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Cobalt(II) Perchlorate
Cobalt(II) perchlorate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Co(ClO4)2·''n''H2O (''n'' = 0,6). The pink anhydrous and red hexahydrate forms are both hygroscopic solids. Preparation and reactions Cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate is produced by reacting cobalt metal or cobalt(II) carbonate with perchloric acid, followed by the evaporation of the solution: :CoCO3 + 2 HClO4 → Co(ClO4)2 + H2O + CO2 The anhydrous form cannot be produced from the hexahydrate by heating, as it instead decomposes to cobalt(II,III) oxide at 170 °C. Instead, anhydrous cobalt(II) perchlorate is produced from the reaction of dichlorine hexoxide and cobalt(II) chloride, followed by heating in a vacuum at 75 °C. Structure The anhydrous form consists of octahedral Co(ClO4)6 centers, with tridentate perchlorate ligands. On the other hand, the orthorhombic hexahydrate consists of isolated o(H2O)6sup>2+ octahedrons and perchlorate A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with its formula also written as , or EtOH, where Et is the pseudoelement symbol for ethyl group, ethyl. Ethanol is a Volatility (chemistry), volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor and pungent taste. As a psychoactive depressant, it is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, and the second most consumed drug globally behind caffeine. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation process of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. Historically it was used as a general anesthetic, and has modern medical applications as an antiseptic, disinfectant, solvent for some medications, and antidote for methanol poisoning and ethylene glycol poisoning. It is used as a chemical solvent and in the Chemical synthesis, synthesis of orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetone
Acetone (2-propanone or dimethyl ketone) is an organic compound with the chemical formula, formula . It is the simplest and smallest ketone (). It is a colorless, highly Volatile organic compound, volatile, and flammable liquid with a characteristic pungent odor. Acetone is miscibility, miscible with properties of water, water and serves as an important organic solvent in industry, home, and laboratory. About 6.7 million tonnes were produced worldwide in 2010, mainly for use as a solvent and for production of methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A, which are precursors to widely used plastics.Acetone World Petrochemicals report, January 2010Stylianos Sifniades, Alan B. Levy, "Acetone" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. It is a common building block in organic chemistry. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron(II) Perchlorate
Iron(II) perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula . A green, water-soluble solid, it is produced by the reaction of iron metal with dilute perchloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution: : Although the ferrous cation is a reductant and the perchlorate anion is a strong oxidant, in the absence of atmospheric oxygen, dissolved ferrous perchlorate is stable in aqueous solution because the electron transfer between both species is hindered by severe kinetic limitations. Being a weak Lewis base, the perchlorate anion is a poor ligand for the aqueous and does not contribute to the electron transfer by favoring the formation of an inner sphere complex giving rise to a possible reorganisation of the activated complex. The resulting high activation energy prohibits a thermodynamically spontaneous redox reaction (∆''G''r < 0). However, in aqueous solution, and under air, iron(II) perchlorate slowly [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nickel(II) Perchlorate
Nickel(II) perchlorate is a collection of inorganic compounds with the chemical formula of . Its colors of these solids vary with the degree of hydration. For example, the hydrate forms cyan crystals, the pentahydrate forms green crystals, but the hexahydrate (Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O) forms blue crystals. Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate is highly soluble in water and soluble in some polar organic solvents. Preparation Aqueous solutions of nickel(II) perchlorate can be obtained by treating nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) chloride or nickel(II) carbonate with perchloric acid. :Ni(OH)2 + 2HClO4 + 4H2O → Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O Two hydrates have been characterized by X-ray crystallography: the hexahydrate and the octahydrate. Several other hydrates are mentioned including the pentahydrate, which is claimed to crystallize at room temperature, the nonahydrate, which is claimed to crystallize at −21.3 °C, a tetrahydrate, and a monohydrate. The yellow anhydrous product is obtained by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygroscopic
Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption (chemistry), absorption or adsorption from the surrounding Natural environment, environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature. If water molecules become suspended among the substance's molecules, adsorbing substances can become physically changed, e.g. changing in volume, boiling point, viscosity or some other physical characteristic or property of the substance. For example, a finely dispersed hygroscopic powder, such as a salt, may become clumpy over time due to collection of moisture from the surrounding environment. ''Deliquescent'' materials are sufficiently hygroscopic that they dissolve in the water they absorb, forming an aqueous solution. Hygroscopy is essential for many plant and animal species' attainment of hydration, nutrition, reproduction and/or seed dispersal. Biological evolution created hygroscopic solutions for water harvesting, filament tensile strength, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, somewhat brittle, gray metal. Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since antiquity for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass. The color was long thought to be due to the metal bismuth. Miners had long used the name ''kobold ore'' (German language, German for ''goblin ore'') for some of the blue pigment-producing minerals. They were so named because they were poor in known metals and gave off poisonous arsenic-containing fumes when smelted. In 1735, such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), which was ultimately named for the ''kobold''. Today, some cobalt is produced sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt(II) Carbonate
