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Zombie Election Monitors
Zombie Election Monitoring (otherwise known as Shadow Observation or Zombie Observation) is a term given to a low-credibility election monitor, in the study of social science, and as developed by Christopher Walker and Alexander Cooley and further expanded by Sarah Sunn Bush and Lauren Prather, which relates to how authoritarian regime Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and ...s can create artificial electoral legitimacy. The phenomenon has been used to describe elections in Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Early examples were also analysed in Uzbekistan,Tajikistan, and Azerbaijan. Daxecher and Schneider further expanded the analysis to argue that a mix of reviews can further bolster legitimacy. Thailand took the step in 2018 to ban Elec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Election Monitoring
Election monitoring involves the observation of an election by one or more independent parties, typically from another country or from a non-governmental organization (NGO). The monitoring parties aim primarily to assess the conduct of an election process on the basis of national legislation and of international election standards. There are national and international election observers. Monitors do not directly prevent electoral fraud, but rather record and report instances of suspicious practices. The monitoring may serve to disincentivize, prevent or minimize practices that undermine election quality, as well as Election violence, election-related violence. Election observation increasingly looks at the entire electoral process over a long period of time, rather than at election-day proceedings only. The Legitimacy (political science), legitimacy of an election can be affected by the criticism of monitors, unless they are themselves seen as biased. A notable individual is oft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Cooley
Alexander A. Cooley is an American political scientist. He is Claire Tow Professor at Barnard College. He served as the 15th director of the Harriman Institute of Columbia University and is currently the Vice Provost for Research, Libraries and Academic Centers at Barnard College. Biography Cooley graduated from Swarthmore College and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University, studying under Hendrik Spruyt and Mark von Hagen. He taught at Johns Hopkins University before joining the faculty of Barnard College in 2001, eventually serving as chair of the college's political science department. In 2015, he was named director of Columbia's Harriman Institute, serving in the position for six years. Cooley has written extensively about the politics of the Former-Soviet states, with an emphasis on Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as the liberal international order and democratic backsliding. His analysis of great power politics in Central Asia was called by National Bureau of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authoritarian Regime
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as "hybrid democracies", " hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, ''An Authoritarian Regime: Spain'', defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: # Limited political pluralism, which is achieved with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. # Political legitimacy based on appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
