|
Typhula
''Typhula'' is a genus of clavarioid fungi in the order Agaricales. Species of ''Typhula'' are saprotrophic, mostly decomposing leaves, twigs, and herbaceous material. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are club-shaped or narrowly cylindrical and are simple (not branched), often arising from sclerotia. A few species are facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop and turfgrass diseases. Taxonomy The genus was first introduced as a section of ''Clavaria'' by South African-born mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801. He differentiated ''Typhula'' from ''Clavaria'' on the basis of fruitbody shape (''Typhula'' having a distinct head and stem). The name was taken up at generic level by Elias Magnus Fries in 1818. Fries described four species in the genus. Subsequent authors described another 150 or so species in ''Typhula''. The genus was revised in 1950 by E. J. H. Corner, who characterized ''Typhula'' species as having fruit bodies arising fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Ishikariensis Var
''Typhula'' is a genus of clavarioid fungi in the order Agaricales. Species of ''Typhula'' are saprotrophic, mostly decomposing leaves, twigs, and herbaceous material. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are club-shaped or narrowly cylindrical and are simple (not branched), often arising from sclerotia. A few species are facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop and turfgrass diseases. Taxonomy The genus was first introduced as a section of ''Clavaria'' by South African-born mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801. He differentiated ''Typhula'' from ''Clavaria'' on the basis of fruitbody shape (''Typhula'' having a distinct head and stem). The name was taken up at generic level by Elias Magnus Fries in 1818. Fries described four species in the genus. Subsequent authors described another 150 or so species in ''Typhula''. The genus was revised in 1950 by E. J. H. Corner, who characterized ''Typhula'' species as having fruit bodies arising fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Incarnata
''Typhula incarnata'' is a fungal plant pathogen in the family Typhulaceae. Hosts and symptoms ''Typhula incarnata'' is, along with '' Typhula ishikariensis'', the causal agent of gray snow mold (also known as speckled snow mold or Typhula blight). This plant pathogen destroys cool season turfgrasses grown in areas with extended periods of snowcover. “Turfgrass hosts include but are not limited to: annual bluegrass, colonial bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, fine-leaf fescues, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue”. Signs of the pathogen can be observed in the spring as circular grayish-brown patches, about 15 cm in diameter, of mycelium. ''T. incarnata'' can be distinguished from ''T. ishkikariensis'' by its sclerotia. ''T. incarnata'' has reddish-brown sclerotia with a diameter of 1.5–3 mm, whereas ''T. iskikariensis'' has black sclerotia with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm. Disease cycle The cool (-1-13 °C) and damp conditions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Quisquiliaris
''Typhula quisquiliaris'', commonly known as the bracken club, is a species of club fungus in the family Typhulaceae. It produces small, white fruit bodies up to in height, each with a single distinct "head" and "stem". The head is fertile, while the stem attaches to a sclerotium embedded in the substrate. The fruit bodies grow from dead wood, and strongly favours bracken, where the species feeds saprotrophically. Though ''T. quisquiliaris'' was described under a different name by James Sowerby in 1803, the specific name ''quisquiliaris'' was sanctioned in 1821 by Elias Magnus Fries, and the species was moved to the genus '' Typhula'', which resulted in its currently accepted binomial name by Paul Christoph Hennings in 1896. The species has been recorded in Europe and north Africa. Taxonomy ''Typhula quisquiliaris'' was first described by James Sowerby in 1803 as ''Clavaria obtusa''. However, this name was found to be illegitimate, as it had already been given to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Ishikariensis
''Typhula ishikariensis'' is, along with ''Typhula incarnata'', the causal agent of grey snow mould (also called speckled snow mould or ''Typhula'' blight), an obligately parasitic plant pathogen that can destroy turfgrass when covered for a long period with snow. It is a particular problem on golf courses established in unsuitable areas. More importantly, it can also damage crops of winter wheat. The species was described as new to science in 1930 by Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai. The varieties ''canadensis'' and ''ishikariensis'' (the former as a new combination) were described in 1978. There is a wide variety within the species and not all authorities agree as to subspecies, or even whether it should be monophyletic. Taxonomy There is a wide range of morphology, physiology, and genetics. Some test have shown '' Typhula idahoensis'' to be interfertile, or not to be; and there are significant morphological and range differences; and so it is sometimes regarded as a subspeci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Variabilis