Cobalt(II) carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula CoCO3. This pink paramagnetic solid is an intermediate in the hydrometallurgical purification of cobalt from its ores. It is an inorganic pigment, and a precursor to catalysts. Cobalt(II) carbonate also occurs as the rare red/pink mineral spherocobaltite. Preparation and structure : left, Structure of solid cobalt(II) carbonate shown with space-filling ions. Color code: red = O, green = Co, blck = C, 220px It is prepared by combining solutions of cobalt(II) sulfate and sodium bicarbonate: :CoSO4 + 2 NaHCO3 → CoCO3 + Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 This reaction is used in the precipitation of cobalt from an extract of its roasted ores. CoCO3 adopts a structure like calcite, consisting of cobalt in an octahedral coordination geometry. Reactions Like most transition metal carbonates, cobalt carbonate is insoluble in water, but is readily attacked by mineral acids: :CoCO3 + 2 HCl + 5 H2O → o(H2O)6l2 + ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perchloric Acid
Perchloric acid is a mineral acid with the formula H Cl O4. It is an oxoacid of chlorine. Usually found as an aqueous solution, this colorless compound is a stronger acid than sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. It is a powerful oxidizer when hot, but aqueous solutions up to approximately 70% by weight at room temperature are generally safe, only showing strong acid features and no oxidizing properties. Perchloric acid is useful for preparing perchlorate salts, especially ammonium perchlorate, an important rocket fuel component. Perchloric acid is dangerously corrosive and readily forms potentially explosive mixtures. History Perchloric acid was first synthesized (together with potassium perchlorate) by Austrian chemist and called "oxygenated chloric acid" in mid-1810s. French pharmacist Georges-Simon Serullas introduced the modern designation along with discovering its solid monohydrate, which he mistook for an anhydride. Berzelius produced dilute perchloric acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt(II,III) Oxide
Cobalt is a chemical element; it has symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, somewhat brittle, gray metal. Cobalt-based blue pigments ( cobalt blue) have been used since antiquity for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass. The color was long thought to be due to the metal bismuth. Miners had long used the name ''kobold ore'' ( German for ''goblin ore'') for some of the blue pigment-producing minerals. They were so named because they were poor in known metals and gave off poisonous arsenic-containing fumes when smelted. In 1735, such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal (the first discovered since ancient times), which was ultimately named for the ''kobold''. Today, some cobalt is produced specifically from one of a number ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dichlorine Hexoxide
Dichlorine hexoxide is the chemical compound with the molecular formula or , which is correct for its gaseous state. However, in liquid or solid form, this chlorine oxide ionizes into the dark red ionic compound chloryl perchlorate or dioxochloronium(V) perchlorate , which may be thought of as the mixed anhydride of chloric and perchloric acids. This compound is a notable perchlorating agent. It is produced by reaction between chlorine dioxide and excess ozone: : Molecular structure It was originally reported to exist as the monomeric chlorine trioxide in gas phase, but was later shown to remain an oxygen-bridged dimer after evaporation and until thermal decomposition into chlorine perchlorate, , and oxygen. The compound was then rediscovered. It is a dark red fuming liquid at room temperature that crystallizes as a red ionic compound, chloryl perchlorate, . The red color shows the presence of chloryl ions. Thus, chlorine's formal oxidation state in this compound remain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt(II) Chloride
Cobalt(II) chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt of cobalt and chlorine, with the formula . The compound forms several hydrates ·''n'', for ''n'' = 1, 2, 6, and 9. Claims of the formation of tri- and tetrahydrates have not been confirmed.M. T. Saugier, M. Noailly, R. Cohen-Adad, F. Paulik, and J. Paulik (1977): "Equilibres solide ⇄ liquide ⇆ vapeur du systeme binaire -" ''Journal of Thermal Analysis'', volume 11, issue 1, pages 87–100. Note: the lowest point of fig.6 is inconsistent with fig.7; probably should be at -27.8 C instead of 0 C. The anhydrous form is a blue crystalline solid; the dihydrate is purple and the hexahydrate is pink. Commercial samples are usually the hexahydrate, which is one of the most commonly used cobalt salts in the lab. Properties Anhydrous At room temperature, anhydrous cobalt chloride has the cadmium chloride structure () (Rm) in which the cobalt(II) ions are octahedrally coordinated. At about 706 °C (20 degrees below the melting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure
In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems. Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base (''a'' by ''b'') and height (''c''), such that ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' are distinct. All three bases intersect at 90° angles, so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal. Bravais lattices There are four orthorhombic Bravais lattices: primitive orthorhombic, base-centered orthorhombic, body-centered orthorhombic, and face-centered orthorhombic. For the base-centered orthorhombic lattice, the primitive cell has the shape of a right rhombic prism;See , row oC, column Primitive, where the cell parameters are given as a1 = a2, α = β = 90° it can be constructed because the two-dimensional centered rectangular base layer can also be described with primitive rhombic axes. Note that the length a of the primiti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
