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URSI
The International Union of Radio Science (abbreviated ''URSI'', after its French name, ) is one of 26 international scientific unions affiliated to the International Council for Science (ICSU). History and objectives URSI was officially created in 1919, during the Constitutive Assembly of the International Research Council (now ICSU), based on the earlier (1913–1914) when the only radio communication system was radiotelegraphy. It has held a general assembly every three years from 1922. Fifty years ago URSI was one of the most important promoters of the International Geophysical Year. In addition to publishing the open access journal ''URSI Radio Science Letters'', it sponsors the journals '' Advances in Radio Science'', ''Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics'', and ''Radio Science'', last of which is co-sponsored by the American Geophysical Union. URSI's original objective (to encourage "scientific studies of radiotelegraphy, especially those which requ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Reference Ionosphere
International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) started 1968/69. It is the international Standard (metrology), standard empirical model for the terrestrial ionosphere since 1999. For a specified geographic location, time, and date, IRI provides average monthly values for electron density, electron temperature and ion temperature, and the molecular composition of the ions in the range of altitudes from 50 km to 2000 km. The latest standard is IRI-2012. A new version, IRI-2016, has since been released. The IRI has been extended to plasmasphere in the IRI-Plas model. History Karl Rawer, the first chairman of the ''URSI/COSPAR Task group on the IRI'' (1968–84) specified as goal of the IRI to establish a (monthly) average Ionospheric model, model of the terrestrial ionosphere based on reliably-measured data obtained with ground- and space-ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Committee On Space Research
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) was established on October 3, 1958 by the International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU) and its first chair was Hildegard Korf Kallmann-Bijl. Among COSPAR's objectives are the promotion of scientific research in space on an international level, with emphasis on the free exchange of results, information, and opinions, and providing a forum, open to all scientists, for the discussion of problems that may affect space research. These objectives are achieved through the organization of symposia, publication, and other means. COSPAR has created a number of research programmes on different topics, a few in cooperation with other scientific Unions. The long-term project COSPAR international reference atmosphere started in 1960; since then it has produced several editions of the high-atmosphere code CIRA. The code "IRI" of the URSI-COSPAR working group on the International Reference Ionosphere was first edited in 1978 and is yearly upda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Physics
The ''Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the atmospheric and solar-terrestrial physics. It was established in 1950 as the ''Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics'', obtaining its current name in 1997. It is published by Elsevier and sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.119. Its founding editor was Edward Victor Appleton Sir Edward Victor Appleton (6 September 1892 – 21 April 1965) was an English atmospheric physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1947 "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery ..., and the current editors are Mark Lester and D. Pancheva. References External links * Geophysics journals Atmospheric sciences journals Academic journals established in 1950 Elsevier academic journals Monthly journal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Union
The International Council for Science (ICSU, after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to multilateralism, international cooperation in the advancement of science. Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris. Mission and principles The ICSU's mission was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international scientific community to: * Identify and address major issues of importance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Science
One way of outlining the subject of ''radio science'' is listing the topics associated with it by authoritative bodies. Union of Radio Science International (URSI) The International Union of Radio Science has several commissions corresponding to the following topics of interest: * Commission A – Electromagnetic metrology ** Antennas ** Atomic-based mechatronics ** Bioeffects and medical applications ** Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and EM metrology ** High-frequency and millimeter wireless metrology ** Impulse radar ** Interconnect and packaging ** Materials ** Measurements and calibration in propagation ** Microwave to sub-millimeter measurements/standards ** Noise ** Quantum metrology and fundamental concepts ** Space plasma characterization ** Techniques for remote sensing ** Test facilities ** Tetrahertz (THz) metrology ** Time and frequency ** Time-domain metrology * Commission B – Fields and waves ** Antenna arrays ** Antennas: recent advances and future ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, Atmospheric science, atmospheric, Oceanography, ocean, Hydrology, hydrologic, Astronomy, space, and Planetary science, planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric sciences, atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C. History The AGU was established in December 1919 by the United States National Research Council, National Research Council (NRC) to represent the United States in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), and its first chairman w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Science
One way of outlining the subject of ''radio science'' is listing the topics associated with it by authoritative bodies. Union of Radio Science International (URSI) The International Union of Radio Science has several commissions corresponding to the following topics of interest: * Commission A – Electromagnetic metrology ** Antennas ** Atomic-based mechatronics ** Bioeffects and medical applications ** Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and EM metrology ** High-frequency and millimeter wireless metrology ** Impulse radar ** Interconnect and packaging ** Materials ** Measurements and calibration in propagation ** Microwave to sub-millimeter measurements/standards ** Noise ** Quantum metrology and fundamental concepts ** Space plasma characterization ** Techniques for remote sensing ** Test facilities ** Tetrahertz (THz) metrology ** Time and frequency ** Time-domain metrology * Commission B – Fields and waves ** Antenna arrays ** Antennas: recent advances and future ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Council For Science
The International Council for Science (ICSU, after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science. Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. In 2017, the ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris. Mission and principles The ICSU's mission was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international scientific community to: * Identify and address major issues of importance to science and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Nongovernmental Organization
An international non-governmental organization (INGO) is an organization which is independent of government involvement and extends the concept of a non-governmental organization (NGO) to an international scope. INGOs can admit members affiliated to government authorities as long as it does not interfere with their freedom to express themselves. INGOs operate under the principles of neutrality, humanity, impartiality, and independence. Around the world, there are about 75,000 International organization, international organizations and about 42,000 of them are active. NGOs are independent of governments and can be seen as two types: ''advocacy NGOs'', which aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and ''operational NGOs'', which provide services. Examples of NGO mandates are environmental preservation, human rights defender, human rights promotions or the women's empowerment, advancement of women. NGOs are typically not-for-profit, but receive funding from companies or me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of optical instruments, instruments that use or Photodetector, detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible light, visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties. Most optical phenomena can be accounted for by using the Classical electromagnetism, classical electromagnetic description of light, however complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics, treats light as a collection of Ray (optics), rays that travel in straight lines and bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a more comprehensive mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Organisations Based In Belgium
Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which study the physical world, and the social sciences, which study individuals and societies. While referred to as the formal sciences, the study of logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine. The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the Bronze Age in Ancient Egypt, Egypt and Mesopotamia (). Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Gree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
