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Leonurine
Leonurine (also known as "SCM-198" in research) is a pseudoalkaloid that has been isolated from '' Leonotis leonurus'', '' Leonotis nepetifolia'', '' Leonurus japonicus'', '' Leonurus cardiaca'' (motherwort), '' Leonurus sibiricus'', as well as other plants of family Lamiaceae. Leonurine is easily extracted into water. Pharmacology Leonurine weakly binds to multiple GABA receptor sites including the GABA-A receptor. but shows much higher affinity as an 5-HT3A antagonist 5-HT3A antagonists have been shown to help prevent nausea and vomiting as well as the negative effects of serotonin in the G.I tract. Leonurine can regulate a variety of functions including oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and metabolic disorder. Leonurine has demonstrated antidepressant-like action and has been shown to increase levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in chronic mild stress studies on mice and inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Leonurin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonotis Leonurus
''Leonotis leonurus'', also known as lion's tail and wild dagga, is a plant species in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The plant is a broadleaf evergreen large shrub native to South Africa and southern Africa, where it is very common.MBC-Kemper Center - ''Leonotis leonurus'' . accessed 7.7.2011 It is known for its properties. The main psychoactive component of ''Leonotis leonurus'' is claimed to be , Leonotis leonurus has been confirmed to contain Leonurine according to peer reviewed journal published phytochemical analysis. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonurus Cardiaca
''Leonurus cardiaca'', known as motherwort, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. Other common names include throw-wort, lion's ear, and lion's tail. Lion's tail is also a common name for ''Leonotis leonurus'', and lion's ear, a common name for '' Leonotis nepetifolia''. Originally from Central Asia and southeastern Europe, it is now found worldwide, spread largely due to its use as a herbal remedy. Description ''Leonurus cardiaca'' has a squarish stem which is clad in short hairs and is often purplish, especially near the nodes. The opposite leaves have serrated margins and are palmately lobed with long petioles; basal leaves are wedge shaped with three points while the upper leaves have three to five. They are slightly hairy above and greyish beneath. Flowers appear in leaf axils on the upper part of the plant and have three-lobed bracts. The calyx of each flower is bell-shaped and has five lobes. The corolla is irregular, long, fused, long-tubed w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids xumuk.ru Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzoate Esters
Benzoic acid is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula , whose structure consists of a benzene ring () with a carboxyl () substituent. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates . History Benzoic acid was discovered in the sixteenth century. The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Alexius Pedemontanus (1560) and Blaise de Vigenère (1596). Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler determined the composition of benzoic acid. These latter also investigated how hippuric acid is rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanidines
Guanidine is the compound with the formula HNC(NH2)2. It is a colourless solid that dissolves in polar solvents. It is a strong base that is used in the production of plastics and explosives. It is found in urine predominantly in patients experiencing renal failure. A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, including on the side chain of arginine. Structure Guanidine can be thought of as a nitrogenous analogue of carbonic acid. That is, the C=O group in carbonic acid is replaced by a C=NH group, and each OH is replaced by a group. Isobutene can be seen as the carbon analogue in much the same way. A detailed crystallographic analysis of guanidine was elucidated 148 years after its first synthesis, despite the simplicity of the molecule. In 2013, the positions of the hydrogen atoms and their displacement parameters were accurately determined using single-crystal neutron diffraction. Production Guanidine can be obtained from natural sources, being first isolat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids xumuk.ru Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including , , [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ing–Manske Procedure
The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines. Traditionally, the reaction uses potassium phthalimide. The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides and imides, followed by deprotection, to obtain amines (see Alternative Gabriel reagents). The alkylation of ammonia is often an unselective and inefficient route to amines. In the Gabriel method, phthalimide anion is employed as a surrogate of H2N−. Traditional Gabriel synthesis In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is ''N''-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding ''N''-alkylphthalimide. Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine. This method produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide (C6 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Pthalimide
Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin ''kalium'') and atomic number19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, that is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, that combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac- colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Synthesis
The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines. Traditionally, the reaction uses potassium phthalimide. The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides and imides, followed by deprotection, to obtain amines (see Alternative Gabriel reagents). The alkylation of ammonia is often an unselective and inefficient route to amines. In the Gabriel method, phthalimide anion is employed as a surrogate of H2N−. Traditional Gabriel synthesis In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is ''N''-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding ''N''-alkylphthalimide. Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine. This method produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
