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Diethyl Zinc
Diethylzinc, or DEZ, is an organozinc compound with the chemical formula . It is highly pyrophoric and reactive, consisting of a zinc center bound to two ethyl groups. This colourless liquid is an important reagent in organic chemistry. It is available commercially as a solution in hexanes, heptane, or toluene, or as a pure liquid. Synthesis Edward Frankland first reported the compound in 1848 from zinc and ethyl iodide, the first organozinc compound discovered. He improved the synthesis by using diethyl mercury as starting material. The contemporary synthesis consists of the reaction of a 1:1 mixture of ethyl iodide and ethyl bromide with a zinc-copper couple, a source of reactive zinc. Structure The compound crystallizes in a tetragonal body-centered unit cell of space group symmetry I41md. In the solid, solid-state diethylzinc shows nearly linear Zn centres. The Zn-C bonds measure 194.8(5) pm, while the C-Zn-C angle is slightly bent with 176.2(4)°. The structure of the gas-phas ...
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Dimethylzinc
Dimethylzinc, also known as zinc methyl, DMZ, or DMZn, is a toxic organozinc compound with the chemical formula . It belongs to the large series of similar compounds such as diethylzinc. Preparation It is formed by the action of methyl iodide on zinc or zinc-sodium alloy at elevated temperatures. : Sodium assists the reaction of the zinc with the methyl iodide. Zinc iodide is formed as a byproduct. Properties Dimethylzinc is a colorless mobile volatile liquid, which has a characteristic disagreeable garlic-like odor. It is a very reactive and strong reducing agent. It is soluble in alkanes and often sold as a solution in hexanes. The triple point of dimethylzinc is ± 0.02 K. The monomeric molecule of dimethylzinc is linear at Zn center and tetragonal at C centers. Structure In the solid state the compound exists in two modifications. The tetragonal high-temperature phase shows a two-dimensional disorder, while the low-temperature phase which is monoclinic is ordered. The m ...
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Diethyl Mercury
Diethylmercury is a flammable, colorless liquid, and one of the strongest known neurotoxins. This organomercury compound is described as having a slightly sweet smell, though inhaling enough fumes to notice this would be hazardous. This chemical can cross the blood–brain barrier, causing permanent brain damage. It is, however, considerably less toxic than dimethylmercury. The resulting (CH3CH2)2Hg is a dense liquid (2.466 g/cm3) that boils at 57 °C at 16 torr. This extremely toxic compound is slightly soluble in ethanol and soluble in ether. Synthesis Diethylmercury can be obtained from the reaction between ethylmagnesium bromide and mercury(II) chloride. :2 C2H5MgBr + HgCl2 → Hg(C2H5)2 + MgBr2 + MgCl2 Other methods are also known. See also * Ethylmercury * Mercury poisoning Mercury poisoning is a type of metal poisoning due to exposure to mercury. Symptoms depend upon the type, dose, method, and duration of exposure. They may include muscle weakness, poor coor ...
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Carbonyl
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula , composed of a carbon atom double bond, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid), as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound. The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g. nickel carbonyl). The remainder of this article concerns itself with the organic chemistry definition of carbonyl, such that carbon and oxygen share a double bond. Carbonyl compounds In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group characterizes the following types of compounds: Other organic carbonyls are urea and the carbamates, the derivatives of acyl chlorides, chloroformates and phosgene, carbonate esters, thioesters, lactones, lactams, Hydro ...
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Addition Reaction
In organic chemistry, an addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two or more molecule A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by Force, attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemi ...s combine to form a larger molecule called the '' adduct''.. An addition reaction is limited to chemical compounds that have multiple bonds. Examples include a molecule with a carbon–carbon double bond (an alkene) or a triple bond (an alkyne). Another example is a compound that has rings (which are also considered points of unsaturation). A molecule that has carbon— heteroatom double bonds, such as a carbonyl group () or imine group (), can undergo an addition reaction because its double-bond. An addition reaction is the reverse of an elimination reaction, in which one molecule divides into two or more molecules. For insta ...
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Carbanion
In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion with a lone pair attached to a tervalent carbon atom. This gives the carbon atom a negative charge. Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid: : where B stands for the base (chemistry), base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an Orbital hybridisation#sp3, sp3 carbon), alkenes (at an Orbital hybridisation#sp2, sp2 carbon), arenes (at an sp2 carbon), and alkynes (at an Orbital hybridisation#sp, sp carbon) are known as alkyl, alkenyl (Vinyl group, vinyl), aryl, and alkynyl (acetylide) anions, respectively. Carbanions have a concentration of electron density at the negatively charged carbon, which, in most cases, reacts efficiently with a variety of electrophiles of varying strengths, including carbonyl groups, Imine, imines/Iminium, iminium salts, halogenating reagents (e.g., N-Bromosuccinimide, ''N''-bromosuccinimide and Iodine, diiodine), and Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, proton donors. A ...
