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Women's Suffrage In Liechtenstein
Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein was introduced on , after the 1984 Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum.Thomas Ernst Wanger: Vom Frauenstudium zum Frauenwahlrecht in der Schweiz und in Liechtenstein. In: Internationaler Verein für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung (Hrsg.): Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung. Band 122. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2004, This was the last nation in Europe to introduce this right. Prehistory In the early modern period, the right to have a say and co-determination in public life for men and women were linked to ownership and tax liability. These rights were not recorded in writing but were exercised as self-government or common law. In very rural Liechtenstein, the community was organized at the community level. In the 19th century, however, these rights were lost due to new legislation. In the first state constitution, which was enacted in the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1818 based o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1984 Liechtenstein Women's Suffrage Referendum
A referendum on the introduction of women's suffrage in national elections was held in Liechtenstein on 1 July 1984. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1174 Following the introduction of female suffrage in neighbouring Switzerland at the federal level after a referendum in 1971 (although women had had the right to vote in many cantons and municipalities before this), Liechtenstein had been the only remaining European country to deny women the right to vote.LIECHTENSTEIN: Keeping Up with Kuwait Time, 15 March 1971 Referendums had been held in , |
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state. A landlocked country, Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of and has a population of 9 million. Austria emerged from the remnants of the Eastern and Hungarian March at the end of the first millennium. Originally a margraviate of Bavaria, it developed into a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156 and was later made an archduchy in 1453. In the 16th century, Vienna began serving as the empire's administrative capital and Austria thus became the heartland of the Habsburg monarchy. After the dissolution of the H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feminism And History
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male point of view and that women are treated unjustly in these societies. Efforts to change this include fighting against gender stereotypes and improving educational, professional, and interpersonal opportunities and outcomes for women. Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women's rights, including the right to Women's suffrage, vote, Nomination rules, run for public office, Right to work, work, earn gender pay gap, equal pay, Right to property, own property, Right to education, receive education, enter contracts, have equal rights within marriage, and maternity leave. Feminists have also worked to ensure access to contraception, legal abortions, and social integration and to protect women an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women's Suffrage In Liechtenstein
Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein was introduced on , after the 1984 Liechtenstein women's suffrage referendum.Thomas Ernst Wanger: Vom Frauenstudium zum Frauenwahlrecht in der Schweiz und in Liechtenstein. In: Internationaler Verein für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung (Hrsg.): Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung. Band 122. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2004, This was the last nation in Europe to introduce this right. Prehistory In the early modern period, the right to have a say and co-determination in public life for men and women were linked to ownership and tax liability. These rights were not recorded in writing but were exercised as self-government or common law. In very rural Liechtenstein, the community was organized at the community level. In the 19th century, however, these rights were lost due to new legislation. In the first state constitution, which was enacted in the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1818 base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1973 Liechtenstein Referendums
Three referendums were held in Liechtenstein during 1973.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook'', p1174 The first was held on 11 February on introducing Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein, women's suffrage, but was rejected by 55.9% of voters. The second was held on 14 October on changing the electoral system to a candidate-based proportional system one, and was approved by 55.8% of voters. The third on 14 October was on reducing the electoral threshold from 18% to 8%,Nohlen & Stöver, p1159 and was approved by 67.9% of voters. Results Women's suffrage New electoral system Electoral threshold References {{Liechtenstein elections 1973 referendums, Liechtenstein 1973 in Liechtenstein, Referendums Referendums in Liechtenstein Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein 1973 in women's history, Liechtenstein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1971 Liechtenstein Women's Suffrage Referendum
A referendum on the introduction of women's suffrage was held in Liechtenstein on 28 February 1971.Dieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An exp ... & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1173 Voting was restricted to men, and resulted in a majority against its introduction. Voter turnout was 85.6%. Following the referendum, some women demonstrated in Vaduz and other towns, booing male pedestrians and carrying signs bearing the slogan "Men of Liechtenstein: Where's your virility". Results References {{Feminism 1971 referendums 1971 in Liechtenstein Referendums in Liechtenstein Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein Suffrage referendums February 1971 events in Europe 1971 in women's history ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1968 Liechtenstein Referendums
Two referendums were held in Liechtenstein in 1968.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1173 The first was held on 4 July on the question of introducing women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot .... Separate votes were held for men and women, with the men voting against, and women split almost equally, p147 resulting in it being rejected by 54.5% of voters overall. The second referendum was held on 6 October on abolishing the tax on alcoholic drinks. It was rejected by 56.3% of vot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conservative Catholics (Italy)
The Conservative Catholics ( it, Cattolici Conservatori) were a right-wing conservative political party in Italy, composed by strong conservatives and clericalists. History They have been active since the unification of Italy as a parliamentary group of which brought together the most intransigent Catholic politicians of the hemicycle, which is why they are often referred to as the Historical Far Right. They emerged as party in 1913 from the right-wing of the clerical Catholic Electoral Union. In the 1913 Italian general election, the party won 1.8% of the vote and 9 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 In 1919, the Catholics were merged with other clerical parties and groupings in the Italian People's Party that gained 20.5% and 100 seats in the 1919 Italian general election.Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, ''Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia'', Zanichelli, Bologna Bologna (, , ; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; it covers an area of , with a population of almost 84 million within its 16 constituent states. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suffragette
A suffragette was a member of an activist women's organisation in the early 20th century who, under the banner "Votes for Women", fought for the right to vote in public elections in the United Kingdom. The term refers in particular to members of the British Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst, which engaged in direct action and civil disobedience. In 1906, a reporter writing in the '' Daily Mail'' coined the term ''suffragette'' for the WSPU, derived from suffragist (any person advocating for voting rights), in order to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage. The militants embraced the new name, even adopting it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU. Women had won the right to vote in several countries by the end of the 19th century; in 1893, New Zealand became the first self-governing country to grant the vote to all women over the age of 21. When by 1903 women in Britain ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congress Of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Participants were representatives of all European powers and other stakeholders, chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars without the use of (military) violence. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries, but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace, being at the same time shepherds for the smaller powers. More fundamentally, strongly generalising, conservative thinking leaders like Von Metternich also sought to restrain or eliminate republicanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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