''Typhula variabilis'' is a plant pathogen infecting carrots. References Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Carrot diseases Typhulaceae Fungi described in 1790 {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Idahoensis
''Typhula idahoensis'' (syn. '' T. ishikariensis'') is a plant pathogen infecting cereals (barley, oat, wheat and rye). References Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Cereal diseases Typhulaceae Fungi described in 1940 {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agaricales
The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. They range from the ubiquitous common mushroom to the deadly destroying angel and the hallucinogenic fly agaric to the bioluminescent jack-o-lantern mushroom. History, classification and phylogeny In his three volumes of ''Systema Mycologicum'' published between 1821 and 1832, Elias Fries put almost all of the fleshy, gill-forming mushrooms in the genus ''Agaricus''. He organized the large genus into "tribes", the names of many of which still exist as common genera of today. Fries later elevated several of these tribes to generic level, but later authors—including Gillet, Karsten, Kummer, Quélet, and Staude—made most of the changes. Fries based his classification on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clavarioid Fungi
The clavarioid fungi are a group of fungi in the ''Basidiomycota'' typically having erect, simple or branched basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the ground, on decaying vegetation, or on dead wood. They are colloquially called club fungi and coral fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus ''Clavaria'' ("clavarioid" means ''Clavaria''-like), but it is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers. History ''Clavaria'' was one of the original genera created by Linnaeus in his ''Species Plantarum'' of 1753. It contained all species of fungi with erect, club-shaped or branched (coral-like) fruit bodies, including many that are now referred to the Ascomycota. Subsequent authors described over 1200 species in the genus. With increasing use of the microscope in the late ni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrotyphula
''Macrotyphula'' is a genus of clavarioid fungi in the family Phyllotopsidaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are simple, narrowly club-shaped to filiform, sometimes arising from a sclerotium. They typically grow on dead wood or leaf litter, often in swarms. Taxonomy The genus was described in 1972 by American mycologist Ronald H. Petersen for '' M. fistulosa'' which he considered morphologically distinct from species in the genus '' Clavariadelphus'' where it had previously been referred. Additional species have subsequently been referred to ''Macrotyphula''. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, indicates that the genus is monophyletic and forms a natural group. The genus ''Sclerotium'' ''Sclerotium'' was introduced by the German mycologist and theologian Heinrich Julius Tode in 1790 to accommodate fungal sclerotia (propagules composed of thick-walled hyphae). Over 400 species were subsequently added to this form genus, comprising sclerotia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Sowerby
James Sowerby (21 March 1757 – 25 October 1822) was an English naturalist, illustrator and mineralogist. Contributions to published works, such as ''A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland'' or ''English Botany'', include his detailed and appealing plates. The use of vivid colour and accessible texts were intended to reach a widening audience in works of natural history. Biography James Sowerby was born in Lambeth, London, his parents were named John and Arabella. Having decided to become a painter of flowers his first venture was with William Curtis, whose ''Flora Londinensis'' he illustrated. Sowerby studied art at the Royal Academy and took an apprenticeship with Richard Wright. He married Anne Brettingham De Carle and they were to have three sons: James De Carle Sowerby (1787–1871), George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788–1854) and Charles Edward Sowerby (1795–1842), the Sowerby family of naturalists. His sons and theirs were to contribute and continue the enormous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monomitic
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cell (biology), cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, Mitochondrion, mitochondria, and sometimes cell nucleus, nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulose, cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 µm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
