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Tsybin NM-1
The Tsybin RSR (''Reactivnyy Strategicheskiy Razvedchik'', Cyrillic ''Реактивный Стратегический Разведчик'', Russian for "jet strategic reconnaissance") was a Soviet design for an advanced, long-range, Mach 3 strategic reconnaissance aircraft. Development and design In 1954, the design bureau headed by Pavel Tsybin started development of a ramjet-powered supersonic strategic bomber, the RS. This design proved impracticable, and a smaller derivative, the 2RS was proposed, which would achieve intercontinental range by being air-launched from a modified Tupolev Tu-95 bomber.Butowski 1998. p. 39–40. This too was unsuccessful, with the aircraft unable to return to base if used on an intercontinental mission, while being incapable of carrying a thermonuclear bomb.Gunston 1995, p. 376. The design was therefore revised again to a reconnaissance aircraft capable of operating from conventional runways, the RSR. As ramjets could not be used for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrillic
The Cyrillic script ( ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia. , around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets. The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic scr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trapezoidal Wing
In aeronautics, a trapezoidal wing is a straight-edged and tapered wing planform. It may have any aspect ratio and may or may not be swept.G. Dimitriadis; ''Aircraft Design'Lecture 2: Aerodynamics Université de Liège. (retrieved 30 November 2015) The thin, unswept, short-span, low-aspect-ratio trapezoidal configuration offers some advantages for high-speed flight and has been used on a small number of aircraft types. In this wing configuration, the leading edge sweeps back and the trailing edge sweeps forward.Gunston, Bill. ''Jane's Aerospace Dictionary''. London, England. Jane's Publishing Company Ltd, 1980. , Page 436. It can provide low aerodynamic drag at high speeds, while maintaining high strength and stiffness, and was used successfully during the early days of supersonic aircraft. Design principles Any wing with straight leading and trailing edges and with differing root and tip chords is a trapezoid, whether or not it is swept.Tom Benson''Wing Area'' NASA (retriev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bristol 188
The Bristol 188 is a British supersonic research aircraft built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the 1950s. Its length, slender cross-section and intended purpose led to its being nicknamed the "Flaming Pencil"."Bristol Aircraft." ''Gloucestershire Transport History''. Retrieved: 5 January 2008. Design and development The aircraft had its genesis in Operational Requirement 330 for a high speed ( Mach 3) , which eventuall ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tumansky R-11F
The Tumansky R-11 (initially AM-11) was a Soviet Cold War-era turbojet engine. Design and development The Tumansky R-11 was developed by A.A. Mikulin, Sergei Tumansky, and B.S. Stechkin as a twin-spool axial-flow high-altitude non-afterburning turbojet for Yakovlev Yak-25RV reconnaissance aircraft. This engine was the first Soviet twin-spool turbojet. It was first run in early 1956Gunston 1989, p.167. and was later employed in some variants of the Yakovlev Yak-26 and Yakovlev Yak-27, as well as the Yak-28.Goebel, Greg"The Yakovlev Yak-25 & Yak-28."AirVectors. Retrieved: 17 July 2012. The R-11's basic design was very successful and it was later developed into the Tumansky R-13 and Tumansky R-25 along with the experimental Tumansky R-21. A total of 20,900 R-11 engines were built. Variants * R-11V-300 - first production version, high-altitude, non-afterburning * R-11F-300 (R-37F) - afterburning version, entered production in 1956, used on MiG-21F, P and U. * R-11AF-300 - impr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev stunned the communist world with his denunciation of his predecessor Joseph Stalin's crimes, and embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization with his key ally Anastas Mikoyan. He sponsored the early Soviet space program, and enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy. After some false starts, and a narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce Cold War tensions. In 1964, the Kremlin leadership stripped him of power, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier. Khrushchev was born in 1894 in a village in western Russia. He was employed as a metal worker during his youth, and he was a political commissar during the Russian Civil Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MiG-21
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. Its nicknames include: "balalaika", because its planform resembles the stringed musical instrument of the same name; "''Ołówek''", Polish for "pencil", due to the shape of its fuselage, and "''Én Bạc''", meaning "silver swallow", in Vietnamese. Approximately 60 countries across four continents have flown the MiG-21, and it still serves many nations six decades after its maiden flight. It set aviation records, becoming the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history, the most-produced combat aircraft since the Korean War and, previously, the longest production run of any combat aircraft (now exceeded by both the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon). Development Origins The MiG-21 jet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tumansky R-11
