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Vaishnava Padavali
The Vaishnava Padaaboli () movement refers to a period in medieval Bengali literature from the 15th to 17th centuries, marked by an efflorescence of Vaishnava poetry often focusing on the Radha-Krishna legend. The term ''padavali'' (also written padaabali) has the literal meaning "gathering of songs" ('' pada''=short verse, lyric; ''+vali'' = plural; collection). The padavali poetry reflects an earthy view of divine love which had its roots in the ''Agam'' poetry of Tamil Sangam literature (600 BC–300 AD) and spread into early medieval Telugu ( Nannaya, Annamayya) and Kannada literatures ( Dasa sahitya). The poetic themes spread rapidly as part of the religious Bhakti movement that proposed an intensely personal form of devotion, following the philosophy of Ramanuja and opposing caste distinctions and other brahministic measures implicit in the theism of Adi Shankaracharya. The movement spread out and attained a pan-India status during the 13th–17th centuries. The acco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Bengali Literature
The term Middle Bengali Literature (), refers to the literature written in the form of the Bengali language known as Middle Bengali. It was a period in the history of Bengali literature. This period dated from 14th to 18th centuries, following the events of Turkic Muslim conquest of Bengal in the 13th century to English East India Company's colonization of Bengal in 18th century. In this period literature in vernacular Bengali began to take shape. The Middle Bengali Literature is divided into three periods, named :- ''i.) Early Middle Age or Pre-Chaitanya Era, ii.) Chaitanya Era,'' and ''iii.) Later Middle Age.'' History Early Middle Age Bengali literature Early Middle Age Bengali literature (), also known as Pre-Chaitanya Era (), spanned from approximately late thirteen or early fourteenth century to late fifteenth centuries. During that period, Bengali literature saw the development of three literary genres: Vaishnava Padabali, Mangalkavya, and translated literature. Va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion, diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age#South Asia, Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a lingua franca, link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting effect on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Indo-Aryan languages# ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murari Gupta
Murari Gupta (floruit, fl. 16th century) was born in a Baidya family in Sylhet. He was a physician and noted Bengali language, Bengali Vaishnava poet. He became a devotee of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and moved to Nabadwip.He is incarnation of hanuman In 1513, he composed in Sanskrit the ''Shri Krishna Chaitanya Charanamrita'' ( ''murāri-gupta-kaṛchā''), a poetic biography of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. This work is the earliest source for Chaitanya's life. Later Hagiography, hagiographies are based on this work such as the ''Chaitanya Charitamrita''. External links * Bengali-language poets Bengali Hindus 16th-century Bengalis Bengali male poets Year of death unknown Year of birth unknown 16th-century Indian poets Indian male poets People from Sylhet Division {{india-poet-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sri Chaitanya
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (; ), born Vishvambhara Mishra () (18 February 1486 – 14 June 1534), was an Indian Hindu saint from Bengal and the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's mode of worshipping Krishna with bhajan-kirtan and dance had a profound effect on Vaishnavism in Bengal. He is considered the chief proponent of the Vedantic philosophy of Achintya Bheda Abheda. However, the concept of inconceivable difference in non-difference, known as achintya-bhedabheda, was developed later by Jiva Gosvami in his book Bhagavat Sandharbha. Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He expounded Bhakti yoga and popularised the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra. He composed the '' Shikshashtakam'' (eight devotional prayers). Chaitanya is sometimes called Gauranga () or Gaura due to his molten gold–like complexion. His birthday is celebrated as Gaura-purnima. He is also called Nimai because he was born underneath a Neem tree. Life The religious hagiog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rukunuddin Barbak Shah
Ruknuddīn Bārbak Shāh (, ; 1459–1474) was the son and successor of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Initially appointed as the governor of Satgaon during the reign of his father, Barbak ascended the throne of the Bengal Sultanate in 1459. He was the first ruler to give prominent roles in the Sultanate's administration to the Abyssinian community. Historian Aniruddha Ray credits Barbak Shah as the pioneer of urbanisation in Bengal. Early life and ascension Barbak was born into an aristocratic Bengali Muslim Sunni family known as the Ilyas Shahi dynasty that had founded the Bengal Sultanate in 1352 CE. Despite his family's long presence in the region, Barbak's ancestors were of Sistani origin, hailing from what is now eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. His father, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, ruled Bengal for over twenty years. During his father's reign, Barbak served as the governor of Satgaon (Arsah Sajla Mankhbad). During his governorship in 1455, Ulugh Ajmal Kha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vrindavana
Vrindavan (; ), also spelt Vrindaban and Brindaban, is a historical city in the Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the Braj Bhoomi region and holds religious importance for Hindus who believe that Krishna, one of the main Gods in Hinduism, spent most of his childhood in this city. Vrindavan has about 5,500 temples dedicated to the worship of Krishna and his chief consort, Radha. It is one of the most sacred places for Vaishnava traditions. Vrindavan forms a part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" under development by the Indian Ministry of Tourism. The circuit also includes Mathura, Barsana, Gokul, Govardhan, Kurukshetra, Dwarka and Puri. Etymology The ancient Sanskrit name of the city, (), comes from its groves of ''vṛndā'' ( holy basil) and ''vana'' ( grove, forest). History Vrindavan has an ancient past, associated with Hindu culture and history, and was established in the 16th and 17th centuries as a result of an explicit treaty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Srimad Bhagavatam