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Organic Synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds. Organic compounds are molecules consisting of combinations of covalently-linked hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Within the general subject of organic synthesis, there are many different types of synthetic routes that can be completed including total synthesis, Enantioselective synthesis, stereoselective synthesis, automated synthesis, and many more. Additionally, in understanding organic synthesis it is necessary to be familiar with the methodology, techniques, and applications of the subject. Total synthesis A total synthesis refers to the complete chemical synthesis of molecules from simple, Precursor (chemistry), natural precursors. Total synthesis is accomplished either via a linear or convergent approach. In a Linear synthesis, ''linear'' synthesis—often adequate for simple structures—several steps are performed sequentially until the molecule is com ...
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Dalton Transactions
''Dalton Transactions'' is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering original (primary) research and review articles on all aspects of the chemistry of inorganic, bioinorganic, and organometallic compounds. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the editor-in-chief is Russell Morris (University of St Andrews). The journal was named after the English chemist, John Dalton, best known for his work on modern atomic theory. The journal was named a "rising star" in 2006. Publication history The journal was established as the ''Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical'' in 1966. In 1972, the journal was divided into three separate journals: ''Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions'' (covering inorganic and organometallic chemistry), '' Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases'', and '' Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2: Molecular and Chemical Ph ...
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Gas-phase
Gas is a state of matter that has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape and is a compressibility, compressible fluid. A ''pure gas'' is made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon) or molecules of either a single type of atom (chemical element, elements such as oxygen) or from different atoms (chemical compound, compounds such as carbon dioxide). A ''gas mixture'', such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer. The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention. High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose ga ...
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Angewandte Chemie International Edition
''Angewandte Chemie'' (, meaning "Applied Chemistry") is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker). Publishing formats include feature-length reviews, short highlights, research communications, minireviews, essays, book reviews, meeting reviews, correspondences, corrections, and obituaries. This journal contains review articles covering all aspects of chemistry. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal had a 2023 impact factor of 16.1. Editions The journal appears in two editions with separate volume and page numbering: a German edition, ''Angewandte Chemie'', and a fully English-language edition, ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition''. The editions are identical in content with the exception of occasional reviews of German-language books or German translations of IUPAC recommendations. Publication history In 1887, Ferdinand Fischer established the '' ...
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Solid
Solid is a state of matter where molecules are closely packed and can not slide past each other. Solids resist compression, expansion, or external forces that would alter its shape, with the degree to which they are resisted dependent upon the specific material under consideration. Solids also always possess the least amount of kinetic energy per atom/molecule relative to other phases or, equivalently stated, solids are formed when matter in the liquid / gas phase is cooled below a certain temperature. This temperature is called the melting point of that substance and is an intrinsic property, i.e. independent of how much of the matter there is. All matter in solids can be arranged on a microscopic scale under certain conditions. Solids are characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to applied external forces and pressure. Unlike liquids, solids do not flow to take on the shape of their container, nor do they expand to fill the entire available volume like a gas. Much ...
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Space Group
In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a repeating pattern in space, usually in three dimensions. The elements of a space group (its symmetry operations) are the rigid transformations of the pattern that leave it unchanged. In three dimensions, space groups are classified into 219 distinct types, or 230 types if chiral copies are considered distinct. Space groups are discrete cocompact groups of isometries of an oriented Euclidean space in any number of dimensions. In dimensions other than 3, they are sometimes called Bieberbach groups. In crystallography, space groups are also called the crystallographic or Fedorov groups, and represent a description of the symmetry of the crystal. A definitive source regarding 3-dimensional space groups is the ''International Tables for Crystallography'' . History Space groups in 2 dimensions are the 17 wallpaper groups which have been known for several centuries, though the proof that the list ...
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Unit Cell
In geometry, biology, mineralogy and solid state physics, a unit cell is a repeating unit formed by the vectors spanning the points of a lattice. Despite its suggestive name, the unit cell (unlike a unit vector In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a Vector (mathematics and physics), vector (often a vector (geometry), spatial vector) of Norm (mathematics), length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumfle ..., for example) does not necessarily have unit size, or even a particular size at all. Rather, the primitive cell is the closest analogy to a unit vector, since it has a determined size for a given lattice and is the basic building block from which larger cells are constructed. The concept is used particularly in describing crystal structure in two and three dimensions, though it makes sense in all dimensions. A lattice can be characterized by the geometry of its unit cell, which is a section of the tiling (a parallelogra ...
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