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Uppsala Protocol
The Rimini Protocol is a proposal made by the geologist Colin Campbell (geologist), Colin Campbell. It is intended to stabilise Petroleum, oil prices and minimise the effects of Hubbert peak theory, peak oil. It is named after the XXIX. Annual Conference ''The Economics of the Noble Path: Fraternal Rights, the Convival Society, Fair Shares for All'' of the Pio Manzù International Research Centre in Rimini, Italy on 18-20 October 2003, where Campbell presented his idea of an oil depletion protocol. A few months later, he published together with Kjell Aleklett, the head of the Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Group, a slightly refined text under the name Uppsala Protocol. Basic mechanism To ease peak oil effects and to manage the long decline in the second half of the oil era, producing countries would not produce oil in excess of their present national depletion rate: i.e., roughly speaking, the oil used or exported must equal the oil produced or imported. Furthermore, it wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geologist
A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and History of Earth, history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the Field research, field and the laboratory. Geologists work in the Energy industry, energy and mining sectors to exploit Natural resource, natural resources. They monitor environmental hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and landslides. Geologists are also important contributors to climate change discussions. History James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled ''Theory of the Earth'' to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton pub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colin Campbell (geologist)
Colin J. Campbell (24 July 1931 – 13 November 2022) was a British petroleum geologist who predicted that oil production would peak by 2007. He claimed the consequences of this are uncertain but drastic, due to the world's dependency on fossil fuels for the vast majority of its energy. His theories have received wide attention but are disputed and have not significantly changed governmental energy policies at this time. To deal with declining global oil production, he proposed the Rimini protocol. Influential papers by Campbell include ''The Coming Oil Crisis'', written with Jean Laherrère in 1998 and credited with convincing the International Energy Agency of the coming peak; and ''The End of Cheap Oil'', published the same year in ''Scientific American''. The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, founded by Campbell in 2000, has been gaining recognition in the recent years. The association has organised yearly international conferences since 2002. The most recen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petroleum
Petroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. The term ''petroleum'' refers both to naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to petroleum products that consist of refining, refined crude oil. Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from anaerobic decay of organic materials from buried prehistoric life, prehistoric organisms, particularly planktons and algae, and 70% of the world's oil deposits were formed during the Mesozoic. Conventional reserves of petroleum are primarily recovered by oil drilling, drilling, which is done after a study of the relevant structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, analysis of the sedimentary basin, and reservoir characterization, characterization of the petroleum reservoir. There are also unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir, unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hubbert Peak Theory
The Hubbert peak theory says that for any given geographical area, from an individual oil-producing region to the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production tends to follow a bell-shaped curve. It is one of the primary theories on peak oil. Choosing a particular curve determines a point of maximum production based on discovery rates, production rates, and cumulative production. Early in the curve (pre-peak), the production rate increases due to the discovery rate and the addition of infrastructure. Late in the curve (post-peak), production declines because of resource depletion. The Hubbert peak theory is based on the observation that the amount of oil under the ground in any region is finite; therefore, the rate of discovery, which initially increases quickly, must reach a maximum and then decline. In the US, oil extraction followed the discovery curve after a time lag of 32 to 35 years.Jean Laherrere, "Forecasting production from discovery", ASPO Lisbon May 19–20, 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pio Manzù International Research Centre
The Pio Manzù International Research Centre, commonly referred to as the Pio Manzù Research Centre or Pio Manzù Centre, was a non-governmental environmental organization of the United Nations founded in 1969 and based in Rimini, Italy. The purpose of the centre was to serve as an "institute for the in-depth study of the main economic and scientific aspects of the relationship between man and his environment". The centre helds an annual conference in Rimini, Italy, along with carrying out research projects and publishing the journal ''Environmental Structures.'' As of 2007, the Pio Manzù Center has Lorenzo Cagnoni as president, Roberto Valducci as vice-president, and Gerardo Filiberto Dasi as general secretary. The centre also has an International Scientific Committee where Mikhail Gorbachev is president and Giandomenico Picco is vice-president. The centre closed in 2016 History The Pio Manzù International Research Centre was founded in 1969 by Girardo Filiberto Dasi and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Logistic Curve And Derivatives
