ::*''Lactifluus bicapillus'' De Crop, Lescroart, Njouonkou, et al., 2019 ::*''Lactifluus corrugis'' (Charles Horton Peck, Peck) Otto Kuntze, Kuntze 1891 ::*''Lactifluus crocatus'' (Van de Putte & Verbeken) Van de Putte 2012 ::*''Lactifluus distantifolius'' (Van de Putte, Stubbe & Verbeken) Van de Putte 2012 ::*''L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Lactarius Species ...
The genus ''Lactarius'' has about 583 members worldwide. The type species is ''Lactarius torminosus''. Probably the best known and most widely eaten is ''Lactarius deliciosus''. A large number of species were split into the '' Lactifluus'' genus based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. Key Species English names References Footnotes Citations Sources * * * * *{{cite web , url=http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf , title=Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK , publisher= British Mycological Society , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083053/http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf , archive-date=2011-07-16 * Lactarius ''Lactarius'' is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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