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' (; ), also known as the ''Srimad Bhagavatam (Śrīmad Bhāgavatam)'', ''Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana'' () or simply ''Bhagavata (Bhāgavata)'', is one of Hinduism's eighteen major Puranas (''Mahapuranas'') and one of the most popular in Vaishnavism. Composed in Sanskrit and traditionally attributed to Veda Vyasa, it promotes ''bhakti'' (devotion) towards Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, integrating themes from the Advaita (monism) philosophy of Adi Shankara, the Vishishtadvaita (qualified monism) of Ramanujacharya and the Dvaita (dualism) of Madhvacharya. It is widely available in almost all Indian languages. The ''Bhagavata Purana'', like other puranas, discusses a wide range of topics including cosmology, astronomy, genealogy, geography, legend, music, dance, yoga and culture. As it begins, the forces of evil have won a war between the benevolent '' devas'' (deities) and evil ''asuras'' (demons) and now rule the universe. Truth re-emerges as Krishn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maladhar Basu
Maladhar Basu (; c. 15th century) was a Bengali poet. He wrote ''Sri Krishna Vijaya'' (শ্রীকৃষ্ণবিজয়, ''Triumph of Lord Krishna''), the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date. It is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of Krishna legend. It was composed between 1473 and 1480. The long poem is a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the ''Bhagavata Purana''; a part of ''Vishnu Purana'' and the story of ''Ramayana'' is also incorporated here. Basu was born to Bhagirath Basu and Indumati Devi. In the poem written in an early Bangla, Maladhar focuses on Krishna's divine life, with the 10th canto relating the legends of Krishna as a child, and his divine play with the gopis in Vrindavana. He was honoured by Rukunuddin Barbak Shah with the title 'Gunaraj Khan'. Maladhar Basu was born at Kulingram village of modern-day Purba Bardhaman district, Paschimbanga (West Bengal) to Bhagirath Basu and Indumati Devi. Maladhar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bengali Language
Bengali, also known by its endonym and exonym, endonym Bangla (, , ), is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is native to the Bengal region (Bangladesh, India's West Bengal and Tripura) of South Asia. With over 242 million native speakers and another 43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the List of languages by number of native speakers, sixth most spoken native language and the List of languages by total number of speakers, seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. Bengali is the Official language, official, National language, national, and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh, with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken scheduled languages of India, language in India. It is the official language of the Indian states of West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birbhum
Birbhum district () is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the northernmost district of Burdwan division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. The district headquarters is in Suri. Other important cities are Bolpur, Rampurhat and Sainthia. Jamtara, Dumka and Pakur districts of the state of Jharkhand lie at the western border of this district; the border in other directions is covered by the districts of Bardhaman of Purba Bardhaman, Paschim Bardhaman and Murshidabad of West Bengal. Often called "the land of red soil",Rahim, Kazi MB, and Sarkar, Debasish, ''Agriculture, Technology, Products and Markets of Birbhum District'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 157–166, Information and Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal. Birbhum is noted for its topography and its cultural heritage which is somewhat different from the other districts in West Bengal. The western part of Birbhum is a bushy region, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chandidas
Chandidas (1339–1399, ) was a medieval Bengali poet from India, or possibly more than one. He wrote over 1250 poems related to the love of Radha and Krishna in medieval Bengali. The poems of Chandidas with ''bhanita'' are found with three different sobriquets along with his name, ', ''Dvija'' and ''Dina'' as well as without any sobriquet also. It is not clear whether these ''bhanita''s actually refer to the same person or not. It is assumed by some modern scholars that the poems which are current in the name of Chandidas are actually the works of at least four different Chandidas, who are distinguished from each other by their sobriquets found in the ''bhanita''s. It is also assumed that the earliest of them was Ananta Chandidas. His father Durgadas Bagchi, was a Bengali Brahmin of Barendra clan. Chandidas has been more or less identified as a historical figure, born in the 14th century in a Bengali Brahmin family of a small Tehsil city named Nanoor in Birbhum district o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Govindadasa
Govindadasa (1535–1613), was a Bengali Vaishnava poet known for his body of devotional songs addressed to Krishna. Living in an atmosphere of Krishna-bhakti preached by Sri Chaitanya (1486–1533), he composed extensively on the Radha-Krishna love legend. He is also known as Govindadasa Kaviraja. Life Govindadasa came from a Bengali Baidya family. The younger son of Chiranjeeva and Sunanda, Govindadasa was born in his mother's ancestral home in Srikhanda, a village in Purba Bardhaman district which was one of the centers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. His grandfather (Sunanda's father) Damodar Sen was also a poet, the author of ''Sangit Damodar''. His brother Ramachandra Sen was a noted philosopher-poet. After the death of his father, Ramachandra went to live in Srikhanda with his maternal grandfather (even now the members of his family live here and everyone knows them as Karta Roy), for a short duration, Ramchandra along with his younger brother Govindadasa went to live in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
