|
Lophophorine
Lophophorine, also known as ''N''-methylanhalonine, is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid made by various cacti in the ''Lophophora'' family. It has been found to lack hallucinogenic effects in humans. Arthur Heffter tried lophophorine at a dose of 20mg resulted in vasodilation, an immediate headache, and a warm flushed feeling, effects which dissipated within an hour. It has also been said to produce nausea in humans. Lophophorine is described as highly toxic and produces strychnine-like convulsions in animals. See also * Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline * Peyophorine Peyophorine, also known as ''N''-ethylanhalonine, is a minor substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in peyote (''Lophophora williamsii''). It was first described by 1968. See also * Substituted tetrahydroisoquin ... (''N''-ethylanhalonine) * Anhalonine References External links Lophophorine - Isomer Design Convulsants Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings Lophophora Met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anhalonine
Anhalonine, also known as 1-methyl-6-methoxy-7,8-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in ''Lophophora williamsii'' (peyote) and many other cactus species. Peyote contains 3% anhalonine. It is known to be pharmacologically active and is said to be similar in its activity to anhalonidine. Arthur Heffter tried anhalonine via self-experimentation at an oral dose of 100mg and found that it was inactive. Anhalonine was isolated from peyote by Louis Lewin in 1888 and was bioassayed by Heffter with his report published in 1898. See also * Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline * Lophophorine * Peyophorine * Lophophine Lophophine, also known as 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MMDPEA), is a putative psychedelic and entactogen drug of the methylenedioxyphenethylamine family. It is the α-demethylated homologue of MMDA, and is also closely related t ... References External links Anhalonine - Isomer Design Methoxyphene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinoline
A substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline is a tetrahydroisoquinoline with one or more chemical substituents. Many simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids related to mescaline are known and occur naturally in cactus species such as peyote (''Lophophora williamsii'') and ''Pachycereus pringlei'' among many others. Simple tetrahydroisoquinolines may be thought of as cyclized phenethylamines. As an example, anhalinine may be thought of as a cyclic compound, cyclized structural analog, analogue of mescaline. The simple tetrahydroisoquinolines are analogous in concept to the substituted β-carboline, β-carbolines and harmala alkaloids, which can be considered cyclized analogues of substituted tryptamine, tryptamines. Some of the simple tetrahydroisoquinolines, for instance pellotine, are known to be pharmacology, pharmacologically active, although none are known to have hallucinogenic activity. Known activities of simple tetrahydroisoquinolines include sedative and hypnotic effects, monoam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convulsion
A convulsion is a medical condition where the body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in uncontrolled shaking. Because epileptic seizures typically include convulsions, the term ''convulsion'' is often used as a synonym for ''seizure''. However, not all epileptic seizures result in convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. Non-epileptic convulsions have no relation with epilepsy, and are caused by non-epileptic seizures. Convulsions can be caused by epilepsy, infections (including a severe form of listeriosis which is caused by eating food contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes), brain trauma, or other medical conditions. They can also occur from an electric shock or improperly enriched air for scuba diving. The word ''fit'' is sometimes used to mean a convulsion or epileptic seizure. Signs and symptoms A person having a convulsion may experience several different symptoms, such as a brief blackout, confusion, drooling, l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxygen Heterocycles
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and a potent oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust, making up almost half of the Earth's crust in the form of various oxides such as water, carbon dioxide, iron oxides and silicates.Atkins, P.; Jones, L.; Laverman, L. (2016).''Chemical Principles'', 7th edition. Freeman. It is the third-most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two oxygen atoms will bind covalently to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the chemical formula . Dioxygen gas currently constitutes approximately 20.95% molar fraction of the Earth's atmosphere, though this has changed considerably over long periods of time in Earth's history. A much rarer triat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrogen Heterocycles
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bond to form N2, a colourless and odourless diatomic gas. N2 forms about 78% of Earth's atmosphere, making it the most abundant chemical species in air. Because of the volatility of nitrogen compounds, nitrogen is relatively rare in the solid parts of the Earth. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 and independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish at about the same time. The name was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methoxy Compounds