The Tumansky R-11 (initially AM-11) was a Soviet Cold War-era turbojet engine. Design and development The Tumansky R-11 was developed by A.A. Mikulin, Sergei Tumansky, and B.S. Stechkin as a twin-spool axial-flow high-altitude non-afterburning turbojet for Yakovlev Yak-25RV reconnaissance aircraft. This engine was the first Soviet twin-spool turbojet. It was first run in early 1956Gunston 1989, p.167. and was later employed in some variants of the Yakovlev Yak-26 and Yakovlev Yak-27, as well as the Yak-28.Goebel, Greg"The Yakovlev Yak-25 & Yak-28."AirVectors. Retrieved: 17 July 2012. The R-11's basic design was very successful and it was later developed into the Tumansky R-13 and Tumansky R-25 along with the experimental Tumansky R-21. A total of 20,900 R-11 engines were built. Variants * R-11V-300 - first production version, high-altitude, non-afterburning * R-11F-300 (R-37F) - afterburning version, entered production in 1956, used on MiG-21F, P and U. * R-11AF-300 - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface-to-air Missile
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft system; in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weapons, with anti-aircraft guns pushed into specialized roles. The first attempt at SAM development took place during World War II, but no operational systems were introduced. Further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for close-range work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s, to modern systems that are man-portable. Shipborne systems followed the evolution of land-based models, starting with long-range weapons and steadily evolving toward smaller designs to provide a layered defence. This evolution of design increasin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barrel Roll
A barrel roll is an aerial maneuver in which an airplane makes a complete rotation on both its longitudinal and lateral axes, causing it to follow a helical path, approximately maintaining its original direction. It is sometimes described as a "combination of a loop and a roll". The g-force is kept positive (but not constant) on the object throughout the maneuver, commonly between 2 and 3''g'', and no less than 0.5''g''. The barrel roll is commonly confused with an aileron roll. Etymology The barrel roll is so named because an aircraft executing this maneuver looks as though it were flying with its wheels running around the inside wall of a cylinder, or an imaginary barrel lying on its side. A more common modern visualization is to imagine an airplane trying to fly in a horizontal corkscrew around the line of the direction of travel. Although the maneuver predates the name, the term was first used in 1917, gaining popularity during the early 1930s. Aviation In aviation, the ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turbojet
The turbojet is an airbreathing jet engine which is typically used in aircraft. It consists of a gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has an air inlet which includes inlet guide vanes, a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine (that drives the compressor). The compressed air from the compressor is heated by burning fuel in the combustion chamber and then allowed to expand through the turbine. The turbine exhaust is then expanded in the propelling nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide thrust. Two engineers, Frank Whittle in the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain in Germany, developed the concept independently into practical engines during the late 1930s. Turbojets have poor efficiency at low vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness in vehicles other than aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on land speed records. Where vehicles are "turbine-pow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tumansky RD-9
The Tumansky RD-9 (initially designated Mikulin AM-5) was an early Soviet turbojet engine, not based on pre-existing German or British designs. The AM-5, developed by scaling down the AM-3, was available in 1952 and completed testing in 1953; it produced thrust without afterburner. AM-5 engine is notable for making possible the first mass-produced supersonic interceptor, the MiG-19, and the first Soviet all-weather area interceptor, the Yak-25. When Sergei Tumansky replaced Alexander Mikulin as the OKB-24's chief designer in 1956, the engine was renamed RD-9. The engine was later built under license in China as the WP-6. Variants and applications ;RD-9A: ;RD-9B: Used in the East German civilian jetliner project Baade 152 in 1958 and 1959, replaced when Pirna 014 engines became available. ;RD-9AK: Non-afterburning versions for the Yak-25 and Yak-26. ;RD-9AF-300: Afterburning version for the Yak-27 and Yak-28. ;RD-9AF2-300: Afterburning version for the Yak-27 and Yak-28. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duraluminium
Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The term is a combination of ''Dürener'' and ''aluminium''. Its use as a trade name is obsolete. Today the term mainly refers to aluminium–copper alloys, designated as the 2000 series by the international alloy designation system (IADS), as with 2014 and 2024 alloys used in airframe fabrication. History Duralumin was developed by the German metallurgist Alfred Wilm at Dürener Metallwerke AG. In 1903, Wilm discovered that after quenching, an aluminium alloy containing 4% copper would harden when left at room temperature for several days. Further improvements led to the introduction of duralumin in 1909. The name is mainly used in pop-science to describe all Al-Cu alloys system, or '2000' series, as designated through the international alloy designation system originally created in 1970 by the Aluminum Asso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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