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White Sea–Baltic Canal
The White Sea–Baltic Canal (russian: Беломо́рско-Балти́йский кана́л, , ), often abbreviated to White Sea Canal () is a ship canal in Russia opened on 2 August 1933. It connects the White Sea, in the Arctic Ocean, with Lake Onega, which is further connected to the Baltic Sea. Until 1961, it was called by its original name: the Stalin White Sea–Baltic Canal (''Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal imeni Stalina''). The canal was constructed by forced labor of gulag inmates. Beginning and ending with a labor force of 126,000, between 12,000 and 25,000 laborers died according to official records,Сталинские стройки ГУЛАГа.1930–53», Москва, 2005, while Anne Applebaum's estimate is 25,000 deaths. The canal runs , partially along several canalized rivers and Lake Vygozero. As of 2008, it carries only light traffic of between ten and forty boats per day. Its economic advantages are limited by its minimal depth of , inadequate for most s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Onega
Lake Onega (; also known as Onego, rus, Оне́жское о́зеро, r=Onezhskoe ozero, p=ɐˈnʲɛʂskəɪ ˈozʲɪrə; fi, Ääninen, Äänisjärvi; vep, Änine, Änižjärv) is a lake in northwestern Russia, on the territory of the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast. It belongs to the basin of the Baltic Sea, and is the second-largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga, slightly smaller than Lebanon. The lake is fed by about 50 rivers and is drained by the Svir. There are about 1,650 islands on the lake. They include Kizhi, which hosts a historical complex of 89 Orthodox churches and other wooden structures of the 15th–20th centuries. The complex includes a UNESCO World Heritage site, Kizhi Pogost. The eastern shores of the lake contain about 1,200 petroglyphs (rock engravings) dated to the 4th–2nd millennia BC, which have Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea, also been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The major cities on the lake ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga (; rus, Ла́дожское о́зеро, r=Ladozhskoye ozero, p=ˈladəʂskəjə ˈozʲɪrə or rus, Ла́дога, r=Ladoga, p=ˈladəɡə, fi, Laatokka arlier in Finnish ''Nevajärvi'' ; vep, Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg. It is the largest lake located entirely in Europe, the second largest lake after Baikal in Russia, and the 14th largest freshwater lake by area in the world. '' Ladoga Lacus'', a methane lake on Saturn's moon Titan, is named after the lake. Etymology In one of Nestor's chronicles from the 12th century a lake called "the Great Nevo" is mentioned, a clear link to the Neva River and possibly further to Finnish ''nevo'' 'sea' or ''neva'' 'bog, quagmire'. Evgeny Pospelov: ''Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary.'' Second edition. Astrel, Moscow 2001, pp. 106f. Ancient Norse sagas and Hanseatic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frenkel2
Frenkel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Aaron G. Frenkel (born 1957), Israeli entrepreneur and philanthropist * Alexander Frenkel (born 1985), German boxer of Ukrainian origin * (1895–1984), Polish painter * Daan Frenkel (born 1948), Dutch computational physicist * Danielle Frenkel (born 1987), Israeli high jumper *Douglas Frenkel, American law professor * Edward Frenkel (born 1968), mathematician and filmmaker * Heinrich Frenkel (1860–1931), Swiss physician * Hermann Frenkel (1850–1932), partner of the Jacquier and Securius Bank * Igor Frenkel (born 1952), Russian-American mathematician * Israel Frenkel (1853–1890), Polish-Jewish translator * Jacob A. Frenkel (born 1943), Israeli economist and businessman * James Frenkel (born 1948), American science fiction book editor * Maja Ruth Frenkel (born 1971), Croatian entrepreneur and politician * Naftaly Frenkel (1883–1960), Soviet official * Peter Frenkel (1939), East German race walker * Rich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marshall Berman
Marshall Howard Berman (November 23, 1940–September 11, 2013) was an American philosopher and Marxist humanist writer. He was a Distinguished Professor of Political Science at The City College of New York and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, teaching political philosophy and urbanism. Life and work Marshall Berman was born in New York City on November 24, 1940, and spent his childhood in Tremont, then a predominately Jewish neighborhood of the South Bronx. His parents Betty and Murray Berman (both children of Jewish Eastern European immigrants) owned the Betmar Tag and Label Company. His father died of a heart attack at age 48 in the autumn of 1955, shortly after the family had moved to the Kingsbridge neighborhood of the Bronx. Berman attended the Bronx High School of Science, and was an alumnus of Columbia University, receiving a Bachelor of Letters at the University of Oxford where he was a student of Sir Isaiah Berlin. Berman completed his D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Gulag Camps