In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula . On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the ''para'' position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the ''meta'' position. At the ''ortho'' position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction, which otherwise follows the same trend as that of the ''para'' position. Occurrence The simplest of methoxy compounds are methanol and dimethyl ether. Other methoxy ethers include anisole and vanillin. Many metal alkoxides contain methoxy groups, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate and titanium methoxide. Esters with a methoxy group can be referred to as methyl esters, and the —COOCH3 substituent is called a methoxycarbonyl. Biosynthesis In nature, methoxy groups are found on nucleosides subjected to 2′-''O''-methyla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterocyclic Compounds With 3 Rings
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different chemical element, elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. More than half of known compounds are heterocycles. 59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles. Classification The study of organic heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on organic unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained organic 5- and 6-membered rings. Included are pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan. Another large class of organic heterocycles refers to those fused to benzene rings. For example, the fused benzene deriv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convulsants
A convulsant is a drug which induces convulsions or epileptic seizures, the opposite of an anticonvulsant. These drugs generally act as stimulants at low doses, but are not used for this purpose due to poor therapeutic index, therapeutic indices. Most convulsants are Receptor antagonist, antagonists (or inverse agonists) at either the GABA-A receptor, GABAA or/and glycine receptors (e.g the pesticide fipronil), or Ligand-gated ion channel, ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists (e.g the marine toxin domoic acid). Many other drugs may cause convulsions as a side effect at high doses (e.g. bupropion, tramadol, pethidine, dextropropoxyphene, clomipramine) but only drugs whose primary action is to cause convulsions are known as convulsants. Nerve agents such as sarin, which were developed as chemical weapons, produce convulsions as a major part of their toxidrome, but also produce a number of other effects in the body and are usually classified separately. Dieldrin which was developed a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peyophorine
Peyophorine, also known as ''N''-ethylanhalonine, is a minor substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in peyote (''Lophophora williamsii''). It was first described by 1968. See also * Substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline * Lophophorine (''N''-methylanhalonine) * Anhalonine References External links Peyophorine - Isomer Design Ethyl compounds Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings Lophophora Methoxyphenethylamines Methyl compounds Methylenedioxyphenethylamines Phenethylamine alkaloids Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids {{Alkaloid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinoline
A substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline is a tetrahydroisoquinoline with one or more chemical substituents. Many simple tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids related to mescaline are known and occur naturally in cactus species such as peyote (''Lophophora williamsii'') and ''Pachycereus pringlei'' among many others. Simple tetrahydroisoquinolines may be thought of as cyclized phenethylamines. As an example, anhalinine may be thought of as a cyclic compound, cyclized structural analog, analogue of mescaline. The simple tetrahydroisoquinolines are analogous in concept to the substituted β-carboline, β-carbolines and harmala alkaloids, which can be considered cyclized analogues of substituted tryptamine, tryptamines. Some of the simple tetrahydroisoquinolines, for instance pellotine, are known to be pharmacology, pharmacologically active, although none are known to have hallucinogenic activity. Known activities of simple tetrahydroisoquinolines include sedative and hypnotic effects, monoam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strychnine
Strychnine (, , American English, US chiefly ) is a highly toxicity, toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine, when inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the eyes or mouth, causes Strychnine poisoning, poisoning which results in muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia. While it is no longer used medicinally, it was used historically in small doses to strengthen muscle contractions, such as a heart and bowel stimulant and performance-enhancing drug. The most common source is from the seeds of the ''Strychnos nux-vomica'' tree. Biosynthesis Strychnine is a terpene indole alkaloid belonging to the ''Strychnos'' family of ''Corynanthe'' alkaloids, and it is derived from tryptamine and secologanin. The biosynthesis of strychnine was solved in 2022. The enzyme, strictosidine synthase, catalyzes the condensation of tryptamine and secologanin, followed by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a broad class of natural product, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungus, fungi, Medicinal plant, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacology, pharmacological activities including antimalarial medication, antimalarial (e.g. quinine), asthma, antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), chemotherapy, anticancer (e.g. omacetaxine mepesuccinate, homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilation, vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), Antiarrhythmic agent, antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. berb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