Logistic may refer to: Mathematics * Logistic function, a sigmoid function used in many fields ** Logistic map, a recurrence relation that sometimes exhibits chaos ** Logistic regression, a statistical model using the logistic function ** Logit, the inverse of the logistic function ** Logistic distribution, the derivative of the logistic function, a continuous probability distribution, used in probability theory and statistics * Mathematical logic, subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics Other uses * Logistics, the management of resources and their distributions ** Logistic engineering, the scientific study of logistics ** Military logistics, the study of logistics at the service of military units and operations See also *Logic (other) Logic is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. Logic may also refer to: *Mathematical logic, a branch of mathematics that grew out of symbolic logic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third World
The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. The United States, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, the Southern Cone, NATO, Western European countries and other allies represented the "First World", while the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, and their allies represented the "Second World". This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political divisions. Due to the complex history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition of the Third World. Strictly speaking, "Third World" was a political, rather than economic, grouping. Since most Third World countries were economically poor and non-industrialized, it became a stereotype to refer to developing countries as "third-world countries". In political discourse, the term Third World was often associated with being underdeveloped. China ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries by area, fifth-largest country in Asia, the largest in the Middle East, and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 12th-largest in the world. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of Geography of Saudi Arabia, its terrain consists of Arabian Desert, arid desert, lowland, steppe, and List of mountains in Saudi Arabia, mountains. The capital and List of cities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghawar
Ghawar (Arabic: الغوار) is an oil field located in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Measuring (some ), it is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world, and accounts for roughly a third of the cumulative oil production of Saudi Arabia as of 2018. Ghawar is entirely owned and operated by Saudi Aramco, the state-run Saudi oil company. In April 2019, the company first published its profit figures since its nationalization nearly 40 years ago in the context of issuing a bond to international markets. The bond prospectus revealed that Ghawar is able to pump a maximum of per day—well below the more than per day that had become conventional wisdom in the market. Geology Ghawar occupies an anticline above a basement fault block dating to Carboniferous time, about 320million years ago; Cretaceous tectonic activity, as the northeast margin of Africa began to impinge on southwest Asia, enhanced the structure. Reservoir rocks are Jurassic Arab- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safaniya
Safaniya Oil Field (), operated and owned by Saudi Aramco, is the largest offshore oil field in the world. It is located about north of the company headquarters in Dhahran on the coast of the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia. Measuring , the field has a producing capability of more than . The oil field was discovered in 1951. It is considered the largest offshore oil field in the world. When it was first put in production in 1957, it flowed of crude oil from 18 wells. At the beginning of 1962, it had the capability to handle from 25 wells. Its reserves amount to around of oil and of natural gas. Production The main producing reservoir is the Safaniya which is a cretaceous sandstone in the Wasia formation. Most geologist believe that the Safaniya field and the neutral Zone Khafji field share the same aquifer that continues toward Kuwait's Burgan field. The Safaniya field has several separate geologic production potential at depths between 4,000 and 7,000 feet. It was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hənifə
Hənifə () is a village and municipality in the Balakan District of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 5,571. The municipality consists of the villages of Hənifə, Böyüktala, Məlikzadə, Cincartala, Gülüzənbinə, and Göyəmtala. Notable natives * Ilham Mehdiyev - military officer, lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was norma ..., the deputy head of the Azerbaijani State Border Service and Hero of the Patriotic War References * Populated places in Balakan District {{Balakan-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaybah
Shaybah, also called as Zararah, is a settlement dominated by a major crude oil production oil site, the Shaybah oil field, in Saudi Arabia, located approximately from the northern edge of the Rub' Al-Khali ("Empty Quarter") desert. It is about south of the border to Abu Dhabi (Emirate), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, which is a straight line drawn in the desert. It is south of the eastern part of Abu Dhabi's Liwa Oasis. Climate Shaybah's weather is extreme, with the temperature dropping to 0 degrees Celsius on winter nights, rising to around 50 degrees Celsius in the summer daytime. Annual rainfall is less than 3 cm per year. Transportation Airport Shaybah Airport, a small airport serving the oil facilities, is used exclusively by Saudi Aramco. It provides flights to Dammam, Hofuf, Al-Hasa, Jeddah and Riyadh. Industry Oil was discovered with Shaybah Well No. 1 in 1967, and 30 vertical field delineation wells had been drilled by 1974. However, due to the ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