The list below, enumerates the selected sites of the Soviet forced labor camps (known in Russian as the "corrective labor camps") of the Gulag. Most of them served mining, construction, and timber works. It is estimated that for most of its existence, the Gulag system consisted of over 30,000 camps, divided into three categories according to the number of prisoners held. The largest camps consisted of more than 25,000 prisoners each, medium size camps held from 5,000 to 25,000 inmates, and the smallest, but most numerous labor camps operated with less than 5,000 people each. Even this incomplete list can give a fair idea of the scale of forced labor in the USSR. List history Initially, the list of Gulag penal labor camps in the USSR was created in Poland from the personal accounts of labor camp detainees of Polish citizenship. It was compiled by the government of Poland for the purpose of regulation and future financial compensation for World War II victims, and published in a dec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forced Labor
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence including death, or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families. Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps. Definition Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour, which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include: *"any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;" *"any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a Federation, federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, fifteen national republics; in practice, both Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, its economy were highly Soviet-type economic planning, centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Saint Petersburg, Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kyiv, Kiev (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR), Minsk (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian SSR), Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nadvoitsy
Nadvoitsy (russian: Надво́ицы; krl, Vojačču; fi, Vojatsu) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Segezhsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located on the shore of Lake Vygozero, north of Petrozavodsk, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 8,372. History It was established in the 16th century. Urban-type settlement status was granted to it in 1942. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Nadvoitsy is subordinated to Segezhsky District. As a municipal division, Nadvoitsy, together with six rural localities, is incorporated within Segezhsky Municipal District as Nadvoitskoye Urban Settlement.Law #813-ZRK Economy Industry Until 2013, the only enterprise in Nadvoitsy was the Nadvoitsy Aluminum Plant which belonged to the Rusal group. In 2013, the aluminum production became unprofitable, and the plant stopped operation, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segezha
Segezha (russian: Сеге́жа; krl, Segeža; fi, Sekehe) is a town and the administrative center of Segezhsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located north of Petrozavodsk on the Segezha River and on the western shore of Lake Vygozero. Population: History It was founded as a railway station on Murmansk Railway in 1915. A small settlement grew around the station; it was granted town status in 1943. The area around Segezha held many of the early camps within the Soviet gulag system and was known as Segezhlag. Segezha still where Penal Colony 7 is located (). In June 2011, Mikhail Khodorkovsky was moved here to serve his sentence. Russian activist Ildar Dadin writes that he was tortured in this prison in September 2016. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lock (water Transport)
A lock is a device used for raising and lowering boats, ships and other watercraft between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber in which the water level can be varied; whereas in a caisson lock, a boat lift, or on a canal inclined plane, it is the chamber itself (usually then called a caisson) that rises and falls. Locks are used to make a river more easily navigable, or to allow a canal to cross land that is not level. Later canals used more and larger locks to allow a more direct route to be taken. Pound lock A ''pound lock'' is most commonly used on canals and rivers today. A pound lock has a chamber with gates at both ends that control the level of water in the pound. In contrast, an earlier design with a single gate was known as a flash lock. Pound locks were first used in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD), having been pioneered by the Song politician and nava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Povenets
Povenets (russian: Повене́ц; krl, Poventsa; fi, Poventsa) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Medvezhyegorsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located on the shore of Lake Onega, north of Petrozavodsk, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 2,209. History Povenets is located from Sandarmokh, the site of mass execution by shooting and burial of victims of the Soviet political repressions. Urban-type settlement status was granted to Povenets in 1938. Povenets marked the furthest advance by Finnish troops during the World War II Continuation war 1941-44. The town was occupied by Finnish troops on 6 December 1941. Soviet forces retook the town in July 1944. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement Urban-type settlementrussian: посёлок городско́го ти́па, translit=posyolok gorodskogo tipa, abbreviated: rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
