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Germyl
Germyl, trihydridogermanate(1-), trihydrogermanide, trihydridogermyl or according to IUPAC Red Book: germanide is an anion containing germanium bounded with three hydrogens, with formula . Germyl is the IUPAC term for the – group. For less electropositive elements the bond can be considered covalent rather than ionic as "germanide" indicates. Germanide is the base for germane when it loses a proton. : The first germyl compound to be discovered was sodium germyl. Germane was reacted with sodium dissolved in liquid ammonia to produce sodium germyl. Other alkali metal germyl compounds are known. There are also numerous transition metal complexes that contain germyl as a ligand. Formation Alkali metal germyl compounds have been made by reacting germane with the alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia, or other non-reactive solvent. Transition metal complexes cam be made by using lithium aluminium hydride to reduce a trichlorogermyl complex (−), which in turn can be made from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanium Dichloride
Germanium dichloride is a chemical compound of germanium and chlorine with the formula . It is a yellow solid. Germanium dichloride is an example of a compound featuring germanium in the +2 oxidation state. Preparation Solid germanium dichloride can be produced by comproportionation by passing germanium tetrachloride, , over germanium metal at 300 °C and reduced pressure (0.1 mmHg). : Germanium dichloride is also formed from the decomposition of trichlorogermane, , at 70 °C. Trichlorogermane is generated when germanium reacts with hydrogen chloride. This reaction involves dehydrohalogenation. : Another route to germanium dichloride is the reduction of germanium tetrachloride with hydrogen at 800 °C. : Reactions is hydrolysed to give yellow germanium(II) hydroxide, which on warming gives brown germanium monoxide: : : Alkalizing a solution containing germanium(II) ions: : Germanium oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric. Solutions of in HCl are strongly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanium(II) Compounds
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the discovery of the elements. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. In 1886, Clemens Winkler at Freiberg University found the new element, along with silver and sulfur, in the mineral argyrodite. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germaniu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organogermanium Compound
Organogermanium compounds are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to germanium or hydrogen to germanium chemical bond. Organogermanium chemistry is the corresponding chemical science. Germanium shares group 14 in the periodic table with silicon, tin and lead, and not surprisingly the chemistry of organogermanium is in between that of organosilicon compounds and organotin compounds. One reason that limited synthetic value of organogermanium compound is costs of germanium compounds. On the other hand, germanium is advocated as a non-toxic alternative to many toxic organotin reagents. Compounds like tetramethylgermanium and tetraethylgermanium are used in the microelectronics industry as precursors for germanium dioxide chemical vapor deposition. The first organogermanium compound, tetraethylgermane, was synthesised by Winkler in 1887, by the reaction of germanium tetrachloride with diethylzinc. The organogermanium compound ''bis (2-Carboxyethylgermanium)sesquioxide'' wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germane
Germane is the chemical compound with the formula Ge H4, and the germanium analogue of methane. It is the simplest germanium hydride and one of the most useful compounds of germanium. Like the related compounds silane and methane, germane is tetrahedral. It burns in air to produce GeO2 and water. Germane is a group 14 hydride. Occurrence Germane has been detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Synthesis Germane is typically prepared by reduction of germanium oxides, notably germanates, with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, sodium aluminium hydride. The reaction with borohydrides is catalyzed by various acids and can be carried out in either aqueous or organic solvent. On laboratory scale, germane can be prepared by the reaction of Ge(IV) compounds with these hydride reagents. A typical synthesis involved the reaction of potassium germanate with sodium borohydride. :NaHGeO3 + KBH4 + H2O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vacuum Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms, it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce. Consequently, the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects, and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules. Short-wave ultraviolet light damages DNA and sterilizes surfaces with which it comes into contact. For h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthogermanate
