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Entity–component–system
Entity–component–system (ECS) is a Software architecture, software architectural pattern mostly used in video game development for the representation of game world objects. An ECS comprises ''entities'' composed from ''components'' of data, with ''systems'' which operate on the components. ECS follows the principle of composition over inheritance, meaning that every entity is defined not by a type hierarchy, but by the components that are associated with it. Systems act globally over all entities which have the required components. Especially when written “Entity Component System”, due to an ambiguity in the English language, a common interpretation of the name is that an ECS is a system comprising entities and components. For example, in the 2002 talk at GDC, Scott Bilas compares a C++ object system and his new custom component system. This is consistent with a traditional use of ''system'' term in general systems engineering with Common Lisp Object System and type syst ...
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Strategy Pattern
In computer programming, the strategy pattern (also known as the policy pattern) is a behavioral software design pattern that enables selecting an algorithm at runtime. Instead of implementing a single algorithm directly, code receives runtime instructions as to which in a family of algorithms to use. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it. Strategy is one of the patterns included in the influential book '' Design Patterns'' by Gamma et al. that popularized the concept of using design patterns to describe how to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software. Deferring the decision about which algorithm to use until runtime allows the calling code to be more flexible and reusable. For instance, a class that performs validation on incoming data may use the strategy pattern to select a validation algorithm depending on the type of data, the source of the data, user choice, or other discriminating factors. These factors are not known until runt ...
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The Dark Project
''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pronoun ''thee'' ...
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Observer Pattern
In software design and software engineering, the observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, called the ''subject'' (also known as ''event source'' or ''event stream''), maintains a list of its dependents, called observers (also known as ''event sinks''), and automatically notifies them of any state (computer science), state changes, typically by calling one of their method (computer science), methods. The subject knows its observers through a standardized interface and manages the subscription list directly. This pattern creates a one-to-many dependency where multiple observers can listen to a single subject, but the coupling is typically synchronous and direct—the subject calls observer methods when changes occur, though asynchronous implementations using event queues are possible. Unlike the publish-subscribe pattern, there is no intermediary broker; the subject and observers have direct references to each other. It is commonly used to implement event ha ...
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Model–view–controller
Model–view–controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divides the related program logic into three interconnected elements. These elements are: * the model, the internal representations of information * the view, the interface that presents information to and accepts it from the user * the controller, the software linking the two. Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces (GUIs), this pattern became popular for designing web applications. Popular programming languages have MVC frameworks that facilitate the implementation of the pattern. __TOC__ History One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces, MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their responsibilities. Trygve Reenskaug created MVC while working on Smalltalk-79 as a visiting scientist at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the late 1970 ...
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Observer Pattern
In software design and software engineering, the observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, called the ''subject'' (also known as ''event source'' or ''event stream''), maintains a list of its dependents, called observers (also known as ''event sinks''), and automatically notifies them of any state (computer science), state changes, typically by calling one of their method (computer science), methods. The subject knows its observers through a standardized interface and manages the subscription list directly. This pattern creates a one-to-many dependency where multiple observers can listen to a single subject, but the coupling is typically synchronous and direct—the subject calls observer methods when changes occur, though asynchronous implementations using event queues are possible. Unlike the publish-subscribe pattern, there is no intermediary broker; the subject and observers have direct references to each other. It is commonly used to implement event ha ...
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Unity (game Engine)
Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies, first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as a MacOS, Mac OS X game engine. The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety of Desktop computer, desktop, Mobile phone, mobile, Video game console, console, augmented reality, and virtual reality platforms. It is particularly popular for iOS and Android (operating system), Android mobile game development, is considered easy to use for beginner developers, and is popular for indie game development. The engine can be used to create Three-dimensional space, three-dimensional (3D) and Two-dimensional space, two-dimensional (2D) games, as well as interactive Computer simulation, simulations. The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming including film industry, film, automotive industry, automotive, architecture, engineering, construction, and the United States Armed Forces. History Unity ...
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Smart Pointer
In computer science, a smart pointer is an abstract data type that simulates a pointer while providing added features, such as automatic memory management or bounds checking. Such features are intended to reduce bugs caused by the misuse of pointers, while retaining efficiency. Smart pointers typically keep track of the memory they point to, and may also be used to manage other resources, such as network connections and file handles. Smart pointers were first popularized in the programming language C++ during the first half of the 1990s as rebuttal to criticisms of C++'s lack of automatic garbage collection. Pointer misuse can be a major source of bugs. Smart pointers prevent most situations of memory leaks by making the memory deallocation automatic. More generally, they make object destruction automatic: an object controlled by a smart pointer is automatically destroyed ( finalized and then deallocated) when the last (or only) owner of an object is destroyed, for example ...
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Unity Technologies
Unity Software Inc. (doing business as Unity Technologies) is an American video game software development company based in San Francisco. It was founded in Denmark in 2004 as Over the Edge Entertainment and changed its name in 2007. Unity Technologies is best known for the development of Unity (game engine), Unity, a licensed game engine used to create video games and other applications. History Founding and early success (2004–2008) Unity Technologies was founded as Over the Edge Entertainment in Copenhagen in 2004 by David Helgason (chief executive officer), Nicholas Francis (chief creative officer), and Joachim Ante (chief technology officer). Over the Edge released its first game, ''GooBall'', in 2005. The game failed commercially, but the three founders saw value in the game development tools that they had created to simplify game development, so they shifted the company's focus to creating an engine for other developers. The company sought to "democratize" game dev ...
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TvOS
tvOS (formerly Apple TV Software) is an operating system developed by Apple for the Apple TV, a digital media player. In the first-generation Apple TV, Apple TV Software was based on Mac OS X. The software for the second-generation and later Apple TVs is based on the iOS operating system and has many similar frameworks, technologies, and concepts. The second- and third-generation Apple TV have several built-in applications, but do not support third-party applications. On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the fourth-generation Apple TV, with support for third-party applications. Apple also changed the name of the Apple TV operating system to tvOS, adopting the camel case nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS and watchOS. The latest version, tvOS 18, was released on September 16, 2024. History On October 30, 2015, the fourth-generation Apple TV became available; it shipped with tvOS 9.0. On November 9, 2015, tvOS 9.0.1 was released, pr ...
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MacOS
macOS, previously OS X and originally Mac OS X, is a Unix, Unix-based operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc., Apple since 2001. It is the current operating system for Apple's Mac (computer), Mac computers. Within the market of Desktop computer, desktop and laptop computers, it is the Usage share of operating systems#Desktop and laptop computers, second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux distributions, including ChromeOS and SteamOS. , the most recent release of macOS is MacOS Sequoia, macOS 15 Sequoia, the 21st major version of macOS. Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, the primary Mac operating systems, Macintosh operating system from 1984 to 2001. Its underlying architecture came from NeXT's NeXTSTEP, as a result of NeXT#1997–2006: Acquisition by Apple, Apple's acquisition of NeXT, which also brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released on March 24, 2001. Mac ...
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Apple Inc
Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, in Silicon Valley. It is best known for its consumer electronics, software, and services. Founded in 1976 as Apple Computer Company by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. the following year. It was renamed Apple Inc. in 2007 as the company had expanded its focus from computers to consumer electronics. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with  billion in the 2024 fiscal year. The company was founded to produce and market Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Its second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller as one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple introduced the Lisa in 1983 and the Macintosh in 1984, as some of the first computers to use a graphical user interface and a mouse. By 1985, internal company problems led to Jobs leavin ...
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