In chemistry, germanate is a compound containing an oxyanion of germanium. In the naming of inorganic compounds it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a central germanium atom, for example potassium hexafluorogermanate, K2GeF6.Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Elsevier Germanate oxy compounds Germanium is similar to silicon forming many compounds with tetrahedral units although it can also exhibit 5 and 6 coordination. Analogues of all the major types of silicates and aluminosilicates have been prepared. For example, the compounds Mg2GeO4 (olivine and spinel forms), CaGeO3(perovskite structure), Be2GeO4 (phenakite structure) show the resemblance to the silicates.Encyclopedia of alkaline earth compounds R.C Ropp, Elsevier 2013 BaGe4O9 has a complex structure containing 4 and 6 coordinate germanium. Germanates are important for geoscience as they possess similar structures to silicates and can be used as analogues for studying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hexamethylphosphoramide, often abbreviated HMPA, is a phosphoramide (an amide of phosphoric acid) with the formula This colorless liquid is a useful reagent in organic synthesis. Structure and reactivity HMPA is the oxide of the highly basic tertiary phosphine hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPT), P(NMe2)3. Like other phosphine oxides (such as triphenylphosphine oxide), the molecule has a tetrahedral core and a P=O bond that is highly polarized, with significant negative charge residing on the oxygen atom. Compounds containing a nitrogen–phosphorus bond typically are degraded by hydrochloric acid to form a protonated amine and phosphate. It dissolves alkali metal salts and alkali metals, forming blue solutions which are stable for a few hours. Solvated electrons are present in these blue solutions. Applications HMPA is a specialty solvent for polymers, gases, and organometallic compounds. It improves the selectivity of lithiation reactions by breaking up the oligome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diglyme
Diglyme, or bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, is a solvent with a high boiling point. It is an organic compound which is the dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol. (The name ''diglyme'' is a portmanteau of ''diglycol methyl ether''.) It is a colorless liquid with a slight ether-like odor. It is miscible with water as well as organic solvents. It is prepared by a reaction of dimethyl ether and ethylene oxide over an acid catalyst. Solvent Because of its resistance to strong bases, diglyme is favored as a solvent for reactions of alkali metal reagents even at high temperatures. Rate enhancements in reactions involving organometallic reagents, such as Grignard reactions or metal hydride reductions, have been observed when using diglyme as a solvent. Diglyme is also used as a solvent in hydroboration reactions with diborane. It serves as a chelate for alkali metal cations, leaving anions more active Active may refer to: Music * ''Active'' (album), a 1992 album by Casiopea * A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethyl Amine
Ethylamine, also known as ethanamine, is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2NH2. This colourless gas has a strong ammonia-like odor. It condenses just below room temperature to a liquid miscible with virtually all solvents. It is a nucleophilic base, as is typical for amines. Ethylamine is widely used in chemical industry and organic synthesis. Synthesis Ethylamine is produced on a large scale by two processes. Most commonly ethanol and ammonia are combined in the presence of an oxide catalyst: :CH3CH2OH + NH3 → CH3CH2NH2 + H2O In this reaction, ethylamine is coproduced together with diethylamine and triethylamine. In aggregate, approximately 80M kilograms/year of these three amines are produced industrially.Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke, "Amines, Aliphatic" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. It is also produced by reductive amination of acetaldehyde. :CH3CHO + NH3 + H2 → CH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digermane
Digermane is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ge2H6. One of the few hydrides of germanium, it is a colourless liquid. Its molecular geometry is similar to ethane. Synthesis Digermane was first synthesized and examined in 1924 by Dennis, Corey, and Moore. Their method involves the hydrolysis of magnesium germanide using hydrochloric acid. Many of the properties of digermane and trigermane were determined in the following decade using electron diffraction studies. Further considerations of the compound involved examinations of various reactions such as pyrolysis and oxidation. Digermane is produced together with germane by the reduction of germanium dioxide with sodium borohydride. Although the major product is germane, a quantifiable amount of digermane is produced in addition to traces of trigermane. It also arises by the hydrolysis of magnesium-germanium alloys. Reactions The reactions of digermane exhibit some differences between analogous compounds of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silanide
A silanide is a chemical compound containing an anionic silicon(IV) centre, the parent ion being . The hydrogen atoms can also be substituted to produced more complex derivative anions such as tris(trimethylsilyl)silanide (hypersilyl), tris(''tert''-butyl)silanide, tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide, or triphenylsilanide. The simple silanide ion can also be called trihydridosilanide or silyl hydride. Formation The simplest trihydridosilanides can be produced from a triphenylsilanide in a reaction with hydrogen or at standard conditions. The triphenylsilanide can be made in a reaction of Ph3SiSiMe3 with the metal ''tert''-butoxy compound. Reacting hydrogen with potassium triphenylsilyl can yield potassium silanide. Other method to form silanides are to heat a heavy metal silicide with hydrogen, or react the dissolved metal with silane. Atomic metals can react directly with silane to yield unstable molecules with formulae. These can be condensed into a noble gas matrix. With titan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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